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This article presents a study of the amounts and kinds of foreign news carried in outstanding U.S. and South American dailies and a comparative analysis of the press treatment of foreign news. Most people in the U.S. and the other American nations learn about world events through the mass media rather than by direct contact, hence the foreign news coverage of the major newspapers can have a great influence on international relations. It was found that in total amount of foreign news covering seven world areas, the South American papers published about double the daily volume published by the U.S. newspapers. The New York Times published almost twice as much foreign news from the same areas as the South American press. A large part of the daily foreign news report in the average South American paper was devoted to news about and from the U.S. The average U.S. newspaper, on the other hand, was found to devote only about one-twentieth of the amount of space to news of South America that the South American paper devotes to the U.S.

In this third paper dealing with the algae of Brazil, four Chlorophycophyta and six Chrysophycophyta are described. These organism were found in the so called "Sete Lagoas" Lake-District, State of Minas Gerais. They are: Granulochloris maxima nov. sp., Pseudoquadrigula lagoensis nov. gen., nov. sp., Oedogonium spirostriatum, Pseudochaete crassisetum (Chlorophvceae), Phalansterium digitatum (Chrysophyceae), Tetraedriella polychloris, T. acuta, Goniochloris gigas, Peroniella minuta y Pseudostaurastrum enorme (Xanthophyceae). Except Oedogonium, all these genera are mentioned for the first time for Brazil and also for South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the light reaching the ground vegetation in the high forest phase and its relation on the differences in forest structure of two selected sites, where one is on the slopes of Mount Andes and the other is at the extreme western edge of the Amazon basin. The authors state that their observations and analysis have enabled them to associated some of the differences between the two forests with differences in light climate. They mention that the interactions between light and other factors, specially root competition, may be very important. They believe that future studies on light as an ecological factor in tropical forests will most productively be aimed to the reaction of individual species to light at various stages of growth.

Recent studies by Adelman and by Friedlander and Silver, which have investigated whether regression equations derived from cross-section data can be used to predict the impact of socioeconomic development on changing levels of fertility, are reviewed critically. Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error. The results suggest caution in the use of cross-section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the effects that the acreage aspects of the cotton programs have had upon movements of farm labor in the majority of the chief cotton-growing states of the South. A study along these lines is justified and needed on several counts. First, migration is an important avenue of labor-force adjustment in agriculture, perhaps more so than in most industries since occupation and place of residence are so closely related. Second, cotton acreage controls have constituted an 4 In addition to those already cited, see Walter Wilcox, "The Farm Policy Dilemma," Journal of Farm Economics, August 1958, pp. 563-571; and E. L. Baum and Earl O. Heady, "Some Effects of Selected Policy Programs on Agricultural Labor Mobility in the South," Southern Economic Journal, January 1959, pp. 327-337. important part of the federal farm programs since 1933 and are likely to continue to be important. Finally, cotton is one of the most labor intensive of all crops. The effects of these programs with respect to labor-force adjustment through migration need to be more clearly understood.[5]
The paper may be concluded rather briefly with the observation that the results of this analysis have not been consistent with the usual claim that the farm programs over the last three decades or so have tended to hamper movements of labor from farming. They have on the contrary tended to bear out the hypothesis that the net effect of the acreage aspects of the programs has been to speed up movement from farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on several issues which may have affected the economic development of South America in the post-war period. Impact of the political and economic relations between South America and North America on the southern economic development; South America's recovery of the foreign cotton market.

The article focuses on commercial uses of communications satellites for transoceanic communications. It states that educational television has been responsible for much of the interest concerning the potential benefits of communications satellites. It mentions that the use of conventional submarine cables to transmit television transmissions is prohibitively expensive. It considers the cost of taping television programs for rebroadcast compared to the expense of using communications satellites to broadcast television programs. It comments on differences in cost for a low-altitude and a synchronous satellite system.

