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This symposium and the papers that compose it reflect the fact that the study of culture and achievement motivation has truly ‘‘come of age.’’ Gone are the days when a few hearty souls from Europe, Great Britain, the United States, and Australia, as well as a few others imbedded in the research traditions largely associated with ‘‘Western oriented centres of knowledge’’ stood as the primary source for prompting and guiding research on the nature and nurture of motivation. Equally, if not more, important is that studies of culture and motivation are increasingly conducted under the purview of a multicultural community of scholars. Certainly, this represents an exciting development, and the papers that compose this symposium are interesting as they provide fresh perspectives on motivation as it emerges in contexts and cultures not often portrayed in the motivation literature in the so-called ‘‘Western world.’’ While the scholars who have contributed to this symposium reflect an awareness of the research traditions of the past, they also exhibit special insights into the uniqueness of the varied cultures they have studied, the meanings of motivation that are associated with these cultures and the varied impact of these meanings on ways of acting and thinking. Certainly, this all speaks well for the level of scholarship evident in these papers. It also holds out the promise that the study of culture and motivation is neither dormant nor outmoded. Permit me, however, to raise an issue that I am regularly inclined to raise with the motivation research community in the United States. From the outset, the study of achievement motivation

This paper describes how Soranus of Ephesus, who practiced as a physician almost 2,000 years ago, employed “moral” methods in his treatment of insane patients. With the idea of a philosophy of history in mind, sociological, legal and historical factors which served as the context for a particular practice of psychiatry are examined. Soranus respected his patients a good deal and avoided doing anything harmful to them as he applied his psychological, rehabilitative and physical methods of treatment. It is interesting to note that family, friends and slaves were the chief agents of the therapeutic procedures, which were carried out in the homes of the patients. These were probably of the wealthier classes, since airy, quiet, well-lighted homes were required for proper application of Soranus' treatment. These conditions existed on the hills of Rome where the wealthy lived, but not in the rest of the city where conditions were noisy and crowded. In anticipating “moral psychiatry” as postulated by Pinel, Soranus qualifies as an eminent practitioner.

This paper deals with the significant sources of stress and pressure, in our changing society, that become evident to the analyst in his daily work. It attempts to show that modern art reflects these same pressures, and correlates the information obtained about contemporary society from two such apparently different sources as psychoanalysis and art.

A session ofthe annual meeting ofthe A merican Psychiatric Association in Dallas, Tex. , on May 2, 1972 (a joint panel with the A merican A cademy of Psychoanalysis), was devoted to “ Changing Styles in Psychiatric Syndromes.” The participants were: John L. Schimel, M.D. , Associate Director, William Alanson White Psychoanalytic Institute, New York City, and Chairman ofthe Committee on Programs. A merican A cademy of Psychoanalysis. Leon Salzman, M. D. , Deputy Director, Bronx State Hospital, and Clinical Professor ofPsychiatry, Albert Einstein College ofMedicine, New York City. Paul Chodoff M. D. , Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D.C. Roy R. Grinker, Sr. , M. D. , Director, Institutefor Psychosomatic Research and Training, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, and Professor of Psychiatry, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago. Otto A. Will, Jr., M.D., Medical Director, A usten Riggs Center, Stockbridge, Mass. Their papers are abstracted below.

Book reviewed in this article: Much of the current research on child abuse employs a psychopathological model, which explains child abuse as a function of a psychological pathology, or a “sickness.” This paper asserts that major deficiencies of this model are its inconsistency and narrowness. It is suggested that a more dimensional approach to child abuse is possible by focusing on the sociological and contextual variables associated with abuse.