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In this paper, trends in the occupational mobility of black and white men are compared. Emphasis was placed upon the effects of occupational origins on the changing occupation distributions of blacks and whites and with the possibility of convergence between the occupational mobility of blacks and whites. It was found that there has been some degree of convergence from 1962 to 1970 in the occupational distribution, due mainly to racial differences in changing effects of first occupation on current occupations. (DM)

These two papers concentrate on criteria for judging nonprofessional jobs or new careers for the poor, steps in developing a career advancement plan, and the systems approach to manpower development in the human services. Attention is given to the need for meaningful and challenging assignments, flexibility in recruitment and program planning, appropriateness of procedures to local conditions, and consistent job descriptions. Six steps in planning are outlined: state long-term agency goals; set specific objectives; identify subsystems; define tasks; organize them into jobs; and organize jobs into career ladders. The second paper briefly discusses the nature, requirements, and uses of the systems approach itself. The document includes a typology of functions (data, people, things), levels of complexity, detailed scales of worker functions, and three scales of general educational development. (LY)

This paper comprises a compilation of information on the positional mobility and migration of superintendents and superintendent-principals within the Oregon public school system. The author reports on studies of 43 superintendents who left their positions in one year. He analyzes (1) the turnover rate and the school system size, (2) the mobility patterns, (3) the nature of the subsequent offices to which the superintendents moved, and (4) the migration between superintendencies by eight superintendents who moved to other district superintendencies. The author notes that the superintendency in a small district is readily interchangeable with the principalship of or a subordinate central office position in a larger school district. (JF)

This study analyzes the occupational mobility of individuals who hold the Ph.D. degree. Drawing upon data contained in the National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel compiled by the National Science Foundation, this paper presents the quantitative relationships between educational background, occupational mobility, and salaries. Based on these results, the author then presents and empirically tests an economic theory of Ph.D. occupational mobility. (Author)

We have tried to address two questions: "What has been the trend of socioeconomic opportunity for black and white men in the U. S. during the past decade?" and "what has been the trend of racial discrimination in the socioeconomic achievements of black men?" Using 1962 Current Population Survey data, we estimated a simple three-equation model of socioeconomic achievement for black and nonblack (hereafter, white) men at ages 34-44, 45-54, and 55-64. The model takes educational attainment in years of schooling to depend on father's occupational status, father's educational attainment, respondent's farm background, and respondent's number of siblings. Respondent's current occupational status depends on the four background variables and on educational attainment. Finally, the respondent's income depends on the background variables, educational attainment, and occupational status. We have found that the socioeconomic opportunities of all men in the labor force, and especially of blacks, have increased in the past decade, but the opportunities for white men to hold high status jobs may have leveled off. Black-white differences in educational attainment, occupational status, and income have been reduced substantially, but there remain large residues of discrimination against blacks in all three areas of achievement. These made up as large a proportion of the total racial gap in schooling, occupational status and income in 1972 as they did in 1962. (Author/JM)

The author concludes that there is no convincing evidence of differential occupational returns to education, except for effects of race and farm background. There is an interaction effect of fathers' occupational status, as well as race, with the returns to work experience in an equation for income. Findings are either negative or inconclusive between socioeconomic background and education among urban white men. In this major segment of the population, the benefits of education appear to go to those who have it, regardless of their social origins. (DM)

National goals in social welfare are basically concerned with translating the promise of American life into a closer approximation to reality for the aged, the dependent, the disabled, the disorganized, and the unemployed. Administering social welfare programs may create as many as 400,000 career openings in the '70's, 175,000 of which will represent opening s for junior college or high school graduates. Most of the new social welfare programs, being mainly concerned with problems of the central cities of large metropolitan areas, can be expected to emphasize vocational education in these areas. A realistic goal for vocational education in social work would be 500 to 1,000 graduates a year in each of the nation's major metropolitan areas. Associate degree programs leading to employment in social work occupations must expand to meet this need, while existing home economics programs might serve the purpose of the high schools. Advancement in research and planning along these lines would also provide meaningful opportunities for employment for many young persons in the "left out" groups in American society. Major sections of this document are: (1) Social Welfare Goals and Manpower Needs, (2) Factors Influencing Social Welfare Manpower Requirements, (3) Patterns of Occupational Growth, (4) Implications for Vocational Education, and (5) Priorities for Vocational-Technical Education. (JK)

