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The article shares the authors' insights regarding the paper "Global Effects of Increased Use of Energy." The authors' note that nuclear energy is potentially more dangerous than other forms of energy in which most of it is used as dominant energy source. Energy is essential in another basic way not only on the inconsistency of food requirement with agriculture subsistence but also the assumption of zero growth with inherent degree of wealth and energy use. Nuclear fuel has been studied in which the researchers find that the overall temperature regime of earth is noticeably affected by man-made energy. The overall average effect on the increase use of energy has appeared reassuring with considerations effect on global weather pattern that are driven by small fraction of total solar energy.

The article provides information on the fourth International Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research conference held in the U.S. The conference was attended by 600 scientists from 25 countries. These scientists are interested in a worldwide effort to develop an abundant energy source from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei found in sea water. The conference discussed the needed funds for producing a small-scale and full-scale reactors. According to Roy W. Gould, assistant director of the controlled thermonuclear research program of the Atomic Energy, the industrial participation are required due to the higher costs of developing full-scale reactors, even if the industry are not used in supporting a long term research objectives.

In this paper, before turning to the analysis of recycling, we move beyond the framework where the rate of interest is determined independently of resource consumption. We examine a variety of models to see how the significant presence of depletable resources (and, by extension, recycleable resources) would affect market interest rates. We conclude from this analysis that our optimality and equilibrium results derived later on do indeed generalize to the case where interest rates are determined endogenously. Then we turn to the analysis of recycling. The assumption of strict depletability can be relaxed to a variety of degrees. The polar opposite would be no depletion whatsoever. Diamonds are a fair example. Their value does not depreciate with use. Less extreme are situations where use does not exhaust a good, but does irrevocably deplete some fraction of it. Chemical compounds used as catalysts might lead such a physical existence. The major recycling model deals with a third case. It is assumed that the commodity is in fixed supply, but that it can be recycled at a cost. Different analytic structures are shown to arise depending on the relationship of marginal extraction costs to the cost of recycling. This most general model can be applied to a wide range of mineral resources for which recycling and additional extraction are both possible. For many resources, the stage of interesting switchovers in economic behaviour may not have been reached. But as demand shifts outward, as costs of extraction increase, and as technological progress yields less costly recyling procedures, we can expect to observe an ever increasing array of materials that are recycled for their resource values. In all of this analysis, capital markets and information are assumed to be perfect; storage costs to suppliers are assumed to be zero. It is shown in all cases that the socially optimal time stream of consumption is identical to the stream produced by perfectly competitive markets. The policy conclusion is, as in the case of absolutely depletable resources, that resource preservation considerations alone provide no justification for governmental intervention into the allocation processes of perfect free markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All discussions of climate take as their primary datum the flux of solar energy on a unit horizontal surface outside the atmosphere as a function of latitude and time. Published tables and graphs of this quantity do not provide the details of daily variation that are often desired. Computations of instantaneous values through the daily cycle are laborious unless the quantity of data needed justifies the employment of a computer. Modest amounts of such data may be obtained by means of the graphic procedure described and illustrated here, with an accuracy sufficient for climatological purposes and with less labor than is required for their straightforward computation with a desk calculator. A related graphic construction yields the azimuth of the sun at any latitude and time. The procedures are rigorous, subject only to the inaccuracies of measurement and drafting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the harnessing of nuclear fusion in the generation of energy. At first it seemed apparent that the technology of controlled fusion would arise naturally and develop from very simple and transparent ideas of physics. Atomic energy has the greatest practical importance among mankind's attainments, although, perhaps, outwardly it is less spectacular than man's invasion of neighboring space or the frightening power of an impassive artificial mind. Without the exploitation of atomic energy sources it is impossible to conceive of the continuing existence on earth of a gigantic human society with a developing civilization, since the energy reserves contained in organic fuel are disappearing with ever increasing speed.

The article discusses the author's perspective on the scientific trends and technological innovations on the twentieth-century. He emphasizes that science will produce new techniques and products in the forecast period and scientific knowledge will increase. He also points on the development of several energy sources which include the use of solar energy, the achievement of a controlled thermonuclear reaction, and the use of underground heat of the magmatic layer. He notes that the economy will be productive and fruit bearing with the innovations of controlled temperature and overhead irrigation.

