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The article discusses the book "Papers of the Institute of Jewish Studies London," edited by J.G. Weiss that has a claim to the attention of the serious student of Judaism. It provides a slavery study as a source for social history, that is of special interest to the reader of a sociological journal. It argues that the slavery legislation in the Mishnah and Talmud is not just the product of rabbinic speculation as to what Jewish law would have been had this institution still been in existence in Israel. On the contrary, slavery was still very much in existence and, consequently, the laws relating to it reflect something of the life and values of the period in which they were formulated. It suggests that the pre-Maccabaean period was one in which fellow- Hebrews provided the main source of slaves. Enslavement at home was preferable to slavery abroad and that "the low prices paid for slaves from Palestine as compared with the prices in Egypt prove that the supply cannot have been scanty." During the Maccabaean period gentile slaves were so plentiful that "it is possible that matters reached such a pass that Jews anxious to sell themselves into slavery could not find Jewish purchasers."

The article comments on sociologist Benjamin Schlesinger's article "Family Life in the Kibbutz of Israël Utopia Gained or Paradise Lost." Schlesinger's article seemed to be made up of quotations derived from well-known sources. Shiomo Tamir wholly bases Schlesinger's chapter "The Kibbutz to-day" on information given by a popular brochure. Tamir's words and sentences are literally used . "In the kibbutz, Utopia may not have been gained, but neither has Paradise lost" is an often-used empty phrase, which can be used again and again without teaching anything about the factual way of kibbutz life. In reply to the comments Schlesinger states that his paper on "Family Life in the Kibbutz" is a review of existing literature, and research studies, related to the topic. He states that there are too many unnoticed articles on Kibbutz life and he hopes that he will now produce a paper, to point out his analysis and critical comments about previous findings and the latest trends affecting the Kibbutz.

Presents the proceedings of the fourth Israeli Weed Science Conference in Rehovot, Israel, December 18-29, 1970. Topic discused by M. Horowitz, president of the Israeli Weed Science Society; Review of the environmental factors controlling the germination of weed seeds presented at the conference; Other papers presented.

An attempt has been made in this paper to provide new evidence concerning the length of the horizon, which is an important feature in the permanent income hypothesis. The results strongly support Friedman's assertion that the horizon is about three years long. This conclusion is based on empirical findings which suggest that the marginal propensity to consume out of permanent or current income is several times higher than the propensity to consume out of windfall receipts. The findings are based on four saving surveys and one expenditure survey conducted in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In an unstable economy, expectations of changes in price level and rate of exchange play a significant role in motivating the economic behavior of both households and firms. Several econometric studies attempted to predict future expectations on the basis of past observations. Such studies, however, are crucially dependent on the assumptions (1) that there has been a relationship between past performance and expectations, and (2) that the nature of this relationship is known. Another method for the estimation of expectations is the one which derives these expectations on the basis of the price structure of future markets. However, an examination of specific commodities traded on future markets does not provide meaningful estimates, since their future prices reflect, among other things, expected changes in relative prices. This problem can be circumvented by referring to future interest rates which can be derived from the market price structure of financial assets. This paper sets out the theoretical relationship between yields on unlinked and linked bonds, showing that it reflects market expectations of future rates of change in price level and exchange rate. A model is then used to show theoretically that it is possible to derive estimations of market expectations regarding such future rates of change by comparing the yields of unlinked bonds with the yields of bonds linked to the price level and the foreign exchange rate respectively, provided these bonds are identical in all other respects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at the international conference on the role of science in the Advancement of New States which was held in Israel is presented. Among the topics included in the discussion include the use of nuclear and solar energy, impact of science and technology on the basic resources, and ways to maintain population. Several scientists spoke at the event including Brock Chisholm, Walter Lowdermilk, and Saul Adler.

Information about several papers discussed at International Conference on Science in the Advancement of New States which was held in Israel is presented. The conference focused on the introduction to the world leaders the eminent scientists from advanced countries and explaining to them how science and technology can help with their problems. Several scientists spoke at the conference including P. M. S. Blackett, John Cokcroft, and John A. Jukes.

