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The paper analyzes conflict formations now prevailing in contemporary international society. The study begins with the assertion that the development of capitalism and anticapitalist move ments in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics and to the emergence of an international society. This society is here conceived as an antagonistic totality made up particularly of the following conflict formations: intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, inter-socialist, inner-Third World, and formations of structural violence where in ternational and national conflict formations intersect.The paper includes a short discussion on some fundamental principles of peace and social justice in international society. It concludes with some preliminary remarks on the foundation of a structural theory of international society. The author stresses that a further analysis of inter national society will have to look closely into the production relations and the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal and combined development is given particular importance. The author con tends that on this basis, causes and regularities of conflict formation dynamics can be better understood than by the highly abstract approaches of the last ten to fifteen years, particularly those of the conventional systems analysis.

This paper examines the role of "business innovation" and "business ethics" --two seemingly unrelated principles--in underpinning the disparities in economic prosperity across 107 countries over the period from 2003 to 2006. Unlike Porter, Ketels, and Delgado's (2007) statistical approach, which relies on partial correlations, this paper uses a multiple regression analysis within a general macro/microeconomic framework to examine business innovation strategies and ethics, while controlling for human capital, geography, and socio-cultural demographics. Additionally, this paper borrows from Wu (2005) to assess the interaction between business innovation strategies and business ethics. Econometric results indicate that business innovation and business ethics are both positively correlated with and needed to sustain economic prosperity. Additional results show that microeconomic variables have the primacy over macroeconomic ones. Relevant policy implications are discussed. Introduction The problem of creation of wealth has always been the in-focus of economic research. While the bulk of the literature emphasized the role of macroeconomic factors, the microeconomic foundations of economic prosperity escaped theoretical and empirical scrutiny. Building on Porter's (1990, 2007) approach to economic prosperity, the purpose of this paper is to empirically test the following: (1) The significant relationship of each of "business innovation" and "business ethics" (or corruption)--two seemingly unrelated principles--in underpinning the disparities in economic prosperity across a sample of 107 countries over the average period from 2003 to 2006; (2) the interaction between business innovation strategies and business ethics; and (3) the size and significant roles of macro- and microeconomic foundations in affecting economic prosperity. The microeconomic approach to economic prosperity gained much importance with the growing pace of globalization. Globalization increases the uncertainties of macroeconomic policies and makes countries more vulnerable to the fluctuation of variables, such as exchange rates and commodity prices among others. In fact, Argentina failed to experience a sustainable path of growth because the improvement of the microeconomic environment was not in-line with the macroeconomic reforms that the government has undertaken (Ketels, 2006). While the potential to create a competitive advantage at the corporate level lies in the development of innovative products and processes, including conducting innovation-driven business strategies, this paper suggests that corporate ethics, specifically corporate corruption should not be underestimated. Borrowing from Wu (2005), the tough enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act may have forced U.S. companies to focus their attention on developing their long-term competitive advantage through implementing business innovation strategies leading them to be recognized as global leaders in their fields. Unlike Porter's et al. (2007) statistical approach which relies on partial correlations, this paper employs a general micro/macroeconomic framework and uses a multiple regression to examine the effects of business innovation and business ethics (corruption) on economic prosperity as measured by the level of per capita gross domestic product (GDP). It controls for salient features of economic prosperity, including human capital (education), geography (latitude), and socio-cultural demographics (religious fractionalization). Using the standardized estimation of the independent variables, this paper assesses the magnitudes between microeconomic and macroeconomic environments and their impact on economic prosperity. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The second section reviews succinctly the related literature, while suggesting a synthetic theoretical diagram (Figure 1). The third section offers the specification of the model and the fourth section analyzes the econometric results. …

Nowadays, the change and the development of society run faster and more dispersely than before. In this era of globalization, Islamic education, as a means to bring out a competent human capital that can compete in the era of 21st century, needs to pay closer attention to the "process" than to the "outcome", and this way can be regarded as an alternative to the development of creativity. This paper shows some significant ideas to explore how to emphazise the "process". The ideas include motivation, learning strategies, self consciousness, work ethic, participatory approach to fostering creativity, musing space, and change in attitudes. With the spirit of change and the passion of work, this paper offers some ideas to foster a good quality of Muslim generation as a solution to the educational crisis of this nation.