The article discusses the occurrence of Salix humboldtiana in temperate South America at or near the latitude of Buenos Aires. It is cited that Lucien Hauman refers to the occurrence of the genus as a riparian shrub in the Monte, where the vegetation is xerophilous. It is mentioned that the occurence of this willow is as far south as the lower reaches of the River Chubut. It is said that the river is approximately 44 degrees of south latitude, 9 degrees farther south than Cape Agulhas in South Africa.

The article provides an overview of the study "Versuch einer Uebersicht der siphonogamen Polsterpflanzen," by H. Hauri and C. Schröter published in the 1914 issue of "Engler's Botanische Jahrbuch." In this article, a list of the known phanerogamic cushion plants and their general characteristics are presented. An analysis of the plants' geographical distribution revealed that half of the species grow in South America and New Zealand. In Europe and Asia, these plants are confined to the mountains.

The article discusses a study on resource utilization and situational factors contributing to the ineffective use of human capital. Research on resource management at various levels, including the board of directors, is mentioned. Two theoretical constructs--business infra-structure and situational congruence--explain the misapplication of managerial skills. Human resources are wasted because skills are not matched to the appropriate socio-technical system or they are not being applied at all due to social, psychological or structural barriers. Statistics for the use of shorthand and typing skills and the dictating habits of managers in South American companies are given, as well as the use of pre-meeting agendas.

The article discusses the ecological and floristic convergence of some plant formations in South America. The author considers certain traits of flora, vegetation and climate as a first approximation to compare corresponding ecosystems. The comparative analysis may be viewed at three different approaches. The first is the assessment of the degree of environmental similarity under which similar types occur. The second concerns the structural and functional convergence of vegetation. The third approach focuses on a morpho-ecological characterization of each of the communities through their main plant components.

The relation between career mobility and reproductive behavior is examined for five cities of developing Latin American nations Bogota, Columbia; San Jose, Costa Rica; Mexico City, Mexico; Panama City, Panama; and Caracas, Venezuela. The data are obtained from fertility surveys conducted between September, 1963, and August, 1964, in the above-named cities under the auspices of the Centro Latinoamericano de Demografla (CEIJADE), and the analysis is based on information from 600-800 women per city who have been married only once and married ten years or more. Career mobility is defined as an occupational change of the husband between the date of marriage and 1963-1964, based on the Hall-Jones occupational scale. Reproductive behavior is operationalized as the number of live births. The conclusion of the multiple classification analysis is that the process of career mobility in four out of five Latin American samples is not a significant factor in explaining differential reproductive behavior. These results are compatible with a variety of North American studies which stress that variation heretofore ascribed to the process of mobility is an additive composite of past and present status effects. These findings are discussed; a theoretical and methodological critique of mobility-fertility research is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study by historical comparison of the fertility trends related to mortality levels is made between Latin America and Europe. The purpose of such study is to show why Latin America did not repeat the European mortality-fertility pattern during 1930-1960. Differences between the two areas are established, and an explanation is given about the particular Latin America mortality-fertility model. The effects of such a Latin America trend are pointed out, principally in relation to population growth, city growth and labor force. Hypothetical Latin American populations are calculated under the assumption that the area has repeated the European pattern. A comparison between these hypothetical populations with the actual ones shows how different the situation of the area has actually been. Nevertheless, an analysis of the necessary fertility changes in order to reproduce the European model shows that it was impossible for Latin America to repeat the European mortality-fertility experience during 1930-1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the regulation of the petroleum industry in South America. Effect of a disordered price situation and a substantial increase in imports; Laws concerning the importation, transport and distribution of petroleum products; Promotion of direct competition through government organizations.

Discusses how the ABC countries of temperate South America have been forced to attain a greater measure of self-sufficiency by the nationalistic policies of industrial nations. Factors contributing to industrial expansion; Limitation of the countries' capacity to purchase abroad; Continued production of many articles which previously were imported.