The implications of the pursuit of health goals in the 1970's are discussed to determine priorities in vocational-technical education. Factors basic to increasing the national emphasis on health in the 1970's are outlined. An increased demand for health services are changes in the health field and health occupations training will affect the supply of health manpower. The following agenda of priorities for planning and research in vocational-technical education is suggested: (1) program development for non-professional health occupations, (2) expansion of associate degree nursing and practical nurse programs, (3) increasing the representation of the "left out" groups in health occupations education, (4) closer coordination between vocational education and community health centers, (5) offering of core curriculum in health on the 11th and 12th grade levels, and (6) cooperation between vocational education and public and private agencies to assess local manpower situations. (JK)

The research findings reported in this paper, a revised version of a paper presented at the Conference on Migration and Behavioral Deviance, Puerto Rico, 1968, are drawn from a study designed to supplement the survey phase of the Beech Creek Study (1961). The aim of this research report is to investigate patterns of adaptation and reaction to the industrial work situation. Interviewed in 1962 were 20 male migrants from rural Appalachia. Additional information concerning the characteristic and stereotyped traits of Appalachian migrants was obtained in 1963 from industrial relations personnel, foremen, and union representatives in the various factories where many of the Beech Creekers worked. It was determined that close family relationships facilitated a smooth transition from farming to factory employment. Migrants' initial entry into the industrial labor market, their advancement in occupational status and their changes in place of work, their reaction to lay-offs and unions, and their job satisfactions are discussed. It was concluded that the Beech Creek stem-family served to stabilize the migrant's social world external to the factory by keeping off-the-job problems distinct from on-the-job performance. For these migrants, adaptation to an industrial occupation role merely required the acceptance of new work behavior standards and had little effect upon the more important aspects of their life situation. (HBC)

This paper suggests a model for occupational careers based on the outcome of job shifts. This outcome may be described by a difference equation, where the gain is a function of the prestige and income of the job left and a person's level of resources. The career model is obtained as a solution to this difference equation. The resulting age profile is governed by a parameter: b-sub-one. This parameter is interpreted to measure the degree to which the occupational structure provides opportunities for gains in occupational achievement, given unchanged resources of the individual. On the individual job shift level, this is argued as being reflected in the degree of control individuals have on their job shifts. The increment in return on resources due to job shifts is also argued to be determined by structural characteristics. The interpretation of the parameters is tested with satisfactory results. References are included. (Author)

The 73 participants representing 10 health professions, health education at all levels, and federal and state agencies attended a 2-day conference which attempted to reinforce communication among allied health practitioners in the utilization of the allied health assistant in the delivery of health care. Major issue papers, which provided discussion ideas for multi-disciplinary workshops, were: (1) "Health Manpower and the Health Crisis" by K. M. Endicott, (2) "The Assistant: Mobile or Immobile?" by J. W. Perry, (3) "The Assistant's Basic Education" by Sister A. Joachim, (4) "The Need: Who? When? Where?" by L. M. Detmer, and (5) "Certification and Licensure: Blessing or Boondoggle?" by E. E. Leuallen. Needs of selected disciplines were also recognized, and these become the major area of concentration in the panels and disciplinary workshops. Texts of the major papers and workshop notes are included in the report. (SB)

