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This article presents a discussion on the article "Ramsay MacDonald and the Labour Movement: Right-Left-Right," by C. L. Mowat. Jenkins thought that the MacDonald enigma was not so much the man himself, as the motives of the men who elevated him to leadership, since he fitted neither into the intellectual nor the trade-union wing of the Party. E. P. Thompson wished to go beyond the usual account of the rise of Socialism and the trade unions. Briggs agreed that MacDonald's ideas grew out of the revolt against Mid-Victorian conventions arising in the 188O's and 189O's, caught up in the discussions between Socialism and Individualism.

This paper presents a model for the evaluation of individuals used as sources for subjective information. The evaluation is based upon the amount and nature of the individual's relevant experience and the consistency and completeness of the information he provides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human behavior, which is invariably a mixture of reactionary and forward-moving tendencies, is a complex thing and organizations function best when management works with instead of against human attributes. At all levels, the healthy organization must satisfy not only individual but group, inter-group, and the whole organization's needs for both growth and maintenance of the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individualism, asceticism, and work as a calling productive of rational economic behavior are all elements of the value system Max Weber called the "Protestant Ethic." The investigation described in this paper is concerned with the extent to which this system of values is still operative, though altered, among a population of Midwestern farmers, and its influence in matters of health, work behavior, and leisure. High-work orientation was found to be related to individualism and asceticism but no longer necessarily productive of systematic, rational, economic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares the magnitude of relationships of several individual dependent variables with two types of independent variables: (a) individual responses to questions and (b) group averages derived from member's responses to the same questions; and investigates several conditions which affect the results of the above comparisons. The two types of variables are statistically correlated simply because the average is a mathematical function of the individual score. This research paper offers information of use to researchers faced with decisions concerning choice of method of data analysis. Large scale studies which gather data from many individuals in a number of groups are becoming increasingly common as researchers surmount the formidable difficulties in order to obtain variance on organizational and group variables. With data available on both the individual and group levels, there are available a number of analytic designs. For example, group variables may be related to group variables, group variables may be related to individual variables or individual variables may be related to individual variables.

This paper attempts to demonstrate the growth of class stratification in the collective agriculturaI settlements of Israel. Among the factors discussed are: (1) the place of the collective in the national stratification; (2) the reestablishment of the subordinate role of women; (3) the abandonment of complete democratization of management and leadership; (4) the growth of job specialization; (5) the problem of hired labor and the "exploitation" of auxiliary groups; (6) the development of an age hierarchy; (7) the growth of individualism; and (8) the crystallization of intimate social groups. It is concluded that, although stratification is taking place, the class system developing is still a wide-open one. The attempt of the leadership to combat some of the negative aspects of stratification while maintaining a flexibility in adjusting to changing social conditions is promising. The success of such an adjustment may indicate the lower limits of stratification necessary in a changing society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the argument of this paper that the sort of sociology that one practises is based upon the nature of the ontological assumptions that one makes implicitly or explicitly. In other words, one's presuppositions as to the essential nature of man's being-in-the-world are utterly crucial to the sociological enterprise in which one is engaged. It can be maintained that contemporary sociology has made one or other of two mistakes. The first alternative has been to operate with a notion of the society-actor relationship in which society is postulated as a superior entity, standing apart, beyond and above the individual actor. The individual experiences his role as pre-given by the environing society and it is one within which he performs, per- haps non-reflectively, in accordance with its prescriptions. Language thus arises out of particular intersubjective processes rather than being simply the outcome of inter- individual imitation. Action is constructed by the individual who is an active interpreter within each social situation. Such construction of action occurs intersubjectively: it arises within and through communication with others.

An earlier paper by H. G. McCurdy and W. E. Lambert described a laboratory arrangement for studying the problem-solving behavior of individuals or small groups, and reported that under certain specified conditions individuals were superior to newly formed groups in such activity and no reliable difference in performance could be detected between randomly composed groups organized, in contrasting fashion, as "democratic" or "dictatorial." With respect to the work reported here, it must be concluded that if any difference among the four types of groups has been demonstrated it is not such as to favor democratic over authoritarian organization for the purpose of problem-solving. It should be pointed out, as it was in the previous article, that more conclusive results might be obtained if it were possible to work with large samples of larger sized groups. Small samples tend to obscure differences unless they are conspicuous and it is possible that group processes which are slight in their effects when the groups are small may become magnified when the groups are enlarged.

This article discusses the book "Readings in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences," edited by May Brodbeck. The author gives attention to three topics discussed in this anthology. The first is the controversy over whether the account of explanation given by sociologist Hempel is applicable in the human as well as in the natural sciences. The second theme in the anthology obviously relevant to sociologist is that of methodological individualism versus holism. Many of the papers in this anthology characterize at one level the alternatives confronting a scientist whose theorizing confronts either empirical or conceptual difficulties. Just because actions are informed by intentions and purposes, and intentions and purposes presuppose beliefs, so a social role-which specifies and prescribes or permits certain courses of action for certain types of person presupposes certain beliefs. The matter of the philosophy of science may not only be regulative as regards the form of our theories and the lessons to be learnt here may well be one that the sociologist now feels have been conveyed to him almost too often-but suggestive as to their content.