The sociological analysis of factions has been developing rapidly in sociological research. According to the definition, a faction is stipulated to be an ephemeral group which emerges in order to operate in the interest of a specific aim or conflict. The criteria of recruitment of members to the different factions in the community are based on upon personal aspirations which are involved in the acute cause of rivalry or conflict and not upon any pre-existing connection among its members such as kinship ties, religious affiliations, common caste membership etc. By this definition, it follows that when a faction develops into a more stable group based on some permanent criteria of membership, it is no longer a faction. The paper discusses the phenomenon of factions in communities of immigrants. It presents findings of a research project in Israel which tried to reconstruct and analyze the history and conditions under which factions first emerged and then disappeared in some newly created communities of immigrants in the course of ten years. It attempts to develop further analysis about the conditions under which factions may arise, some possible variations they may display in their composition and structure and most importantly, the function that they possibly perform in the process of adjustment of immigrants to the new social, political and economic conditions.

This article focuses on a social research dealing with the changing institutional setting and social problems of the Israeli education. This paper has two aspects. One, its major one, will be an analysis of the development of educational system in the Jewish community in Palestine and later in the State of Israel, of changes in its organizations, social functions and problems. These changes will be related to broader social changes and development which have taken place in the social structure of this country. While these developments and problems have of necessity been specific to this country yet in some ways the general trends of their development can be compared to some parallel ones in other countries. Researchers shall attempt, at the end of the paper, briefly to draw some broader comparative indication. The focus of the concrete analysis will be the way in which the three major social spheres which constitute the "social arena" of education, family and youth culture and their interrelationships developed in the different periods of the development of the Yishuv.

This article evaluates financial reports in terms of accuracy in predicting tbe final annual outcome. Efficient methods of data processing enable the firm to prepare one or two pro-forma financial reports during the year. One of the most important objectives in preparing these reports is the forecasting value which they contain. In order to measure the predictive content of various financial reports concepts taken from information theory were used. Empirical comparisons are made of data drawn from a sample of kibbutz settlements in Israel. Information theory for the evaluation of two accounting reports applied in this paper are the budget and an interim financial report. The forecasting accuracy of the report measures the performance of these teams.

In Israel's case, explicit population dispersal policies have been embedded in national plans since the founding of the state in 1948. The aim of such policies was to increase the flow of population away from israel's coastal belt, disperse settlements throughout the country for development and defense purposes, and provide for the integration of new immigrants. Israel's New Towns Program, a massive effort at population dispersal, was evolved in response to these needs, it is our hope that there are lessons to be gleaned from this large-scale experiment at population redistribution which will aid in population policies elsewhere. In Section II which follows, we shall briefly discuss the program and review its success. One of the conclusions that emerges from the discussion is that the future development of the new towns will hinge on attracting internal migrants. The remainder of the paper is devoted to uncovering the determinants of attraction for such towns (Sections IIIA-IIIC) and to indicating possible policy mixes for encouraging internal in-migration (Section IIID). Conclusions about the new town as a population redistribution tool are briefly summarized in Section IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an inquiry into the consumption patterns of a commune. The unit studied is the Israeli kibbutz, which integrates a cooperative enterprise and an egalitarian commune--a "communal household"--comprised of 100-200 families or more. In spite of its unusual size the kibbutz resembles the conventional single-family household as it acts as one indivisible unit in determining the level of its consumption expenditures and outlining the composition of the bill of goods and services to be allocated, mostly in kind, among that household's members. In this paper an attempt is made to take advantage of the "continuous" nature of the communal household in the pursuit of a test of time series and cross-sectional estimates of the consumption-income relationship. The article focuses on the formulation of a proposition concerning the consumption-income relationship. It also considers alternative ways to estimate the consumption-income coefficients. The replacement of the regular annual cross section by a cross section of averages is intended to reduce the effect of an error in the income variable. A somewhat more sophisticated approach would be to resort to instrumental variables in the estimation of the annual cross-section equation.