With demand for social welfare and rehabilitation services growing faster than the manpower supplying the services, agencies are finding it necessary to increase recruitment of new workers and to utilize available workers more efficiently. The papers in this publication were prepared as background information, initial working papers, and beginning work plans for the first research steps in a 5-year program of research in the areas of: (1) job mobility, (2) employment of subprofessionals, and (3) impact of organizational climate and structure on workers. These working papers summarize the state of the art, introduce the research approach, and identify some expected outcomes. (BH)

The broad purpose of this paper is to develop the outline of a conceptual scheme that includes the major social-psychological parameters impinging upon the occupational placement process. The major importance of occupational placement can be viewed from at least two interrelated perspectives: the needs of society in fulfilling required positions in such a way that the system will operate efficiently, and the needs of the individual trying to find a place in the occupational structure that will help him satisfy his felt needs. This conceptual scheme focuses on two major areas of orientation: (1) status orientations, that is, aspirations and expectations, and (2) job preference, that is, non-status orientations such as to work with people or to have a chance to travel. Although prior studies suggest a weak to moderate positive association between occupational aspiration and subsequent behavior, it is concluded that almost nothing is known empirically about the nature or extent of the relationship of occupational expectations to long-run occupational status attainment. (CH)

Five papers and an introduction are included in the report of the proceedings of the second invitational conference on school needs of Mexican American youth. Titles of the papers are "Meeting Guidance Needs of Mexican American Youth -- An Introduction,""The Role of the Principal in Establishing a Guidance Program in a Mexican American Community,""Poverty and Mental Retardation -- Implications for Mexican Americans,""Rural-Urban Migration of Mexican Families,""Remarks to Mexican American High School Students," and "The Role of the School-Community Agent in Establishing Parent Advisory Groups." (LS)

THIRTY-THREE STATE-LEVEL LEADERS WITH RESEARCH RESPONSIBILITIES IN VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL EDUCATION FROM 23 STATES AND TERRITORIES ATTENDED THE SEMINAR WHICH HAD THE OBJECTIVES TO -- (1) SECURE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEMS AND DECISIONS FACING EDUCATIONAL POLICYMAKERS, PROGRAM PLANNERS, ADMINISTRATORS, AND TEACHERS, (2) DEVELOP A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING SOCIOECONOMIC MOBILITY, (3) DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STATUS OF RESEARCH IN LABOR SUPPLY AND DEMAND, MIGRATION, AND SOCIOECONOMIC MOBILITY, (4) BECOME ACQUAINTED WITH APPROPRIATE RESEARCH RATIONALES, DESIGNS, AND METHODOLOGIES, (5) IDENTIFY PROBLEM AREAS FOR RESEARCH, (6) IDENTIFY SPECIFIC RESEARCHABLE PROBLEMS, (7) ACQUIRE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE RELATIVE TO RESEARCH IN OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY AND MIGRATION, AND (8) DEVELOP LINES OF COMMUNICATION TO EXPLOIT AVAILABLE RESOURCES TO CONDUCT RESEARCH AND TO DISSEMINATE RESEARCH FINDINGS. PAPERS PRESENTED WERE (1) "MANPOWER ADJUSTMENTS AND OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION," BY E. WALTON JONES, (2) "MANPOWER SUPPLY IN THE UNITED STATES," BY HOWARD ROSEN, (3) "MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATIONS," BY SOL SWERDLOFF, (4) "DIFFERENTIALS IN SPATIAL MOBILITY," BY EVERETT S. LEE AND G. PUTNAM BARBER, (5) "THE SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY," BY WILLIAM P. KUVLESKY, AND (6) "UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL MOBILITY," BY SELZ C. MAYO. EACH PAPER WAS THE BASIS FOR DISCUSSION BY A WORK GROUP. REPORTS OF THESE DISCUSSIONS ARE PRESENTED. THE APPENDIX CONTAINS THE SEMINAR PROGRAM AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MANPOWER SUPPLY AND DEMAND. (EM)

