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This position paper indicates that, human survival depends upon a major change in humanistic values or the way we view our relationship to the world. Education must go through reform from within that includes the adoption of a K-12, transdisciplinary, problem-solving curriculum. And must, also, offer students environmentally sound alternatives to the uncertain future they face, in an educational environment that is humanized. With the focus of environmental education on human behavior and the interaction of it with the total environment, the learning setting will change to include the community-at-large. The plan developed by the Northwest Environmental Education Center (NEEC), with state funding, provides for the implementation of environmental education programs on a number of levels: community or district level, the county level, and the regional or inter-county level. Teacher training within each of 38 districts will be given the highest priority for the purpose of establishing a hierarchy of environmental specialists to function in each district. Intensive training of a cadre of teachers from each district will permit inservice training. The pilot project at Sedro Woolley School District is cited here at length and in SO 002 249. (Author/SBE)

An anthology of papers for consideration by delegates to the 14th and 15th conferences of the United States National Commission for UNESCO are presented in this book. As a wide-ranging collection of ideas, it is intended to serve as background materials for the conference theme - our responsibility for preserving and defending a human environment that permits the full growth of man, physical, cultural, and social. Thirty-four essays are contributed by prominent authors, educators, historians, ecologists, biologists, anthropologists, architects, editors, and others. Subjects deal with the many facets of ecology and the environment; causes, effects, and interactions with man which have led to the crises of today. They look at what is happening to man's "inside environment" in contrast to the physical or outside environment as it pertains to pollution of the air, water, and land. For the common good of preserving the only means for man's survival, the need for world cooperation and understanding is emphatically expressed. (BL)

Evaluating 566 opinionnaires of the 1,400 distributed to parents whose children had participated in programs at 1 of 2 resident outdoor education centers in northern Illinois--the Rockford Outdoor School and the Lorado Taft Field Campus--this study sought (1) to determine what parents perceive to be the values and outcomes of the resident outdoor education program; (2) to learn whether parents endorse continuation of the resident program; (3) to ascertain who parents think should assume financial responsibility for selected aspects of the resident program; and (4) to provide parents an opportunity to make suggestions to improve the program of resident outdoor education. In the survey, validity and reliability of the parental perceptions, opinions, and attitudes were not sought; however, it was felt that the parents' responses were important in determining whether the programs were to receive public support or public condemnation. Thirteen conclusions, 10 recommendations, and 2 appendixes showing parents' comments and suggestions are included, along with 10 tables. (MJB)

The document has 3 goals (1) to examine the distribution of economic benefits of industrial development as reflected by the concept of competition in human ecology; (2) to provide an empirical test of the ecological model, and (3) to relate the findings to public policy. Two Illinois study areas were identified. First, as an experimental region, Putnam County and bordering sections of the 3 contiguous counties were selected. Second, a comparable region across the state--Iroquois County--was selected as a control region. Both regions: (1) are about equidistant from Chicago, (2) had similar highway and railway systems in 1966, and (3) were rural agricultural counties similar in demographic composition. In 1966, 1,171 household heads were interviewed in the experimental region, and 411 in the control region. Five years later, after the industrial plant had beenin operation, 1,166 persons in the experimental region were interviewed and 399 in the control region. Findings are presented in 5 tables and are summarized--e.g., Table 1 presents gross and net effects on income of each category of competitive capacity. (FF)

Recognizing that the need to exchange information has been one of the critical influences in urban design, the Twenty-First Colston Research Society (CRS) Conference explored a variety of topics in the area of communications, transportation, and the environment. These subjects were pursued from the British experience and most all the papers have specific relevance to either Greater London or Great Britain. Primarily the conference scrutinized the current concept of "city" by means of a theoretical systems analysis that was based on information flow. Also discussed were the future of urban planning, telecommunication, public transportation, and human interaction. A simulation model for use as a design tool by planners was presented. (MC)