I have examined cross-section evidence on differential fertility in Israel, focusing on the relation between education and fertility. The interpretation of this relation as reflecting the relation between education and the cost of women's time and the relation between cost of time and the "price" of children is helpful in understanding some of the phenomena; what is left unexplained is the large decline in fertility at the bottom of the education ladder.
This sharp decline may be dominated by informational and cultural differences concerning family planning, of the sort suggested by sociologists (see, e.g., the evidence presented by Bachi and Matras [1962], Matras and Auerbach [1962], and Peled [1969]). Several pieces of evidence are consistent with a view that most of the cross-section and time-series variation in fertility reflects differential movement to a low level of fertility where the long-term optima do not vary much. (Thus, see the very flat curve relating fertility to education among couples of European origin married in Israel.)
Even if such a view were to be accepted, the need for explaining the mechanisms of transition remains. The possibilities of the simple cost-of-time hypothesis are far from exhausted in this paper: a more explicit treatment of the cost of time (see Gronau's paper in this Supplement), a more satisfactory treatment of husbands' lifetime or permanent income, and a fertility variable that takes timing and survival into account are some of the more immediate needs. What seems to be quite important is a simultaneous examination of several aspects of behavior.
In the specific Israeli context, I regard as the main challenge the understanding of the differentials between those born in Europe-America, Asia-Africa, and Israel and the linking of the cross section to the changes over time. The unexplained differences between these groups are partly a result of measurement problems of the economic variables. Better u... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the effect of competition by the adult Zygophyllum dumosum boiss. on the seedlings of Artemisia herba-alba asso located in the Negev Desert in Israel. This study focuses on plant competition in desert communities producing a detailed account on the role of plants. The occurrence of competition in selected species of desert plants are emphasized in this paper. It was conducted in the Negev Desert of Israel where transition zones between Saharo-Sindian and Irano-Turanian phytogeographical territories exist.

The purpose of this paper is an analysis of the impact of radical and rapid social change on patterns of family organization and on the relationship between the family and the community. The study deals with three of the types of family found in Israel (a) the family in collective settlements (Kibbutzim); (b) the family in co-operative settlements (Moshavim) settled by immigrants from Islamic countries; and (c) the family among European refugees in urban centers. It focuses the analysis on these cases because they represent three analytically distinct modes of interaction between the family and the community. In the Kibbutzim the community reigns supreme and the family is subordinated to it. The traditional family in the Moshavim is kinship centered, the elementary family is subordinated to wider kinship groupings which mediate between it and the community. The isolated refugee family in urban centers is cut off from kin and estranged from the community.

The article discusses the unicameral legislature of Jerusalem, Israel called the Knesset. It highlights election of the Knesset members, their composition based on diverse social criteria and their proceedings. The 120 members of the Knesset are elected on the basis of a rigid proportional representation system, with the entire country serving as a single constituency. The ballot paper does not contain any names of candidates, but merely the letter or letters by which a given list has been officially designated and any inscription added by the voter to this ballot suffices to invalidate it. Two general trends have been noticed in the Knesset, the reduction in size of the splinter-groups and the unequal momentum of the shifts as between various parties. The religious parties seem to have the most steadfast hold on their followers. The composition of the Knesset members is characterized by diverse social criteria including age, origin, education, sex and occupational structure. The Knesset meets for eight months during the year, three days a week. The members of the Knesset are customarily bound much more by party discipline than is the case with most Western countries. Women members often take a united stand in speech and vote when it comes to the status of women and children. Diversity of attitude is often encountered and tolerated within parties in the Knesset.

This article presents an analysis of the cooperative agricultural settlement systems in Israel and the United Arab Republic of Egypt. It seeks to establish significant similarities and differences between the agricultural systems of the two states. Agrarian reform in Egypt provided the foundation for cooperative agriculture and its important developments. In Egypt According to the preliminary reports of the 1960 census, there were almost 400 cooperative settlements, with a combined population of almost 200,000 persons. In Israel, in 1960, there were 347 cooperative settlements and a combined population of close to 120,000 persons. In both countries the tendency has been toward an increase in the number of cooperative settlements and in the number of persons living in them. As more Egyptian land is redistributed, there is continuous formation of new settlements of the cooperative type. The new lands which will become available through irrigation schemes of the High Aswan Dam Project will obviously encourage further growth and development of the cooperative settlement system. Growth in the Israeli system has been greatly influenced by continuous immigration. The regional planning schemes call for the inclusion of new cooperative settlements, denoting an optimistic outlook with regard to cooperative settlements in Israel. Certain characteristics implied and discussed in this study distinguish the cooperative settlements from collective enterprises. The distinctions made by researchers M.S. Menon and Otto Schiller would support the use of the term cooperative in this study. In Israel there are two major forms of agricultural cooperatives, the kibbutz (communal settlement) and the moshav ovdim (cooperative small-holders' settlement). This paper compares only the latter with the Egyptian Agricultural Cooperatives of Land Reform (Al-'Gamiat Al'Taawoonia Lil Islah Al'Zirai).

