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These invitational papers submitted by ETS staff members to the Select Education Subcommittee discuss various aspects of educational change and improvement, planning and evaluation. Papers include: "Open Education: Changing Schools for Children," (Edward A. Chittenden); "Planning for New Students to Higher Education in the 70's," (K. Patricia Cross); "The Desegregation/Integration Dilemma in Higher Education: Implications for Research from Minority Student Experiences," (Junius A. Davis); "Statewide Assessment: Its Future and Potential for Educational Reform" (Henry S. Dyer, Robert J. Solomon); "Mass Higher Education and the Economic Benefits of a College Degree," (Rodney T. Hartnett); "Learning to Learn in Infancy: The Development of Competence Motivation," (Michael Lewis);"Teaching in the Knowledge Society," (Frederick J. McDonald); "Credit by Examination and the External Degree," (Robert J. Solomon, John R. Valley); and "Meeting the Measurement Needs of Education," (William W. Turnbull). Most of the papers include bibliographical references. (CK)

The shortrun (1962-1966) economic impact of a tissue paper mill in Pickens, Mississippi, a town of under 1,000 in a depressed rural area with a predominance of poor Negroes, was analyzed. The tissue mill began in a building formerly occupied by a North Carolina furniture manufacturer. Initial financing came from the Area Redevelopment Administration, local and State organizations, and private industry. Failure of the operation was attributed to lack of skilled employees, frequent breakdowns of secondhand machinery, variability in the quality of wet pulp, and an inadequately developed market. After foreclosure by the Small Business Administration, the plant was leased to another company to produce carbonizing paper. Finding solutions to Picken's problems and those of other depressed areas will require continuing systematic efforts at Federal, State, and local levels. (Author/PS)

We have tried to address two questions: "What has been the trend of socioeconomic opportunity for black and white men in the U. S. during the past decade?" and "what has been the trend of racial discrimination in the socioeconomic achievements of black men?" Using 1962 Current Population Survey data, we estimated a simple three-equation model of socioeconomic achievement for black and nonblack (hereafter, white) men at ages 34-44, 45-54, and 55-64. The model takes educational attainment in years of schooling to depend on father's occupational status, father's educational attainment, respondent's farm background, and respondent's number of siblings. Respondent's current occupational status depends on the four background variables and on educational attainment. Finally, the respondent's income depends on the background variables, educational attainment, and occupational status. We have found that the socioeconomic opportunities of all men in the labor force, and especially of blacks, have increased in the past decade, but the opportunities for white men to hold high status jobs may have leveled off. Black-white differences in educational attainment, occupational status, and income have been reduced substantially, but there remain large residues of discrimination against blacks in all three areas of achievement. These made up as large a proportion of the total racial gap in schooling, occupational status and income in 1972 as they did in 1962. (Author/JM)

The impact of a large manufacturing plant on a small village in "middle America" was explored in this paper. Research was conducted in Illinois using Putnam County as an "experimental" region and Iroquois County as a "control." In the spring of 1966, the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation began construction of a major production complex at the village of Hennepin in Putnam County. Operation at the "Hennepin Works" began in December 1967. In June 1966, 1,128 household heads in Putnam and 411 heads in Iroquois County were interviewed. In the summer of 1971, 1,029 heads in Putnam County and 377 in Iroquois County were interviewed. Individuals' total yearly income measured economic status. The income of the samples from each region were dichotomized on the basis of age and sex. Findings provided strong empirical support for the hypothesis that the elderly residents and female heads of households receive little direct economic benefit from new industry. (NQ)

This study documents the second of three phases of the Indiana Higher Education Facilities Comprehensive Planning Study. Papers comprising this second phase of the study are devoted to long-run forecasts of needs and resources and related significant considerations. This portion of the study focuses on financing higher education. Consideration is given to the following basic sources of income: student tuition and fees, Federal and State allocations, private gifts and grants, and endowments. In making revenue source projections for public and private institutions in Indiana, the report anticipates that total income will increase annually in actual dollar amounts while the proportional share of each source of income is expected to change. Appendixes offer tables comparing various aspects of States' funding of higher education. A related document is EA 003 081. (JF)