Presented is a summary of a national seminar convened to propose guidelines for schools to follow in instituting K-12 environmental studies. Included is the outline of the entire K-12 program, Strand IV - Environmental and Community Health, developed for the Niskayuna School District, New York. In addition to comments by guest speakers there are sections on how to institute change in the schools, cartoons as elementary teaching aids, the major provisions of the Environmental Quality Act and related issues. The following resources are also provided: a brief annotated film list containing 16 films which deal with ecology and pollution, including information for ordering; and a list of books concerned with ecology. (PR)

An experimental study sought to determine if simulation-type games could teach a given body of material as effectively as the traditional lecture method. Graduate students in a Human Ecology course were divided into experimental and control groups; the former played the Community Land Use Game (CLUG), the latter attended lectures. Posttests measured their respective amounts of learning. Results indicated that the two methods taught facts equally well and that factual retention was equal for both groups. Students taught by the lecture method learned more about theoretical concepts and were better able to integrate disparate facts, whereas those playing CLUG learned more specific facts, better understood the dynamics of interactive human systems, and were more highly motivated. It was concluded that games were useful educational tools, especially in that they contributed to the students' understanding of decision-making in dynamic systems; it was recognized, however, that games were only effective when well grounded in factual information and when carefully critiqued and it was recommended that they be employed in conjunction with other teaching methods. (PB)

A method for teaching elementary school children that man must not waste the world's resources if he is to maintain his comfortable place in the world's environment. (RB)

A method of reclaiming" used glass bottles and jars by making them into useful objects. (RB)

The "View now" link directs to the finding aid only. Please email wvrhcref@westvirginia.libanswers.com or call 304-293-3536 for more information about accessing collection A&M 2425 Richards C. Austin, Compiler, Research Papers, 1967-68. Two papers prepared by Dr. Austin in conjunction with his work in the Advanced Pastoral Studies Program at San Francisco Theological Seminary. The papers concern Dr. Austin's work in Community Organization in Boone County, West Virginia and his practice of "Environmental Theology".

Bottom fauna surveys of the Lower Sabine River in the vicinity of Orange, Texas were performed from 1967 to 1969. During this time samples were taken before and after effluent from a black-liquor paper mill was discharge into the Sabine River. Species diversity indices were determined for each station (one station above the discharge canal and four below it). The results obtained indicated that the paper mill effluent was not disturbing the river to a degree that it would cause damage. However, the proximity of Sabine Lake (an estuary) and the very low flow often encountered on the Sabine River makes it imperative that high standards be imposed in treatment of the waste water and that qualified personnel make periodic studies on the river.

Summary 1. The literature on the use of paper chromatography in taxonomic work is reviewed briefly. 2. The technique of paper chromatography on disks is described and the method has been applied to a number of species of Lymnaea. 3. The chromatographic patterns of the species studied are described and discussed. 4. The implications of the discovery of species-specific substances in the body surface mucus of snails are discussed, both from the taxonomic and parasitological points of view. 5. The possibilities of applying two-dimensional chromatography to the free amino-acids of snail blood are discussed.

Paper chromatography of freeze-dried larvae of Mayetiola destructor (Say) in a solvent system of 1-butanol:methanol:water, 80:5:15, isolated a peak of plant-growth-promoting substance at Rt 0.15-0.25. This growth promoter was detected also on chromatograms of stomachs and carcasses of fresh larvae but was absent from chromatograms of larvae collected from ‘Knox 62’ wheat, Triticum aestivum L., a cultivar resistant to the Hessian fly, or from chromatograms of larvae that had never fed. Paper chromatograms of ethanol extracts of both infested and uninfested wheat plants revealed that feeding by the larvae did not reduce the amount of the growth promoter, but benzene extracts of infested plants produced chromatograms with more peaks of growth-inhibiting substances than did benzene extracts of uninfested plants. The inhibitors in the benzene extracts of infested plants may be the reaction of the wheat plant to secretions introduced into the plant by the feeding larvae. Therefore, the most likely cause of stunting of winter wheat by the Hessian fly is the result of something discharged into the plant by the Hessian fly larva as it feeds.