Two papers are presented which were given before the Social Science Section of the 1968 Annual Conference of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. The first paper reports on the results of a research effort designed to identify factors associated with successful relocation of people from a rural or small community environment into large, industrialized metropolitan areas. Two principal factors pointed out as enhancing the chances of successful adjustment are the existence of a training and counseling program for the guidance workers before relocation and the availability of mobility money for relocation expenses. The second paper deals with the power structure of small communities, based on the comparison of 2 communities in Texas with widely divergent types of economic bases. (JM)

During the first three phases of the Human Services Mobility Study covering the period October 1967 through March 1972, the project concentrated on: (1) the analysis of needs and potentials for upward mobility in the health industry in New York City, (2) the development of a systems-based methodology to create job and curriculum ladders in the health industry, (3) a pilot test of the methodology, and (4) the provision of technical support. The job analysis methodology devised for the project proceeds in stages, beginning with task identification and collection of skill and knowledge data and progressing to clustering tasks into related skill and knowledge hierarchies. Following field testing, the job analysis method was pilot tested in a New York City hospital. This report reviews the project activities accomplished during the first three phases, summarizes the methodology and results of the pilot study, and acts as a guide for the working papers, progress reports, and research reports resulting from the project. Project plans for the future include: (1) collecting task data in a major voluntary hospital and developing job ladders, (2) providing guidance in the use of task data, and (3) developing guidelines for curriculum ladders. (SB)

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how certain personnel practices influence the ability of a university to achieve and maintain a desirable faculty rank distribution and new appointment rate when the faculty size is fixed. A mathematical model is formulated that relates faculty size, promotion rates, and tenure and nontenure lifetimes to the proportion in tenure and the annual appointment rate. Real data from the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University is used to analyze the effects of several different appointment, promotion and retirement policies in that School. Equilibrium results are obtained to indicate what would happen if a given set of policies were followed for a long period of time and all behavioral parameters were to remain fixed. In addition, a short-run analysis is performed to investigate the extent to which an undesirable faculty rank distribution can be changed over the next ten years under altenative personnel policies. (Author)

This study describes and assesses the basic problems of black males who enter educational administration as a career, showing the relationship between their cultural background and their aspirations in the field of administration of a large city school system. The role taken by the researcher is that of participant-observer. The collection of field data entailed the following: (1) a written survey (questionnaire); (2) interviews and tape recordings, if and where possible; (3) an inspection and/or review of the "Job Analysis Division" as a description of each administrative position and requirements for these positions; and, (4) a search of personnel records in order to show career achievement and professional growth patterns. The data source was the total population of Black Male School Administrators working in a large urban school system. All the black administrators were surveyed and interviewed. A search of personnel records was made to determine career achievement and professional growth patterns from educational beginning in the system to present. There were a total of 40 individuals in the study. Some of the problems uncovered by this study included that of identifying racial prejudice as opposed to normal job competition. Blacks compete among themselves for good jobs, as well as against whites, and whites, too, must compete against each other as well as blacks. (Author/JM)

The universe of Japanese immigrants selected for this study consisted of a diverse group such as the kika nisei (returned second generation), the yobiyose (sponsored immigrant), and the gijutsu imin (technical immigrant). Each group possessed different characteristics. This present paper is limited in scope to the yobiyose and gijutsu imin because it is extremely difficult to determine objectively the exact status of the kika nisei with respect to immigration. In contrast to the pre-war Japanese immigrants composed mainly of farmers and fishermen, the post-war immigrants consisted of those with a diverse range of occupations such as craftsman, technicians, musicians, clerks, scientists, engineers, artists, and architects, to mention only a few. Differences in the occupational skills possessed by the various immigrant groups resulted in different adjustment processes during their initial settling-in period in Canada. Some immigrants were able to secure immediate employment and others were not. Consequently, the characteristics which the immigrants brought with them from Japan became an important factor for both employment and integration in the new host society. (Author/JM)

