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Five papers focus on the interrelated themes of school organization and innovation. They report on some preliminary analyses of field studies conducted during 1968 on such structural, sociocultural, and sociopsychological variables as division of labor, performance of organizational functions, decision making studies and processes, hierarchies of authority and esteem, rule observation, value systems, reward systems, and leadership. The authors and their studies are (1) Max G. Abbott, "Programmatic Research and Development on Innovativeness and the Organizational Attributes of Schools;" (2) Terry L. Eidell, Ronald Little, and Jon Thorlacius, "Uniformity and Variability in the Organizational Characteristics of Elementary Schools;" (3) Nico Stehr, George Lewis, and Roland J. Pellegrin, "Task Differentiation in Elementary Schools: An Exploratory Analysis;" (4) Charles J. Dudley, Keith F. Smith, and Roland J. Pellegrin, "The Decision-Making Structure of Schools;" and (5) Max G. Abbott and C. Michael Stuart, "The School Over Time: Our Findings Compared with Those of Waller." (HW)

This paper reports on results of a questionnaire survey of 84 schools representing 25,928 Afrikaans-speaking pupils in the Cape Province of South Africa. The survey revealed that only 13 of the teachers were English-speaking; the rest were Afrikaans-speaking. Most of the children never hear English out of school, or hear it under conditions requiring only a fairly limited understanding. The majority of the principals maintained that the most important skill the primary school child had to master was to speak English. In addition to being the medium of instruction, it was needed in offices, at work and in commerce (because "most businesses are in English"), in the professions, as qualification for employment in the S.A.R. and civil service, and for a variety of other reasons. Of the most troublesome language problems, verbs and tense seem far more difficult even than prepositions, word order, and vocabulary, both to learn and to teach. Other conclusions reached were (1) many young teachers in these schools are not competent to teach English; (2) the methods of teacher training need revision; (3) the teaching materials used lack systematic planning, do not have enough drills and exercises, and have too much emphasis on formal grammar. Also commented on in this report are results of a questionnaire sent to 240 post-graduate and post-diploma students entering the faculty of education for one year's training. (AMM)

Pupils in South African Bantu schools spend one third of their time in Standards (Grades) 1 and 2 learning the official languages, English and Afrikaans. Nearly as much time is given to the learning of their own Bantu mother tongue, the language of instruction from Sub-Standard A (Preprimary) to Standard 6. In the Lower Primary schools, through Standard 2, the pupil is busy with language learning for over 45% of his time; in the Higher Primary school for 40% of his time. Surveys indicate that English teaching (as a language, and as a medium of instruction), is almost completely by non-mother tongue speakers of English. A 1963 survey showed that 45% of all Bantu teachers have had a primary school education only, followed by a three-year course of professional training. Other figures indicate that the qualifications of teachers in the city tend to be higher than the average for the whole country. The author feels that if a realistic view is taken of the other school subjects, including Afrikaans and the pupil's home language, the standards of English will not be improved by devoting more time to its teaching. A solution can be sought only in the improvement of the quality of the teacher and in the language materials and aids at her disposal. Comments on the improvement in the Johannesburg Bantu schools, as well as statistics on teacher qualifications, test results, and other relevant information appear in appendixes to this paper. (AMM)

This paper reviews the teaching of English as a second language in the secondary schools in the Transvaal, the syllabuses which have been in use since 1956-57, and the importance of an audiolingual approach. In attempting to discover the reasons for students' failure to attain a satisfactory standard of bilingualism, the author examines (1) the syllabuses and the teacher (the teachers are not linguistically trained); (2) the syllabuses and the pupil (the emphasis should be shifted to achievement of "articulacy" in language); and (3) the syllabuses and examinations (it is the examination even more than the syllabus that determines the kind of teaching which is carried out in all but the best schools, and an improved syllabus can therefore only be effective if the examination permits it to be so). Questions concerning which current linguistic theory to follow and whether to use traditional or audiovisual language teaching methods must be decided before revising the syllabuses. These two decisions will involve the whole hierarchy of the educational system in the Transvaal and South Africa--the administrators, the provincial authorities who will install the language laboratories, the examining boards who will have to devise new language proficiency examinations, university departments of English who will have to train linguists to write contrastive analyses of English and Afrikaans, and teacher trainers. (AMM)

We compared and analyzed 16S rRNA and tuf gene sequences for 97 clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) by use of the GenBank, MicroSeq, EzTaxon, and BIBI databases. Discordant results for definitive identification were observed and differed according to the different databases and target genes. Although higher percentages of sequence identity were obtained with GenBank and MicroSeq for 16S rRNA analysis, the BIBI and EzTaxon databases produced less ambiguous results. Greater discriminatory power and fewer multiple probable identifications were observed with tuf gene analysis than with 16S rRNA analysis. The most pertinent results for tuf gene analysis were obtained with the GenBank database when the cutoff values for the percentage of identity were adjusted to be greater than or equal to 98.0%, with >0.8% separation between species. Analysis of the tuf gene proved to be more discriminative for certain CNS species; further, this method exhibited better distinction in the identification of CNS clinical isolates.