Globalization is a phenomenon of the postmodern era which accommodates the shrinking of the world into a small functional community. As a result of this, geographical distance and socio-cultural divergence are no longer constraints to aggregating the entire human race into one global family. The term is used to describe transnational relationships, engagements, cooperation and the sharing of human, material and ideological resources across regions. Discourse on the subject has become so relevant across previously unrelated fields that their definitions have now converged on a consensus theoretical concept understood as “universal homogeneity.” The primary material, Helon Habila’s novel, Measuring Time is studied in the context of globalization and hybridity of cultures. The paper asserts that no human community should be isolated from the dynamic engagements of the wider society. This paper avers that globalization should not be advanced as an imposition of foreign cultural values; rather it should be seen as a practice that reflects mutually beneficial contact amongst people of divergent cultures. In the current dispensation, the cultural consumption and uncritical assimilation of Western values by African colonized people do not reflect the underlying objective of Globalization. This paper projected the need for a revision of the concept and to promote a symbiosis of unions where ideological, material and human capital flow across cultures in such a manner that all the actors in the ‘shrinking’ borderless world are mutual beneficiaries.Key words: Globalisation, African, Culture, Hybridity, Post-Colonialism

The Journal of Business Strategies published a special issue on migration and remittances in Spring 2009 with six articles selected from the papers presented at the Conference on Regional Trade Agreements, Migration, and Remittances with Special Focus on CAFTA and Latin America held at the College of Business Administration, Sam Houston State University, in April 2008. The current special issue is a continuation of that effort and includes five more articles selected from the pool of papers presented at the conference. In addition to topics related to migration and remittances, this issue also includes articles on regional trade agreements (RTAs). While migration of people across natural and man-made borders has remained a powerful force that contributes to the progress of human civilization, remittances--the transfers of money by migrants to family and friends left behind in their respective home countries--have been recognized as "the most tangible and ... the least controversial link between migration and development, having the potential to contribute significantly to poverty reduction and achievement of other UN Millennium Development Goals" (Irving et al, 2010). Although new migration flows fell during 2008-09 due to the global economic crisis, existing migrants were not returning even though the employment prospects have been bleak in many destination countries. In 2008, officially recorded remittances to developing countries reached a higher-than-expected level of $338 billion and it represented a growth of about 17 percent from $289 billion in 2007. (1) While South and East Asia witnessed a stronger-than-expected growth in remittance flows during 2008-09, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East, and North Africa experienced larger-than-expected declines. (2) In addition to migration and remittances, greater trade liberalization, particularly in developing countries, has become another hallmark of the current wave of globalization. However, the development of a multilateral trading system based on global free trade under the aegis of the General Agreements on Trade and Tariff (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO) has been extremely slow mainly due to the complexity of multilateral negotiations. This has given way to an unprecedented proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), which have become a prominent feature of the Multilateral Trading System (MTS). (3) Almost every country is a part of one or more RTAs. Some 462 such agreements have been notified to the GATT/WTO up to February 2010 and 271 of them were in force. This trend is likely to continue as many more RTAs are currently under negotiations. Of these RTAs, Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and partial scope agreements account for 90 percent, while customs unions (CUs) account for 10 percent. (4) The rise of RTAs raises the time-honored question of whether these agreements help or hinder global trade liberalization. The classic analysis of the "trade diversion effect" (diversion of trade from a more efficient exporter towards a less efficient one by the formation of an FTA) by Jacob Viner (Viner 1950) was later extended to a full range of theoretically plausible effects of RTAs. The expositions on the implications of RTAs for global free trade are collectively known as the "stumbling bloc" or "building bloc" debate. (5) In this debate, RTAs are "stumbling blocs" if they prevent or slow multilateral trade liberalization, while they are "building blocs" if they accelerate or at least do not hinder multilateralism. Numerous mechanisms have been presented in the literature to suggest that one or the other position is likely. The classic "trade diversion effect" as described above and the "trade creation effect" (more trade with the members of the RTA) are two such mechanisms extensively discussed in the literature. Migration and Remittances The first two articles in this special issue deal with topics related to international migration and remittances. …

This paper explores the consequences of globalisation for the labour markets. By defining globalisation as 'the consequence of the diminishing costs of distance the analysis is able to use the economist's standard trade theory to show explore the impact of globalisation on labour mobility in the impact of trade of labour conditions, and of differential mobility (the favouring of skilled migrants over unskilled migrants). Some consideration is given to the particular circumstances of the New Zealand labour market. One conclusion of this - all to brief- paper is to insist that migration must be seen in the context of a particular sort of globalisation of the labour market.

This paper takes the position that changes and trends in labour, employment and work (LEW) in New Zealand are unavoidably entangled in developments whose origins lie, in the main, outside New Zealand. It is further argued that debate about these changes and trends remains largely grounded in conceptual and theoretical frameworks which give insufficient regard to global structural realities and what these realities might mean in particular countries. Rather than rehearse the scope and content of existing LEW frameworks, this paper conceptualises a general process of globalisation centred on developments in the world capitalist accumulation process.

(1970). The “gains” from international trade. New Zealand Economic Papers: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 53-54.