This article studies the railway materials trade in the countries of Asia and South America. The Chinese railways have accordingly, under the necessary limitations of time and space, been chosen for investigation, together with the railways of Brazil, Argentina and Chile, which make up almost nine-tenths of the South American railway mileage. When the manufacturers of an investing nationality are able to supply needed material of good quality at low prices, the national prejudice may doubtless have an appreciable influence. Governments have at times attempted, with doubtful success, to give their manufacturers a preference. But current discussion refers to that great majority of investments which are shaped by the parties at interest free from government interference. The building of railways by a foreign corporation in Argentina or Brazil-it is apparently assumed that the administrators of such an enterprise will be led by motives of patriotism to prefer the products of their own countrymen. This is highly improbable. Many billions of goods are exchanged between nations because men have no marked preference for the goods of their competitors. Moreover, any chiefs of South American railways who might by some eccentricity be inclined to this sort of patriotism would in most instances find it impossible to gratify such sentiment.

In the past twenty years and more, attention has been frequently called to the small share of the people of the U.S. in the trade of the countries of their sister continent to the south of, and many writers and statesmen have urged their manufacturers and merchants to push into this territory. Moreover, the digging of the Panama Canal has directed to the South American neighbors, and has called attention to the trade possibilities of that part of the earth at a peculiarly opportune time. Again, the revival of the Pan-American conferences in 1906 and 1910 has done a good deal in the same direction. These conferences cannot be said to produce very tangible or direct results. Indeed, they are mostly pour parlors into which some people seem to think it impolite to inject discussion of such base matters as trade. They have done good in making the representatives of the various countries better acquainted. The purpose of the present article is to discuss some of the causes of the previously existing condition, together with some of the suggestions made to change and improve them.

Discusses the surface configuration of Southeastern Brazil. General concept of southeastern Brazil as a plateau; Coastal lowlands; Deltas; Flood plain basins; Crystalline plateaus; Diabase areas.

Reports on the interplay of influences in man's adjustments to the environment in South America. Incas' adjustment to the Andine environment; Man and environment at Chuquicamata in the desert of Atacama in northern Chile; Agricultural industries in Argentina and Brazil.

This article presents information regarding the rural standards of living in the South America. Throughout the South, and in most other parts of the country, there is more illiteracy in the rural districts than in the cities, partly because of the greater distances between schools, and partly for other reasons which it would take too long to discuss here. The percentage of whites is usually somewhat greater among the farmers than in the aggregate population, for there is of course more of a tendency among the Afro-Americans to be farm laborers rather than farm. But there is a significant exception in regions where the Afro-Americans greatly outnumber the whites, as will be seen more plainly presently when people take up the several natural regions. In such areas the white population tends to concentrate in the cities and towns and engage in trading, manufacturing, etc., leaving large areas of farm land inhabited entirely by Afro-Americans. The value of farm land per acre seems to depend more on density of population and intensity of farming than on intrinsic fertility, at least in the South.

The article presents information on blindness and services to the blind in countries like Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador and Peru. The countries of Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador and Peru occupy over one million square miles on the continent of South America. They cluster in the northwest, and extend east from tropical rain forests and the Atacama Desert through the Andes Mountains and into the Amazon Jungle. Blind people become visible in the larger cities of northwest South America as ragged beggars, being among the numerous dependent groups in the city, both disabled and non-disabled, who beg to live.

Gourd from three localities in New guinea are more similar to those of America and Africa (Lagenaria siceraria subsp. siceraria) than to gourds of Asia and the Pacific region (Lagenaria siceraria subsp. asiatica). Such gourds could have arrived in New Guinea by ocean currents from America or Africa, or they could have been introduced by man. Gourd are used as penis sheaths in New Guinea, South America, and Africa. If contacts between New Guinea and South America and Africa occurred in the pre-Columbian period, the gourds, along with their use as penis sheaths, may have been introduced from America or Africa to New Guinea, but no decision can be reached as to how and when these gourds arrived in New Guinea and their use as a phallocrypt was acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the social and economic conditions of Indian pastoralists of the Guajira Peninsula in South America. Adaptation of the European economic systems and technology; Effort to maintain the linguistic and cultural identity; Value system and social structure of the Indian society.