This paper develops a model for the analysis of occupational history data as a contribution toward the development of a system of social accounts. The model is designed to examine the flow of men, throughout their lives, through the occupational structure. Using retrospective life history data collected from a sample of black and white men, the model treats men at age 13 as inputs into different statuses in education and the labor force, including the military, and examines changes through age 39. In addition, hypothetical experiments are carried out via the model to find the occupational distribution of blacks if their particular educational and occupational experiences are modified to correspond to those of whites. The results of these experiments suggest the general utility of the model both for policy formulation and the scientific study of occupational changes. (Author)

This paper is a discussion of a 4-year research and development project dealing with the cluster concept approach to vocational education. The concept is a form of vocational education that prepares the individual to enter into gainful employment in a number of occupations which have sufficient commonalities in human requirements and kinds of work to permit a high degree of mobility within the cluster. Its principal mission was to provide job entry skills and second level skills in a series of related areas. This movement was prompted by the increasing mobility of people, the need for mobility within an industry, the need to adopt to technological changes, and the problem of selecting one's life work. The first phase of the project was devoted to a number of important probes and developments, the second phase to teacher education and the preparation of curriculum materials, the third to implementation and further development through field testing and evaluation at the secondary level, and the fourth to implementation and development through testing and evaluation including placement and followup of subjects. (Author/GEB)

This conference met to consider the political and financial problems in providing government-financed programs to improve upgrading in private and public jobs. The morning session was devoted to federal support of upgrading in industry. In the afternoon session, participants discussed new careers in the service sector, including civil service employment. The eight papers were presented by Seymour Brandwein, Samuel Marks, Dennis Derryck, Eleanor Gilpatrick, Jean Couturier, Sumner Rosen, Arnold Nemore, and Sidney Fine. (BH)

Occupational adaptability is an important consideration in the development of programs related to occupational exploration, career development, and vocational education. Intended to be an authoritative analysis of the literature in the field, this state-of-the-art paper should assist in identifying substantive problems and methodological approaches for researchers and curriculum development specialists as well as providing practitioners with a summary of research findings that have application to educational programs. Research is categorized by: (1) Occupational Adaptability Studies, (2) Job Analysis, (3) Curriculum-Oriented Work, (4) Work Adjustment, and (5) Critique. An extensive bibliography is appended. (GB)

The occupational transferability of skills learned in school and on the job has been studied very little. This paper reports some estimates of the monetary trade-off between specialization and occupational flexibility in the Ph.D's choice of major at undergraduate and graduate school. These estimates are based for the most part on multiple regression analysis of educational background and career data for a sample of 30,000 Ph.D.'s in the sciences. These data indicate that Ph.D.'s whose education is more occupationally specific, because they took the same field as an undergraduate major as that in which they earned their Ph.D., have career mobility that is 10% lower than those Ph.D.'s whose education was less specialized. In addition, when a specialist moves out of her Ph.D. occupation she receives a salary increment for the occupational switch that is about $800 less than the non-specialist's. On the other hand, specialists who remain employed in their Ph.D. field earn a return of about $80 per year on the extra skill they acquired in their Ph.D. specialty by taking the same field as an undergraduate major. (Author)

The approach of the present project is to consider educational planning as an integrated process in which the facility becomes an integral part of the evolving education program and the teaching-learning situation. The products or output of the project, therefore, are directed toward the total process of educational planning and the procedures and methodologies which comprise it. In this paper, the authors present the point of view that in the future, the nonteaching personnel in the public schools should be encouraged to participate in learning activities using resources already available within the school plant. The participation of such personnel is seen as part of a program of career development involving lifelong learning, job upgrading, and career mobility. The authors also present a Career Development Model and describe a Career Development System which can, it is believed, provide more satisfied and productive workers (though perhaps fewer in number) and assure greater utilization of school facilities. Implications for facility planning are explored, with emphasis on a specific element of the Career Development Model: the Career Development Learning Center. (Author)