The leading article is a profile of alumnus John Bracken, Premier of Manitoba. Articles in this issue pertain to defending the livestock judging teams, the coup of having an international debate at the College, and the latest research on genetic experiments on tomatoes. Campus news reports that few of the women are attending the dances, that the Ted Wildman Trophy was awarded to George Mills, a student writes of a day-in-the-life of a college student, and the results of the Christmas examinations. Other articles address the history of the founder of Guelph - John Galt, and the annual meeting of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union. The Alumni Record supplies alumni updates. The Macdonald News column highlights the work of alumnae who established the South African Women's Agricultural Movement, an organization similar to the Women's Institutes in Canada. Editorial A question of a college paper One of O. A. C.'s most noted graduates Give the live stock teams credit Bates College Debating Team visits O. A. C. On the trail of the visible vehicle Judging competition gives keen interest College life Literary section The Ted Wildman Trophy presented The co-founder of Guelph Experimental Union holds annual meeting O. A. C. sportsfolio Alumni record Macdonald news Results of Christmas examinations, 1933 advertising

Significant numbers of South African male Bantu develop a scurvy-type skin, which appears after prolonged presence of hemosiderosis. This hemosiderosis is caused by a severe dietary iron overload. Ascorbic acid administered to the patients does not appear in the urine. Four patients with diagnosed hemosiderosis and scurvy were given 18–27-mg doses of ascorbic acid-1- 14 C per os . In 24 hr as much as 47% of a dose was excreted in 14 CO 2 and 20% in the urine, which accounted for a total of 67%. During a 168-hr period, the CO 2 and urine accounted for totals as high as 73% of the dose. Oxalic acid obtained from the first and second 24-hr urines contained 1% and 0.2% of the dose, respectively. The serum levels peaked at 2–4 hr after the dose. The data suggest that two rapid decarboxylation reactions, which were not related to rates of absorption occurred in these patients. Very small amounts of oxalate were formed by the splitting of the chain in the two positions to form glyoxylic acid, a precursor of oxalic acid. Six unidentified labeled components were found on autoradiographs of chromatograms of urine fractions.

The reports of the 15 recorded outbreaks of benign myalgic encephalomyelitis have been reviewed and in one instance the original clinical data studied. We believe that a lot of these epidemics were psychosocial phenomena caused by one of two mechanisms, either mass hysteria on the part of the patients or altered medical perception of the community. We suggest that the name “myalgia nervosa” should be used for any future cases of functional disorder which present the same clinical picture.

THE hazards of inhaling asbestos fibres1–4, the high incidence of gastrointestinal cancer1,2,5–7 and abdominal neoplasms3,8,9 among asbestos workers and the fact that asbestos fibres may penetrate the mucosa of the stomach and the intestine of animals10,11 are known and so it is important to study the distribution of asbestos fibres in the environment. Asbestos fibres have already been found in beer12, and the occurrence of fibres 0.5 nm in length and 0.01 nm in diameter suggests that such material may find its way through filtering systems into city drinking water supplies, and this we have been able to confirm.

There is a growing need for high throughput diagnostic tools for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of prostate cancer (PCa) in Africa. The role of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) in PCa in men of African descent is poorly researched. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the role of 123 Tumour Associated Antigens (TAAs) using antigen microarray platform in blood samples (N = 67) from a South African PCa, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and disease control (DC) cohort. Linear (fold-over-cutoff) and differential expression quantitation of autoantibody signal intensities were performed. Molecular signatures of candidate PCa antigen biomarkers were identified and analyzed for ethnic group variation. Potential cancer diagnostic and immunotherapeutic inferences were drawn. We identified a total of 41 potential diagnostic/therapeutic antigen biomarkers for PCa. By linear quantitation, four antigens, GAGE1, ROPN1, SPANXA1 and PRKCZ were found to have higher autoantibody titres in PCa serum as compared with BPH where MAGEB1 and PRKCZ were highly expressed. Also, p53 S15A and p53 S46A were found highly expressed in the disease control group. Statistical analysis by differential expression revealed twenty-four antigens as upregulated in PCa samples, while 11 were downregulated in comparison to BPH and DC (FDR = 0.01). FGFR2, COL6A1and CALM1 were verifiable biomarkers of PCa analysis using urinary shotgun proteomics. Functional pathway annotation of identified biomarkers revealed similar enrichment both at genomic and proteomic level and ethnic variations were observed. Cancer antigen arrays are emerging useful in potential diagnostic and immunotherapeutic antigen biomarker discovery.

In a national prevalence study of multiple sclerosis (M.S.) in the Republic of South Africa based on census day 1960 there were 118 individuals with M.S. who were born in Northern Europe (United Kingdom and other parts of North and Central Europe) and who had emigrated to the Republic by 1960. Their prevalence rate was 49 per 100,000 immigrants in comparison with a prevalence of 11 per 100,000 among native-born English-speaking white South Africans.To study the possible effect of age at immigration it was necessary to relate the M.S. immigrants to the appropriate denominator-the population at risk according to age at immigration. The population at risk by age at immigration has been estimated by two methods in an indirect fashion with the assistance of the Bureau of Census (1960) and by surveys of the population at risk 1968-9. Both studies suggest that the risk of developing M.S. was reduced to less than a third of the expected risk among those who immigrated under the age of 15 or 16.This study is further evidence that M.S. is an acquired exogenous disease, the precise nature of which is still not certain but, according to present knowledge, has as its leading contender the class of slow, latent, or temperate viruses.