One hundred and fifty-eight samples of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) blood were analyzed using paper electrophoresis at pH 8.6. The specimens were of two phases in lamprey life history, the parasitic phase and pre-spawning phase. Variations in serum protein concentration, positions and sizes of the fractions were associated with the state of life history, sex and disease. Most of the variation between phases of life history was in the dominant fraction, an albumin. There was a decrease in total stainable protein while specimens were starved in captivity. Disease caused several changes in the pattern, the most striking of which was an increase in the size of fraction 6, probably α-globulin.

The types of effluent discharged by wood-processing industries and their effects on the benthic environment are described. A brief summary of the results of the Lochs Linnhe-Eil survey 1964-70 is given. Populations of the molluscs Corbula , Thyasira and Myrtea have increased in most areas, and appear to be favoured by a moderate increase in the organic input to the system. Corbula dominates in the shallower polyhaline areas, and Myrtea in the deeper mixoeuhaline areas. On sediments with a high natural leaf litter content a low diversity fauna occurs, dominated by the annelids Cirriformia , Peloscolex , Capitella and Staurocephalus , and the crustacean Idotea . The predominance of this kind of fauna has increased in its area of occurrence in recent years. Comparisons of these faunal distributions and changes with those found in surveys in other marine areas affected by wood-processing wastes and other types of organic effluents show considerable similarities in the faunal changes occurring under increased organic loading. The utility of ‘indicator’ species in the assessment of organic pollution is briefly discussed. The need for detailed information on the ecological and physiological reasons underlying the varied faunal successions which occur under conditions of pollutional stress is emphasized.

The cause of fibermass-growing are discussed which arise just before the sheet making process. The growth of fibermass is due to peculiar filmy fibrillation of the outer layer of cell, and have relations with degree of digestion, bleaching conditions, chemical components especially hemicellulose contents. Moreover the influences of beating conditions and degree of beating are investigated.

Malathion deposits on wheat and Kraft paper were irradiated with several dosage levels of gamma radiation. After various periods of aging, samples were bioassay with adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Chemical analyses were done concurrently with the bioassays. Neither the toxicity nor the chemical degradation of the malathion deposits was significantly affected by irradiation with gamma dosages ranging from intermediate (25 krad) to massive (4.3 mrad).

In a recent issue of this Journal, Rassbach et al. [1966] argue that the variation of geomagnetic activity with lunar phase, attributed by some investigators [Bell and Defouw, 1964 (paper 1); 1966a; Stolov and Cameron, 1964; Stolov, 1965] to an interaction between the moon and the magnetosphere, is actually due to the sun. They further state that these various authors were led astray because, in calculating statistical significance, they did not take account of the 27-day recurrence tendency or solar period in the indices of geomagnetic activity. Most of the statistical significances derived from 5-day running means of Kp in the Bell and Defouw papers are indeed too high, because our equation for the standard error did not include terms for the solar period. However, we do not find that consideration of the 27-day solar period by Rassbach et al. demolishes all persuasive evidence for the existence of a lunar modulation of geomagnetic activity, nor do we find that it establishes the apparent effect as resulting from the solar period.

Currency notes and coins serve as an agency of transmission of microorganisms since they are passed freely from hand to hand as a medium of exchange. A research, with an objective to explore the microbial load on Nepalese paper/ polymer currency notes and coins, was carried out at the Environment Laboratory of Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar from November 2006 to May 2007. All together 63 samples of paper/polymer notes and coins from different professionals of different places at Kathmandu were collected and analyzed for the presence of microorganisms. Among the total tested paper/ polymer and coin samples, 98.4% were found to have heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, 87.3% were contaminated with coliform bacteria and 79.4% showed presence of Staphylococci. Contamination level was found in increasing order of coins> polymer notes>paper notes. The presence of high microbial load on currency notes and coins indicate the potentials of such currencies for possible disease spread in the human communities. Key words: currency notes; coins; heterotrophic bacteria; Coliform bacteria; Staphylococci DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3173 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 105-109

