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This brief discussion of United States economic aid to Africa has been compiled as a factual summary rather than an analysis or critical evaluation of present programs. A general description of economic aid, and of the activities of the Agency for International Development, is followed by a more detailed note on a country program in operation, that in the Sudan. Although not the largest single donor in Africa, the U.S. Government in fiscal 1962 and again in fiscal 1963 provided about $500 million in economic assistance to 34 African countries. Surplus food and fiber under the Food for Peace Program accounted for nearly half of this aid. In contrast, other Free World government sources provided about $1, 200 million, and the Sino-Soviet Bloc extended $200 to $250 million in credits. Thus, the U.S. contributed roughly one-fourth of Africa's $2 billion in annual external economic assistance from government sources. In addition important contributions were made by U.S. private foundations, religious organizations, and other nongovernment groups. U.S. direct investments in “AID Africa” rose to about $800 million in 1962 from about $100 million in 1950.

Union bargaining strength has declined signifi cantly in recent years. New problems, particularly automa tion, have arisen which pose difficult, almost insurmountable tasks for unions. Union officers, both paid and unpaid, seem to be losing their vigor and sensitivity. Idealistic motivation of union activity seems to be on the decline and petty corrup tion increasingly the norm. The membership is apathetic or divided on crucial issues. Management is on the offensive and seems to be acquiring a new sense of sureness in dealing with labor relations. It has been winning more and more grievance cases and has reduced the incidence of wildcat strikes and other forms of unofficial job activity. First-line supervisors have become more and more successful in raising production stand ards and eliminating excontractual employee benefits. Wide spread unemployment and the threat of automation have strengthened management's hand all the way.

A close review of the two very excellent papers by Professors Bilkey and Gibbons encourages us to compare the problems of the South in the United States with those of the Caribbean area and Latin America. All three constitute underdeveloped areas and have many of the same seri? ous problems to solve to improve their economies and overcome poverty conditions. Of the 34 million U.S. poor, 44% live in the South. Furthermore, almost one-third of all families and more than 55% of the unattached in? dividuals in the South live in poverty. The current problem of poverty in the South is of extreme impor? tance to the region and to the United States as a whole. The South was, to a high degree, an agricultural and economic colony of the industrial North and East for many years and this situation helped to keep per capita incomes at a considerably lower level than in other regions of the nation. Also, a large percentage of the Southern population has con? sisted of people whose cultural, economic, social and political progress in the past has been particularly retarded by a number of factors, among them: (1) too great a dependence upon agriculture and, particularly, on a few cash crops such as cotton, for income; (2) a lack of Southern capital funds for industrial development; (3) a lack of educational and training facilities for both whites and non-whites; (4) a desire on the part of some Southern business and political leaders to maintain the status quo economically, politically, and otherwise; (5) discriminatory freight rates which reacted to the economic disadvantage of the South; and (6) comparatively low wages and incomes received by workers in the South which curtailed their purchasing power and their opportunity to give their children the higher education they needed to improve their cultural, economic, social and political status. The Old Southern, Cotton Economy per se has gone, but conditions of poverty in Southern United States still retard thousands of descen? dants of the old farm sharecroppers and other uneducated and unskilled Southern workers. And it is unfortunately true that in the South, as

The paper outlines some suggested goals in an eventual movement toward peace and settlement in South Vietnam.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a long-run economic growth model for developing countries. A general equilibrium framework for approaching the long-run problems of economic development is obtained by emphasizing the supply rather than the demand for outputs. The economy of developing countries is first disaggregated into three producing sectors: the primary or agricultural sector, the secondary or manufacturing sector, and the tertiary or service sector. The industry production function at a given point in time is a function of capital in buildings and capital in equipment, labor, and (for agriculture) land. The two endogenous variables of the model that affect total exports are the exchange rate E and the general domestic price level P. A distinguishing characteristic of less-developed countries is that while producers do attempt to maximize profits, they are less accurate in achieving their goal than their counterparts in developed economies—the variance of actual profits around the point of profit maximization is greater in underdeveloped countries.

Before commenting on technical aspects of Dr. Olivier's paper, I would like to emphasize some points made in the Introduction. In view of our mutual experiences, two concepts need especially to be stressed: (1) that schistosomiasis is spreading rapidly; and (2) that there is an urgent need for obtaining better knowledge of the biology (in its broadest sense) of the vector snails. With regard to the spread of schistosomiasis, three countries in another part of the world (Egypt, Sudan, and Iraq) will be mentioned. It is important to note that in Egypt more than half of the population, or an estimated 15 million people, have intestinal or vesicular schistosomiasis or both. Under present conditions of sanitation, education and medical treatment, the only hope of alleviating this serious situation lies in the control of the vector snails. It must be remembered that Egypt is overpopulated and in order to feed the growing population the country is forced to bring more and more of the Nile Valley into perennial irrigation.

The research was concerned with changes in attitudes, values and behavior associated with the modernizing influences of increased education, communication, and industrialization. A traditional style of life which has developed over many generations is being modified by urban, industrial influences. There have been changes in aspirations, family structure, and social control. Four similar communities which were located 50, 100, 200 and 400 kilometers from the capital and major city, Manila, were studied. Within each community 18 men and 18 women from each of three social levels were interviewed, yielding a total of 432 respondents. This design made it possible to determine the relative effects of distance from Manila, sex, and social class on modernity of attitudes. Exposure to modernizing influences was manipulated by selecting near and remote communities.