Using an ecological perspective, one aspect of the relationship of social distance and physical distance is analyzed in the three largest cities in Israel. The principal aim of the paper is to examine ethnic (country of origin) residential segregation as an indicator of social patterning within the society. Despite the different demographic, topographical and functional characteristics of the three cities, fairly similar patterns of ethnic segregation are found using the technique of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) to analyze index of dissimilarity matrices. Patterns of ethnic segregation are then related to the SES of sub-quarters to determine the nature of the internal structure of the cities. It is suggested that ethnicity is an important variable in the process of social stratification in urban Israel, at least insofar as ecological relationships are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings an patterns of variation in the persuasive appeals which clients of a classically bureaucratic organization used to influence officials to grant their requests. Persuasive appeals were chosen as the focus of the study on the hunch that they would be projective of clients' orientations to bureaucracy. Data were collected in a content-analyst of letters to the head office of the Israel Customs authorities. Appeals to impersonal norms were seen as indexing a universalistic orientation to the Customs, while appeals to the altruism of Customs officials indicated a particularistic orientation. The effects on choke of appeals of both sociocultural characteristics of clients and of situational constraints were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of second generation "exogamy" in the Kibbutzim in Israel. It combines and coordinates an elucidation of social system functions with a developmental-motivational interpretation. Examination of this case study provides a crucial test of theories of mate selection. In addition it enables us to go beyond the specific problem of mate selection and deal with the more general theoretical problem of the relations between functional and causal analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the dominant sources of recruitment for the nursing profession in Israel. The relatively high status position of the nursing profession among the non-academic women's occupations in Israel has served to attract girls from lower-class origins, especially immigrant girls to whom alternative avenues of mobility may be less available. A second problem concerns the differential perception of the nursing rote by different types of potential recruits. We identify two dominant role components of the professional nurse: the "affective" role component and the "scientific-technical" role component. Among immigrant girls who are attracted to nursing, those from lower-class origins tend to emphasize the "affective" role component, while those from upper-class origins are more likely to place an emphasis on the "scientific-technical" aspects of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces two special issues of the Review devoted to income distribution theory and its empirical implementation. Most of the papers that will appear in these two issues were prepared for a special session on income distribution held during the Eleventh General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, held at Nathanya, Israel, in August 1969. The present issue contains theoretical papers; the following one will present more empirical work. This introductory paper is intended to indicate the relationships among the papers that follow, and to suggest possible future directions for work in this area. In the latter connection, the author discusses the use of microanalytic models applied to microdata sets dealing with individuals and households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to demonstrate the growth of class stratification in the collective agriculturaI settlements of Israel. Among the factors discussed are: (1) the place of the collective in the national stratification; (2) the reestablishment of the subordinate role of women; (3) the abandonment of complete democratization of management and leadership; (4) the growth of job specialization; (5) the problem of hired labor and the "exploitation" of auxiliary groups; (6) the development of an age hierarchy; (7) the growth of individualism; and (8) the crystallization of intimate social groups. It is concluded that, although stratification is taking place, the class system developing is still a wide-open one. The attempt of the leadership to combat some of the negative aspects of stratification while maintaining a flexibility in adjusting to changing social conditions is promising. The success of such an adjustment may indicate the lower limits of stratification necessary in a changing society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the allocation of national technological resources to different sectors of the economy. The impact of economic investments in technology is related to national, industry, and company growth. In some sectors of the economy investments in research and development (R and D) are well below the saturation level, where increasing the investment level and fraction of scientific and engineering manpower devoted to R and D may be expected to yield increased economic growth. A comparison is made of the sources and consumers of R and D funds in the U. S. and Israel, particularly as related to size of firms. Conclusions are obtained in the form of magnitude and allocation of R and D investments and utilization of scientific and engineering manpower for industrial R and D in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the patterns of social life of youth in the social structure of Israel. A large part of adolescents in Israel participate in patterns of behaviour and social organizations specific to them. The predominance of groups of age-mates in immigration countries has been for long noticed and analysed by some American sociologists and this tendency can be even more strongly discerned in Israel. Moreover, this paper will discuss a proposition that the emergence of youth culture is closely related to the prevalence of the second type of social division of labour. The traditional oriental family may be seen as an example of the first type of division of labour. Almost the whole social organization has been organized on the basis of patriarchal families. The families were the units of occupational specialization. The cooperative-settlement and the moshava are less pure and extreme examples of a division of labour based on the family. In fact there is some degree of discrepancy between some important social roles and the familial roles. The second type of social division of labour is most clearly discernible in the urban sector, in which the family does not function either as a full economic or cultural and political unit. In the communal settlements (Kibbutzim) the clearest correlation between the unfamilial division of labour and a very intensive and formalized youth culture is discernible.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse patterns of communication in several immigrant communities in Israel, to permit the proposal of certain hypotheses on the relations between the patterns of communication and social structure of a society. It is hoped in this way to make some contribution to the comparative study of communication, a field in which interest has recently been increasing rapidly. Israel seems to be a particularly suitable site for a comparative study of communication, because there many types of immigrant communities live in close proximity which are under the influence and impact of similar conditions of absorption. This study can profit from the analysis of each individual community, of the communities' responses to various conditions of absorption, and of the various waves of communication to which they are exposed. This analysis is based on the study of four different communities, three of which are rural or semi-rural, one of Yemenites, one of Algerians, Tunisians and Moroccans, and the third of Yugoslavs.