This paper attempts to elaborate current existence of Islamic Communication curriculum, particularly Dakwah Jurnalism as one of the Islamic communication education pillars, either on state or private Islamic universities in Indonesia. Departing from an explanation of empirical phenomenon of the technological revolution and globalization of communication that broughtsignificant impacts on the communicationindustry and social-global behavior, this paper wants to criticize backwardness content of DakwahJournalism curriculum that failed to adopt both dynamics as genial formulation to form new scholar competency of Islamic Communications in modern world. The curriculum focus for journalism ethical values only shows another fact that there is a weakness on scientific exploration of the journalism science in Islamic tradition. This paper will be concluded with myanalysis for the differences of vision and mission addressed by Islamic Communication Departments (KPI) in PTAI that aggravate above conditions. This problem represents only one example of the complexity of the problems in the PTAI teaching system amidst of migration policy from IAIN into State Islamic University(UIN). To establish competitive graduates with holistic competency, it is necessary for PTAI managers to develop new framework, vision, mission and curriculum content at large. The initiatives can be started by changing Dakwah Journalism curriculum.

The recent literature on the theory of tariffs and trade restrictions has emphasized the optimality of free trade policies for both developed and develop¬ing countries. There are exceptional cases in which trade restrictions can be justified—when, for example, a country has monopoly power in trade or when certain "second-best" conditions are met.1 In general, however, it is believed that a country which imposes restrictions on its trade suffers a decline in real income. A number of studies for both developed and developing countries have estimated the economic benefits that would accrue to these countries from the elimination of all trade restrictions.* The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for measuring the economic benefits that a country would receive as the result of the elimination of a country-specific restriction while maintaining all restrictions applying to commodities. Methods of measuring the static gains to a country removing commodity restrictions are already well known and need no further elaboration. The elimination of a country-specific restriction on trade, however, presents a slightly different problem of measurement since the liberalization may affect only one portion of the country's trade and give rise to foreign exchange savings as well as the familiar gains from reduced producers' inefficiency and increased consumers' surplus.

This study examines the transformation of Manitoba’s post-secondary education system between 1967 and 2009 using legislative change to gauge structural change. The paper establishes the beginning of the contemporary post-secondary system with the 1967 decision of the Manitoba government to abandon the “one university” system model, a move akin to a “big bang,” redefining system norms and expectations, and setting direction which continues to be relevant today. The study revealed extensive structural change in Manitoba’s post-secondary system after 1997, the nature of which reflected the trends associated with globalization, but also reflecting the important influence that local forces have had in shaping the province’s post-secondary system.

Until now the Ready Made Garments industry is considered as “The Engine of Growth” for the economy in Bangladesh in so many ways including development of women and society as a whole. The journey of export oriented Ready Made Garments industry started in the 80s with some favorable policy support from the Government of Bangladesh and preferential treatment of major apparel importing countries of the world through guaranteed share of their market. The entrepreneurs of apparel export of Bangladesh exposed mainly with “low value, low price, low quality products” with the objective of using expensive labor force of the country. But in course of time the structure and direction of world trade in RMG has changed fast. Again the scenario in trade and business is about to change due to globalization and trade liberalities under the world trade organization. It is anticipated that Bangladesh is going to face stiff competition from large number of apparel producing countries notably China, India and Pakistan. It has now become a severe challenge to the economy of Bangladesh as maximum number of garment factories go out of business throwing 10 million direct and indirect workers out of jobs which certainly brings about a socio-economic havoc. It is now essential to bring dynamism in this sector by taking some realistic steps. Such steps can be categorized as improving productivity and standard of workers, development of product design capability, quality improvement, strengthening marketing and promotion ability, improving management skills and techniques, fabric developments, increasing overall equipment efficiency etc. Burlingtons Limited, a Ready Made Garments industry in Bangladesh, was experiencing low productivity and less profit. The reasons of low productivity and possible means of improvement were then investigated by applying Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a maintenance program, which involves a newly defined concept for maintaining plants and equipment. All sections of the factory have been studied to identify and reduce equipment losses to maximize overall equipment efficiency (OEE) by using the techniques of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). Finally, the most significant losses were indicated and eliminated and the overall equipment efficiency (OEE) was improved. The detail of the study is reported in this paper.

Till recently, international trade in chillies was dominated by India. However, the exports from the country has come down considerably as China has emerged as a principal exporter of chillies. Chilli exports from India are mostly to Sri Lanka, USA, Nepal, Mexico and Bangladesh. India has immense potential to grow and export different types of chillies required by various markets around the world. India today faces stiff competition from China and Pakistan who offer their produce in international market at very competitive price. The reason may be that the prices of our chillies are too high for international markets on account of strong domestic demand. Sannam variety of chillies is in demand in importing countries. Buyers expect a high degree of hygiene and sanitation in processing and preparing chillies for export. Aflatoxin and pesticide residues are the two important problems which act as constraints in increasing chilli exports to importing countries. The recent rejection of the consignment of chillies by certain European Union countries and Australia on the grounds of Aflatoxin and pesticide residues poses a serious threat to chilli exports. Though spices form an integral part of Indian food, Indian chilies are yet to enhance their share in total spices export. The central focus of the present paper is to address two interrelated issues of chillies – the extent of co-movement of chilli prices in the domestic and world markets and the bearing of WTO measures on the extent of transmission of world prices to the domestic markets.