The article discusses the theory and technique of labor relations. Since the community is of the mind that men should have justice in their employed relation and since law generally reflects what is actually happening in the community, the courts are the proper place for securing justice in these relationships. Extension of equitable jurisdiction to cover those points of conflict for which remedies are now sought by union activity seems to be dictated by labor disorders, the common conscience and the natural desire to preserve American individualism. The definition of job-property is to the effect that a certain specific relationship exists between the specific employee together with his intangible personality and certain apparatus, ideas, or the like, which implement his job. As long as the competent employee persists in any agreement he makes, the agreement should not be disturbed. But if he comes to court to get a boost in power until he can bargain on an even basis with the employer, his complaint should be honored. The Civil Service Commission may be said to deal with labor's right to have jobs in the Government. It examines many thousands of applicants each year and judges in an impartial manner the right of each to a job, using briefs and examination papers as a basis.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the dualistic rhetoric of researcher James Baldwin's work "The Fire Next Time," from four directions, his medievalist fatalism, one of the two principles of the duality, his pedagogical attitude which arose from this fatalism, his modern individualism and democracy, the second principle of the duality and a result of this duality. "Identity" and "love" are the key concepts researcher James Baldwin uses when he encourages his audience to begin to search for a "truly" new society.

The search for uniformities in the growth patterns of individual industries rose to a peak some 30 years ago in the explorations of economists Simon S. Kuznets and in the subsequent comprehensive work of Arthur F. Burns. Partly because of the widespread acceptance of these results and attendant explanations of their inevitability, and partly because of the compelling attractions of other economic problems, little additional work was done in this area for an extended period. Recent portents of a revival of interest stem from three sources: the growing output of long-term forecasts for individual industries, which invites a search for generalizations and efforts to reinvigorate research and theory relating to economic growth by probing the behavior of disaggregated sectors. This paper will concentrate primarily on reviewing Burns's expectations and comparing them with actual results over the following 25 years as a basis for: suggesting revisions in the interpretation of his original findings; outlining needed modifications in the theory as well as the pattern of industrial growth paths; and exploring the possibility of developing patterned expectations for the growth of individual commodities and firms.

Generally speaking, scientific propaganda analysis necessarily employs many types of criteria. These include criteria of objectivity, adequacy, generalization, interpretation, causation, prediction, and interest. Of these, criteria that are frequently taken too much for granted and that usually demand most careful statement, assessment, and restatement are those associated with interest, interest in the sense of the individual, group, and general societal objectives or purposes served. The article deals with these interest criteria. In propaganda analysis, it has been common to describe interest criteria in a general way by saying that purposes of analysts are "to help the intelligent citizen to detect and to analyze propaganda." This is not to be taken as a narrow, purely individualistic or individualism-promoting approach. On the contrary, the conception is thrown into a broader perspective, as the more clear-eyed and intelligent citizens are, the more they can detect and understand actual issues at stake in a social agitation or conflict.

The article presents the author's opinion on stabilizing industry and employment under laissez faire. The author talks about stabilization primarily in the light of the present depression. In today's economy, there are three major problems. One is connected with the continuing revolution in technology. Another is inherent in the inequalities of wealth and income which affect the flow of goods and the balancing of production and consumption. The third is the change in the relative economic position of the different countries of the world which is affecting the character of international trade and world economy. Any attempt to stabilize industry that does not take all these factors into account is likely to remain futile. The business world, is taking a step forward from an individualistic point of view to an attitude which involves some regard for the common interests of national economy. While it feels compelled to pass from the concept of individualism to that of national economy, it allows its group interests to dominate its practical proposals in interpreting what is national economy. So that it conceives national economy merely as a business economy directed by business interests and dominated by business motives.

In this paper educational careers are conceptualized as a function of the educational structure and a set of individual characteristics that comprise an individual's educational potential. Social inequality of education is defined in terms of the relationship between social origin and educational potential. Using this definition, it is shown that despite a marked increase in the number of students attaining higher education in Denmark, no change occurred in the social inequality of education. The relationship between social origin and educational potential is inferred by applying a stochastic process model in which the educational potential is assumed to govern the outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article refers to the methodology of institutional management and the development of management knowledge in the United States with a focus on business and social conditions in postindustrial societies. The impact of technology and technological information on society and education, the effect of alienation and individualism on democracy, and the outlook for social and organizational change are discussed. The author states that a disaffected younger generation should look beyond their own aspirations and toward the common good--despite the flaws in modern society.

The article discusses individualism and social unrest in the United States and the challenge this presents to business and social institutions. Management responsibility in a postindustrial society includes: shaping management knowledge to direct idealism in a way that benefits a democratic society; enlarging opportunities for meaningful employment, especially for the disaffected college-age generation; and developing work relationships and a new social contract between employer and employee. The outlook for a leisure society, radicalism and campus turmoil, trends that led to individualism, and management theory that accommodates individualism and prevents destructiveness are mentioned.