For 20 centuries, vegetable fibers from various sources have been converted into thin sheets for use in trade, communications, law, and even for shelter. Cotton and linen rags were the first fibrous raw materials to acquire widespread status in paper making, and they are still needed for specialty products. Increasing demands for paper ultimately surpassed the availability of rags, so that other sources of fiber were sought. About the year 1800, numerous other materials of agricultural origin began to come into use somewhat temporarily. Although woods have become the prime source of paper making fibers during the last 100-125 years, annual plant fibers retain their importance. The technical feasibility of non-woody materials is substantiated by more than 300 paper mills throughout the world that use such raw materials. Both necessity and special properties account for their use. The potential for various nonwoody fibrous plants is being investigated intensively by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, to discover new crops that might hare practical significance in the national agricultural program and in the commercial production of paper.

Investigations of paper-fiber sludge deposits in the Rainy River, Minnesota, below paper mills were made to determine water characteristics over them with reference to survival of walleye (Stizostedion v. vitreum) eggs and fry and occurrence of bottom fish-food organisms. Sampling of water from the fiber-sludge water interface to the surface showed gradients in oxygen as great as 0.1 ppm to near saturation, and in dissolved sulfides from 0.8 to 0.0 ppm. The most rapid gradient of these materials was in the bottom 20 mm. Levels of sulfides were most affected by current velocity and showed little relation to temperature or season. Walleye eggs placed in test trays on fiber mats had lower survival than those placed 12 inches above the mats and those placed on mineral substrates. Eggs and fry placed on mats died within 48 hours. Laboratory bioassays showed that sulfide levels of 0.3 ppm under controlled conditions approximating river conditions were acutely lethal to Gammarus pseudolimnaeus and walle...

This paper is de(licate(l to mn life-long friend and colleague, Doctor Henry Chandler Cowles, whose thought and enthusiasm have exerted such notable influence in the rapid (levelol)ment of American ecology throughout a third of a century. His remarkable paper on sandl-(lune vegetation and his early al)l)reciation of the dynamic relations of plant distril)ution to physiographic development came as enlightening encouragement to those who had dreamedd that it might sometime be possible to approach problems of plant distribution from the physiological viewpoint. Studies like those of Cowles furnished a logical method by which the environmental complexes of plant habitats might be usefully characterized and classified according to soils and exposure, inl terms of physiographic features that naturally pass through progressive changes with the lapse of years and centuries. Such simply descriptive terms as moraine, bluff, talus, bajada, beach, strand, lagoon, swamp, thus came to imply slowly changing systems of environmental conditions. Of course the need for a still more penetrating examination of environmental complexes was realized. It was desirable that habitat features should be described in such terms as might replresent conditions to which the indiviclual plant is sensitive, which is not immediately true of geographic or physiographic concepts; at the same time, the terms of habitat description should be susceptible of physical and chleical measurement and integration whenever suitable techniques therefor might be developed. Accordingly, there has arisen a special branch of ecology, which has been called physiological ecology. Considerable progress in physiological ecology had been made by agricultural chemists before ecology took its place among the biological sciences, and their studies on the soil relations of cultivated plants constituted an important part of the fundamental basis for the new science, although it is still sometimes forgotten that ecology must logically include cultivated forms and weeds in its purview, as well as the components of natural plant associations and other natural vegetational units. Agronomy and horticulture furnish the most readily approachable fields for fundamental ecological research, and workers in these fields early turned their attention to soil characteristics as effective environmental features. It was soon realized that the soil condi