USING DATA FROM A STANFORD UNIVERSITY STUDY IN FRESNO, CALIFORNIA, A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF 25 MEDIA USE AND INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIORS. SEVEN SOCIAL-PERSONAL AND THREE PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES WERE ALSO CONSIDERED. YOUNGER ADULTS WERE MOST LIKELY TO PARTICIPATE IN ADULT EDUCATION, ESPECIALLY VOCATIONAL COURSES AND EVENING CLASSES AND USE RADIO FOR MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENT. OLDER ADULTS WERE THE ONES MOST LIKELY TO READ "READERS' DIGEST" AND RELY ON RADIO FOR INFORMATION. READING OF FICTION BOOKS AND OF DOMESTIC AND FASHION MAGAZINES (WOMEN), AND PARTICIPATION IN ARTS AND CRAFTS COURSES (MEN) AND LIBERAL ARTS (WOMEN) WERE BEST PREDICTED BY SEX. EDUCATION CORRELATED WITH READING OF BOOKS, NEWS MAGAZINES, AND PERIODICALS IN GENERAL AND WITH RECENT PUBLIC LIBRARY USE. INCOME AND EDUCATION WERE STRONG PREDICTORS OF NEWSPAPER USE. RECEPTIVITY TO NEW EDUCATIONAL MEDIA PREDICTED THE USE OF REFERENCE BOOKS, IMPERSONAL INFORMATION SEEKING, AND INDEPENDENT STUDY. MEMBERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS CORRELATED CLOSELY WITH INTERPERSONAL INFORMATION SEEKING, AND THE PERCEPTION OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN MEDIA WAS RELATED TO USE OF "LIFE" MAGAZINE, SERIOUS TELEVISION PROGRAMS, AND SPECIFIC INFORMATION SEEKING. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION CORRELATED WITH NONFICTION READING. IMPLICATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES WERE SUGGESTED. INCLUDED ARE 52 TABLES AND FIGURES AND 28 REFERENCES. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT THE NATIONAL SEMINAR ON ADULT EDUCATION RESEARCH, CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 11-13, 1968. (LY)

The author concludes that there is no convincing evidence of differential occupational returns to education, except for effects of race and farm background. There is an interaction effect of fathers' occupational status, as well as race, with the returns to work experience in an equation for income. Findings are either negative or inconclusive between socioeconomic background and education among urban white men. In this major segment of the population, the benefits of education appear to go to those who have it, regardless of their social origins. (DM)

This report presents data on the numbers of persons receiving benefits from various public income programs. Included in the scope of the study are social insurance programs, income-in-kind programs, public assistance, and other income supplement programs. The report focuses particularly on cases in which persons receive benefits under more than one program and examines the issues which are raised by receipt of multiple benefits. The fact that some persons receive benefits under several programs generally results from their availing themselves of benefits to which they are entitled, and it does not imply wrongdoing. However, the consequences of combined benefits, in some instances, may not be those that policymakers desired in establishing the programs individually; that is, the combined impact on recipients and nonrecipients alike may be quite different from the effects anticipated for individual programs. Because of the high degree of overlap of beneficiaries among the various programs, the policy implications of the interactions of these programs deserve greater scrutiny. Chief among the issues raised are the following: work incentives; family stability; administrative error; differential treatment based on personal characteristics; program inefficiency; and, administrative complexity. This report's findings suggest that these issues are critical and real. (Author/JM)

The document has 3 goals (1) to examine the distribution of economic benefits of industrial development as reflected by the concept of competition in human ecology; (2) to provide an empirical test of the ecological model, and (3) to relate the findings to public policy. Two Illinois study areas were identified. First, as an experimental region, Putnam County and bordering sections of the 3 contiguous counties were selected. Second, a comparable region across the state--Iroquois County--was selected as a control region. Both regions: (1) are about equidistant from Chicago, (2) had similar highway and railway systems in 1966, and (3) were rural agricultural counties similar in demographic composition. In 1966, 1,171 household heads were interviewed in the experimental region, and 411 in the control region. Five years later, after the industrial plant had beenin operation, 1,166 persons in the experimental region were interviewed and 399 in the control region. Findings are presented in 5 tables and are summarized--e.g., Table 1 presents gross and net effects on income of each category of competitive capacity. (FF)

Urban and rural development requires an innovative problem-solving mechanism that would better use the leverage inherent in available resources. There is a model of such an institution now evolving in depressed areas which warrants a substantial investment of Ford Foundation funds: the Community Development Corporation (CDC)--an organization whose raison d'etre is the efficient allocation of resources to improve the conditions of life in minority communities. The CDC is a locally controlled, tax-exempt corporation that operates programs aimed at both immediate relief of severe social and economic disadvantaged and at eventual regeneration of its community. Its programs are usually funded by grants or investments from government and the private sector; and they seek primarily to increase jobs and income, to improve housing and to secure better services from local government, business, and utilities, and to foster a sense of hope in communities that have been stagnant or deteriorating. Although governed by boards representing coalitions of local interests, the most effective CDCs are run by strongly individualistic executives. The National Affairs Division of the Foundation has embarked on a series of experiments to develop and test this new kind of institution through support of a group of CDCs, which vary by race, region, organizational structure, and program emphasis. The primary goal of these experiments is to strengthen a promising development institution. A directly related purpose is to conduct operational research on the development process; i.e., especially minority community development; still another objective is to train leaders and managers. (Author/JM)