The career-oriented training system discussed at the conference requires (1) visible extra benefits for the new employee beyond the guarantee of a steady job, (2) a highly developed structure of social services designed to attack the unique problems of the newly-employed disadvantaged trainee, (3) specialized training of administrators and supervisors directed toward working with the disadvantaged employee and modifying certain norms of the work environment, and (4) a career development plan including incumbent employees. Papers included in the document are: (1) "A New Careers Approach to Organizing the Training of the Hard Core" by Frank Riessman, (2) "New Concepts in Supportive Services: Direct Behavior Counseling" by Leonard P.R. Granick, and (3) case study reports on career-oriented training programs of the Chase Manhattan Bank, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, New York Telephone Company, Oxford Chemical Corporation, and Supermarket General Corporation. Appended are discussions of: (1) setting context, (2) confrontation myths, (3) confrontation models and principles, and (4) training techniques and methods. (JK)

The Rocky Mountain Educational Laboratory (RMEL) Health Occupations Curriculum project was initially structured to provide broad exploratory activities for the total student body, an elective course, orientation to employment, and work entry experience in the 11th and 12th grades. It was expected that the project would provide a prototype for rural school systems which would be transferable to the urban setting and to other occupational clusters. This paper deals only with the activities and experiences associated with the 11th grade health occupations curriculum development, in the hope that other educational agencies might reduce their planning effort through utilization of the RMEL experience. The appendix includes a sample questionnaire consisting of performance elements to be checked in terms of importance and the setting appropriate for teaching of the element by 11th grade teachers, the health occupations teacher-coordinator, health services-administrators, supervisors, and job incumbents. (JK)

To achieve the goal of "equality of opportunity" and socioeconomic well being in American society there is the need to know what type of directed social change is appropriate. The purpose of this research effort was to examine empirical data on how social groups and individual households achieve social mobility in order to identify alternative intervention points. Social mobility is seen primarily in socioeconomic terms with a strong but not exclusive, emphasis on the role played by educational attainments in the mobility of individual households and social groups. A current emphasis of our research is an investigation of the occurrence (or lack of occurrence) of certain events as the individual passes through his own life cycel, i.e., a study of intragenerational mobility. Using survey research methods, retrospective life histories have been obtained for a national sample of the noninstitutionalized population of males 30-39 years of age residing in households in the United States and a similar sample of Negro males. This paper, while not intended to be a comprehensive manual, discusses the general approach developed in the project, illustrates many of the procedures, and gives examples from the survey data. (Author/KJ)

Occupational standing is determined by the amount and quality of educational attainment, which in turn is influenced by a number of other determinants. Thus, any possible deficiencies in rural education may have effects on rural youth. By and large, nonmetropolitan people, people of rural regions, and those of rural ethnic groups (or from ethnic groups with recent rural origins) are the most poorly educated. Variables of environment which influence youth's behavior are the "shared environment" (information accessible to most people in a group) and the "unique environment" (those parts of a youth's social environment which vary substantially from individual to individual). A single, overall educational policy for rural regions, rural ethnic groups, and rural peripheries of urban areas, better use and understanding of influential "significant others," and a large-scale training program to teach large numbers of people to utilize the motivational and informational potentials that already exist are implications for action based on these findings. (SW)

A project involving the cooperative effort of the Ling-Temco-Vought Corporation and governmental agencies relocated 684 South Texans to metropolitan areas for work as aircraft assemblers after a four-week training program in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. About 90% of these relocatees were Mexican Americans. Sixteen months after the first families were relocated and four months after the last families were relocated there were 75.58% of the trainees still on the job. The purpose of this project was to study the adjustment which takes place as a result of retraining and relocation, and to determine what sociological factors represented the best predictors for success in the program including retention after retraining. Education level and previous occupation proved to be the best predictors of success in the program. The major conclusion drawn from the study was that selected external factors are usable as predictors of ability to retrain and relocate, but conclusions based on a priori conditions are at best tentative. (DK)