The article presents the author's views regarding the development of science in Europe. He explains that through the spirit and the labor of Europe, mankind has made itself independent of the scanty income of solar energy allotted to it by nature. The European man first discovered the reserves of solar energy, stored in past eras in fossil fuels; tempted by the promise of treasures to gain, he has squandered these reserves thoughtlessly to build up a new industrial civilization, gradually extended over the whole of the earth. However, he has continued to cultivate research for its own sake. From this pure research, came man's release from the danger of ultimate decay through exhaustion of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, stored in the earth itself, was put to man's use.

The article focuses on the author's perspective on the suggestion that the economically underdeveloped nations should be giving more attention to solar energy development and not concentrating all their hopes on atomic energy. Because of the availability of other energy resources at lower cost, solar energy applications are only of marginal significance in the foreseeable future in the industrialized nations. The author suggests that solar energy development programs should be pushed through by United Nations' facilities and the U.S. government for the greatest benefit of the people who are striving for economic and social betterment.

The article offers a report in connection with the future uses of solar energy. The section includes, reports on the amount and distribution of solar energy in the United States, the principles of solar energy conversion, and the future outlook of solar energy. Reports states that solar energy has been evaluated in terms of fuel values, technical uses, and human needs by various researchers in field of science. It reports that solar energy received by the land area of the United States is 2,000 times greater than the total fuel consumption in the country, without comparing the efficiency of conversion of either energy form.

Residential solar energy applications can provide a significant fraction of the U.S. energy budget. However, to do so, they must be combined with other energy-conserving strategies and diffused rapidly throughout the housing industry. Discussed are the potential resistances to the diffusion of solar energy within the U.S. housing industry; implications for the application of residential solar energy are treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents detailed notes from several conferences on environmental science. Highlights from the Inaugural meeting of the U.K. section of International Solar Energy Society, Royal Institution, London; Reports presented at the Second International Congress on Marine Pollution and Marine Waste Disposal, San Remo; Statements made at the 1974 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Summary of activities carried out at the Annual Meeting of the Ecological Genetics Group; Discussion from the University-Industry International Symposium on Vitamin C.

Presents environmental news and commentary briefs. Report that Dr. Reid Bryson of the University of Wisconsin told two U.S. Senate agriculture sub-committees last week that the era of surpluses and benign climate is over due to the effects of man-made pollution and volcanic activity; Discussion of the interaction between prey and predator from an ecological perspective; Report that Thomas Weaver described at a meeting of the American Physical Society a new nuclear fission pathway for obtaining enormous amounts of energy without producing radioactive byproducts; Report that seven West African countries have adopted a $120 million plan to eradicate river blindness among people living in the Volta river basin; Discussion of the search for protein-rich dietary alternatives to meat; Discussion of ecological problems in Greece; Report that the United Nations has convened a World Population Conference; Report that a unified transport scheme connecting the cities of Munich and Hanover in Western Germany is being considered by planning authorities; Discussion of efforts by the Australian government to decentralize its cities.

Discusses key issues relevant to the crisis in the energy industries of the U.S. in the 1970s. Alternative sources of energy; Impact of the emergence of markets and product demands; Monitoring the status of energy resources in the U.S.

The article deals with thermal pollution as a descriptive term for unwanted heat energy accumulating in any phase of the environment in the U.S. Accordingly, some of the important problems faced by people are ecological problems arising from the unrestrained growth of the human population and the resultant increasing strains being placed on the earth's life support system. Thus, the physical labor performed by man and the work done by domestic animals are also means of utilizing the solar energy that keeps the atmosphere and hydrosphere in motion. There are available resources of energy that man can use without raising the average temperature of the earth, but the use of fossil fuels or nuclear or thermonuclear reactions will raise the temperature.

The article presents information on the role of ecologists in dealing with problems of pesticide pollution in the U.S. It is stated that ecologists have rarely shown leadership in attempting to guide cases against environmental pollution or the destructive exploitation of the basic renewable energy resources. Researchers from government environmental agencies and the Monsanto Research Laboratories have helped to find that the toxic insecticide endrin is the major cause of fish deaths in the Mississippi river. Other cases of pollution discussed include the Oregon Klamath Basin poisoning from DDT used on agricultural lands on the adjacent watersheds, and air contamination from nuclear radiations.