This odd scavenger is a minute dermestid beetle breeding annually and subsisting only on dried animal matter, in association with man. It probably degenerated into its present wingless and almost grublike form from a winged, free-living form, and became dependent for survival upon constant replenishment of waste animal food about the permanent den of some predator, perhaps man, in arid, cool-temperate Asia. It is recorded from Tiflis, Transcaucasia 1839, Provinces of Astrakhan and Turkestan 1894, New York 1903, Milwaukee 1908, St. Petersburg, Russia 1909, Egypt 1921, Canada 1932, Chicago 1933, and Texas and Minnesota 1939. It is probably now cosmopolitan but is not so recorded, as few observers recognize its inconspicuous adults. Discrepancies in recorded and actual characters leave its identification as Thylodrias contractus still uncertain, but the names Ignotus aenigmaticus and Hospitopterus efflatouni have been given to our pest, and the emendation Thelydrias was proposed to supplant Thylodrias . More than 40 years' experience with and interest in this museum pest which now infests houses, prompts the following discussion. Adoption of “tissue-paper beetle” as its common name would be unfortunate, since it is based on a misconception arising from the finding of stray individuals crawling onto this conspicuous background from their actual breeding place. Tissue paper seems to be of no importance in its ecology. A bibliography is appended.

The ecological distributions of epiphytic cryptogams have been influenced by a paper pulp mill located near Lewiston, Idaho and Clakston, Washington, near the confluence of the Clearwater River with the Snake River. Because the pulp mill is in a deep valley with a very slight wind movement, pollutants tend to concentrate near their source, and the pulp mill is the major source of air pollution in this valley. The lichen Xanthoria fallax is the most common epiphyte on Robinia pseudoacacia in this area and occurs with species of Rinodina, Lecanora, Physconia and Physcia as close as 1–2 km from the pulp mill. From epiphyte data collected from exposed Robinias an Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP) was calculated and air pollution zones arbitrarily determined. Certain aspects of the IAP calculations are discussed. Grove and park microclimates are discussed as they influence the ecological distribution of epiphytes in this region.

Critique of paper by Carter and Kennedy regarding origin of diamonds in Canyon Diablo and Novo Urei meteorite

In a recent paper, Beck and Kuroda [1966] deduced from the variations in the Sr89/Sr90 activity ratio in precipitation at Fayetteville, Arkansas, from October 1964 to April 1965 that the first Chinese nuclear explosion, which occurred on October 16, 1964, injected 14.5 kc of Sr90 into the stratosphere and 4 kc into the troposphere. This observation is surprising, for, if 18.5 kc of Sr90 were produced by the first Chinese nuclear explosion, the total fission yield of the device tested should have been about 170 kilotons [Harley et al., 1965]. This test has been described as having involved a ‘low-yield fission device’ [U.S. Public Health Service, 1964], which would indicate an estimated total yield of ‘less than 20 kilotons.’ If the total yield of the device was less than 20 kilotons almost all the radioactive debris produced by it should have been injected into the troposphere, but, if it actually was close to 170 kilotons, much of the radioactive debris should have been injected into the lower stratosphere [Stebbins, 1960], as reported by Beck and Kuroda.

In a recent paper, Breitling et al. [1967] presented an analysis of ionospheric ƒ0F2 data from 54 ionosonde observations throughout the world. From their analysis they claim to have observed F2-region ionospheric disturbances with a large number of characteristic velocities that originated from the five high-altitude, nuclear detonations conducted at Johnston Island in 1962 [Glasstone, 1964]. This Letter has been prepared to show that hourly ƒ0F2 data are, in gener, unsuitable for the study of traveling F2-region ionospheric disturbances originating from nuclear detonations. It appears that much of the data presented by Breitling et al. are due to natural fluctuations of the ƒ0F2 values from the monthly medians rather than the progress of traveling disturbances from high-altitude detonations.

Systematic measurements of isotopic tracers in the atmosphere, particularly tritium, deuterium, and oxygen 18 in water vapor, are for practical reasons largely restricted to samples obtained at ground level. On the other hand, their use as atmospheric tracers requires as complete a knowledge as possible of their sources and sinks as well as of their distribution and transport patterns (in space and time) in the atmosphere. In their paper, Schell et al. [1970] attempt to develop a model that permits combination of isotope measurements in ground-level samples with meteorological parameters of the three-dimensional atmosphere in order to calculate the desired tracer distribution and transport values. In this particular case, the authors determine the tracer injection into the moist tropospheric layer (surface to 500 mb) from above.