This paper discusses some aspects of Israeli society which have been conducive to the development of strained ethnic relations and manifestations of prejudice. Despite certain cohesive features such as a common religious and ethnic background and a high level of ideological commitment and collective solidarity, there has been increasing evidence of a reduction in this solidarity. Emerging divisive elements in the social structure are described and are partially attributed to the heightened solidarity and visibility of specific ethnic groups of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a multi-level explanation of the "kibbutz crisis." Due to widespread structural differentiation in Israel since 1948 the kibbutzim, as a group of concrete collectivities, have been "specialized" relative to the adaptive problem and are now primarily units of the economy. Pressures are placed on the kibbutzim to subordinate communal moral-integrative norms to rational criteria and production effectiveness. The diverse repercussions of this dilemma are described and analyzed in kibbutz Mayeem Kareem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some recent typologies of religious groups have taken as their basis the religious group's response to the world, implying that there exists a pattern of association between this response and the organization, which expresses it. This paper presents some of the findings from research into a group, British Israelism, is neither sect nor cult as these are usually defined; it asserts its own teachings neither as autonomous nor yet as necessary for salvation. It is tolerated, but not respected; anxious for recognition as divine truth and yet aware of its slight prospects of attaining it. To the outsider, British Israelism is a sect but this is a designation, which it has tried to resist; and, sociologically, it is not a sect. This ambiguous position has had important consequences for its organizational structure, its authority structure, its membership, and its ecclesiology. The modern British Israel movement has a short history, having begun in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. It has never had a very large following estimates of a worldwide membership of two million are usually considered high. British Israelites believe that the Anglo-Saxons are the descendants of the lost ten tribes of Israel; from this belief they have drawn a number of conclusions concerning the supremacy of the white race; the Divinely-appointed leadership role of the Anglo-Saxon nations; and the extent to which Protestant beliefs should enter into political and economic thinking.

When do people see a doctor? At one extreme, blatant pathology and extreme pain will, with few exceptions, bring one to a doctor in those societies where doctors are available (with the possible exception of mental illness). At the other extreme, a small portion of the visits are accounted for by a preventive health orientation, where no symptoms have been perceived. But, as Zola points out (1966, 1968), "we find that the vast bulk [of a physician's load] is concerned with quite minor disorders." There is, on the other hand, he notes, a great body of data which show that there is much illness, defined as such both clinically and subjectively, which is not brought to the attention of the physician. What Zola is saying, then, is that the potential for entry into patienthood is extraordinarily widespread and continuous. One can be ill, clinically speaking, without going to the doctor; or one can go to the doctor, either without any particular change in one's clinical condition or even without any particular justification from the point of view of the physician. If variations among individuals, social subgroups, or societies in visiting rates cannot be explained, within limits, by variations in clinically-determinable morbidity, what are the factors that can predict such variations? It is the purpose of this paper to present a model which, though derived from the case of Israel, should be applicable to other societies as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]