A pilot study reported in this monograph is part of a larger study that includes data on 5 Southwestern American Indian reservations. Its primary purpose is to provide basic manpower information essential for planning and developing effective services and programs for Laguna Indians. Manpower resource characteristics are presented for age and sex, family characteristics, and educational attainment. Since no accurate records of people residing on the Laguna Reservation were available before this study, a list maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was modified to arrive at a sampling frame. The size of the reservation's total working-age human resource was estimated at 1,064 based on the modified BIA list. It is noted that about 47 percent of the Laguna working-age population are in the labor force. Information is presented on sources of income and consumption patterns. The consumption patterns show the reliance of Laguna families on cash to satisfy most of their consumer demands. Recommendations in this area include consumer education, greater employment opportunities, and income maintenance projects. (PS)

The pilot study reported in this monograph is part of a larger study that includes data on 5 Southwestern American Indian reservations. Its primary purpose is to provide basic manpower information essential for planning and developing effective services and programs for the Acoma Pueblo Indians. Manpower resource characteristics are presented for age and sex, family characteristics, and educational attainment. Although population registers maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs listed 1, 654 people 16 years of age or older, when a random sample of 500 of these names was selected, only 275 could be located on the reservation. On the basis of this, the population 16 years of age and over is estimated at 910 people. It is noted that about 41 percent of the Acoma working-age population are in the labor force. Information is presented on sources of income and consumation patterns. The consumption patterns show that Acoma families depend heavily upon off-reservation stores for their consumer goods. A major conclusion was that Acoma successes in raising their level of living will be dependent upon their ability to obtain off-reservation employment. (PS)

In a study of school readiness, 90 American born, middle class Jewish children were tested before entering the first grade and divided into two groups. The groups were well-matched with one difference: children were either Ashkenazic (of European descent) or Sephardic (of Syrian descent). Families of both of these groups, however, had been in the United States for at least 25 years. Cognitive measures such as the Stanford-Binet, Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test were given to the children; parent attitude scales were given to the mothers. Additional data were collected on the educational and financial aspirations of the mothers for their children. Analysis of the data showed significant school readiness differences. The Ashkenazic children, whose cultural background possibly supported academic achievement, were more prepared than the Sephardic children, whose training seemed to stress financial success. Study findings suggest that implicit cultural factors, aspirations, and mores affect children's school readiness, even when poverty and other disadvantages are absent. (MS)

The results of an effort to develop a body of internally consistent economic data which facilitate comparison of the population, housing, employment, and income characteristics of 56 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas with a population of over 500,000 are reported in this publication. Part of a continuing research program on local government finances, the report was designed to fill some important gaps and provide the basis for future research efforts in this area. Development of a consistent data system required selection of a manageable number of the most relevant areas from among the current total of 231 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and adaptation of an extensive system of basic data for each of these by means of classification and coverage which permit internal comparison and, at the same time, provide historic continuity. The data include information, sometimes as current as 1967, covering the general topics: (1) location and types of major metropolitan areas, (2) population, (3) land, (4) population densities and housing, (5) employment size, composition, and trends, and (6) income and wages. Detailed information by area is given in 13 statistical tables, permitting easy comparison on any factor between the various urbanized areas. (ET)

An update and expansion of a 1964 analysis of the Negro in Syracuse, the study has described and analyzed the black community within Syracuse and related it to similar communities in New York State. By following the same general format of the earlier study, there is ease in analyzing changes in the condition of the black community in Syracuse over a period of time. Population and housing data of the 1960 and 1970 censuses, as well as data from other sources, have been used to bring data together in ways to add to the knowledge, understanding, and policymaking decisions of the communities being analyzed. The rate of growth of the black population in Syracuse ranked third in the nation; no other city with the same size black population had as large a proportion of its population migrating from the South. Five main topics explored are: An Overview of Syracuse, The Black Population in Syracuse, Occupation and Income, Housing, and Education. The central fact revealed is that substantial disparities remain between the black and white communities in Syracuse and that Syracuse's black community in many instances is not progressing as rapidly as black communities in other New York State cities. (EA)