On page 3771 of his recent paper in this Journal Matsushita [1962] discussed the disagreement of his analysis with ours [Wilson and Sugiura, 1961] regarding the polarization rules of the elliptically polarized hydromagnetic waves in the magnetic storm sudden commencements. The purpose of this communication is to correct the misunderstanding that may have resulted from Matsushita's criticism, which appears to be based on an analysis much less extensive and complete than ours. The discussions given below are based on the results of analysis of about six hundred and fifty vector diagrams of the SC horizontal perturbation ΔH. The material for this analysis was drawn from virtually all the rapid-run magnetograms available at the IGY World Data Center A; the analysis concerns 93 SC's that occurred during the period beginning with the IGY and ending September 1961. Though for a few of these SC's data from only a few magnetic observatories were available, records from seven stations, on the average, were scaled for each SC. In addition, data were collected from 18 to 30 magnetic observatories (out of the 38 observatories listed in Table 2) for ten selected SC's that are evenly distributed over the Greenwich day.

In a recent paper, Peale [1966] has suggested that part, or indeed all, of the zodiacal light could be due to dust particles in geocentric orbits rather than in heliocentric orbits as is generally believed. Such particles are subject to gravitational perturbations due to the earth's oblateness and the presence of the sun and moon, as well as to the effects of radiation pressure. Peale [1966] argues that radiation pressure will produce a diffuse concentration of dust particles near the ecliptic plane and that the asymmetry with respect to the ecliptic will be almost completely undisturbed by the gravitational perturbations beyond a geocentric distance of 7.7 earth radii, where the effects of oblateness and lunisolar forces are equal. On the other hand, the zodiacal light is known to be nearly symmetrical about the ecliptic; thus Blackwell and Ingham [1961] find that the plane of symmetry is inclined at 1°.5 to the ecliptic with its node at about 120° longitude, which very nearly coincides with the invariable plane of the solar system.

Using Roy’s map of the area and accounts written since the map was produced, James MacDonald continues his analysis of the historical significance of the structures at Burghead. He recounts the findings of the excavations that took place at Burghead in the nineteenth century and provides the dimensions of each part of the site he discusses. Included in the paper are comments on some of the artefacts found at Burghead, such as carved stones, a medieval metal jug and accounts of human remains unearthed in 1809. After examining the evidence, the author concludes that it is unlikely that the fort was constructed by the Romans, but instead suggests that it was built at a later date in the early medieval period, possibly by the Picts.

Under greenhouse conditions endosulfan, endosulfan alcohol, and endosulfan ether have been shown to be translocated to the aerial portions of bean plants when grown in treated soils. It has also been shown that purified endosulfan, when applied to the foliage of bean plants, is, in part, converted to endosulfan ether, but not to the alcohol as suspected. Paper and gas chromatography were used to analyze the plant extracts.

Golden monitor lizard is a reptilian with long slender body, long neck, flexible head movable in all directions, feature that is not possessed by any other reptile. It is protected on international scale; listed in CITES appendix 1, the IUCN red data list, and categorized as protected reptile under national park and wildlife conservation act of Nepal. Even if distribution is wide it is threatened to extinction in much of its inhabitant range because of habitat destruction along with hunting for its hides, exploited for food and skin values. Exported illegally through northern Nepal to china as its skin is used in traditional Chinese medicine. To maintain their number as of this circumstances; habitat conservation and civic consciousness from stakeholders in integrated mode to minimize hunting, possibly will be the plausible way. This carnivore reptile is oviparous can grow up to 90 cm in length and tail measures about 49 cm. Becomes sometimes dangerous, if threatened, rises high on its legs , hisses loudly, sways its body and lashes its razor like sharp tail and ready to cut offender and defend itself. So this paper reveals with distribution, ecological behavior and present status on Golden Monitor Lizard in Nepal. Key Words: Protected, Threatened, Oviparous, Carnivorous, Medicine, Juveniles DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2523 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp49-54