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Ethnosemantics has been described as the study of vocabulary as a guide to the way in which members of a particular culture divide up their universe. Making a selective we of the ethnosemantic approach, the paper examines the relationship between language (nomenclature), social organization and physical-spatial urban form. The particular sphere in which this relationship is investigated is provided by the colonial third culture. By examining the etymology of thirty four key items in the terminological system of the colonial urban settlement and of colonial urbanization in India, insights are gained, not only into the `urban universe' of the colonial community and into the origins of the still-existing physical-spatial urban forms into which this was translated, but also into the structure of social, economic and political relationships which such forms reflect. The ethnosemantic approach to the study of the colonial city is suggested as a useful heuristic device, both for the contribution it makes towards understanding selected aspects of `urbanism', as also for the insights it gives into policy-relevant issues of urban redevelopment. The approach has relevance for urban analysis m other cultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oral leukoplakia register was established among 50,000 villagers in five districts of India in 1967-68. The paper describes the results after a 5-year follow-up study among 30,000 subjects from three of the districts with regard to spontaneous regression of leukoplakias. The follow-up rate for the three districts varied from 66.6 % to 794 %. The corresponding rates for individuals with leukoplakias varied from 67.6 % to 759 %. The regression, comprising a total or partial disappearance, varied from 26.1 % to 437 % in the three districts. The upper labial mucosa, the left commissure and left buccal mucosa were the sites of maximum regression. In Ernakulam, leukoplakias appeared to regress more often among chewers than among smokers. Although 23.2 % of the patients with regressed leukoplakias had changed their chewing or smoking habits, none had stopped either chewing or smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines some theoretical aspects of information transfer and the possibility of distortion in the retransmission process in India. The data from the study demonstrate that there is cleavage in perception of innovations between change agents and their clients, especially those with whom they interact most frequently. These data support propositions derived from studies of serial transmission, suggesting that message distortion occurs. Furthermore, one can infer from these data that distortion may be most severe at an early stage in a series of transmissions and this is also consisted with much serial transmission research. The data indicate that professional change agents disagree in some important respects with their primary clientele with regard to innovations being advocated for further adoption in the study area. It is apparent from these data that any distortion which may occur in this field situation is not systematic in a particular direction. If cleavages of the kind described in the paper are more general in other planned contexts, in agriculture or family planning, or whatever the objectives of the program, then it may well be that further research on message distortion should have a high priority.

Modern Singapore has been a focus of contact between the three cultural blocs of China, India, and Indonesia, and between Orient and Occident. Asian migrants came as laborers, artisans, and entrepreneurs; the much smaller European migrant group introduced western economic and administrative institutions. Subsequent modernization and development, necessitating improved coordination and development of all resources, has been hampered by substantial cultural divergences relating to economic and social practice and attitude. Contrasting cultural patterns are commonly identified with ethnic differences and can most readily be analyzed on this basis; the ethnic data utilized in this paper serve to highlight significant cultural differences which are only gradually breaking down despite sustained locational contiguity and the unifying force of political independence within, and subsequently outside the Federation of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents three methods for mapping levels of economic development and applies each to the case of India. First, to provide a substantive addition to knowledge about the economic geography of India; second, to demonstrate that even within nations generally recognized simply as "underdeveloped" one can meaningfully map differential sub-levels of development; and third, to stimulate critical discussion of the various methods by which maps of economic development can be made. The chief statistical problem is how best to combine the several series of individual indices into a single set of areal ratings.

This paper may be regarded as a first short step into a scheme of systematic geography, since it deals with an island off a young coastal plain that is Shriharikota, Madras, India. The island is probably the simplest part of the simplest type of land form. Moreover, its inhabitants, simple jungle folk, are in the most elemental stage of evolution. The island has the monsoon type of climate. The East Coast of India presents to the Bay of Bengal a shoreline backed. except in a few places, with a monotonously low relief. If one braves the tulmultous shallow inshore waters of the bay from the city Calcutta to Cape Comorin his typical view is of a silver strand surmounted by jungle growth.

This paper presents statistical evidence, which seems to be conclusive, that there exists a particular pattern of mortality in Ceylon, India and Pakistan where, contrary to general experience, female mortality is higher than that of the males. The sex ratios of the enumerated population in these three countries are among the highest in the world, and the age pattern of the sex ratios is such that they increase from childhood to adulthood to the old ages. Abnormally high sex ratios and selective migration cannot account for this particular pattern, but there is evidence of a higher degree of under-enumeration of females than males. The main responsible factor, however, seems to be higher female mortality, in the ages of maternity as well as in childhood. This shows the need for a regional or local approach to some demographic problems. In this case, for instance, model life tables based on average international experience are not representative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the distributions of persons by per capita household consumer expenditure on all items estimated from the 13th Round (Sept. 1957-May 1958) of the Indian National Sample Survey (NSS) separately for the rural and urban sectors of the different states of India [19]. For rural India, urban India and all-India, the disparities in consumption are analyzed into between states and within states components. This is easily done by an analysis of variance of logarithms. Greater attention is given to measures related to the Gini-Lorenz concentration curve; but while the 'between states' concentration curve could be defined in an interesting manner, the 'within states' component could not be defined with equal success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sampling procedure involving repeated application of double sampling for stratification on several successive occasions is considered. The formulae for the estimate of the mean on any current occasion and its variance are obtained. The determination of optimum allocation of available resources and the extension of the procedures for uni-stage sampling, to multi-stage sampling, are briefly indicated. The use of the design, suggested in this paper, is illustrated by its application to a recently conducted survey for estimation of coconut production in the State of Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]