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A method is described which is specific for the extraction of lipopolysaccharides from R form bacteria. The extraction mixture which is monophasic, consists of aqueous phenol, chloroform and petroleum ether. R form lipopolysaccharides (glycolipids), due to their lipophilic nature, are completely soluble in the mixture. S and T form lipopolsaccharides as well as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, are insoluble, and they are excluded from the extracts. The method is mild, as it, can be carried out at below 10°. The yields are generally higher than those obtained by phenol-water extraction, and the products are usually water-soluble. Lipopolysaccharides have been successfully extracted from all R form bacteria so far attempted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the ion and water cloud shell on the structure of polyelectrolytes is very important especially for small angle studies. In the present work the change in the radius of gyration of phenylalanine specific tRNA under the influence of various counterions was investigated. tRNAPhe(yeast) was studied in different solutions at pH 7.5, each containing only one certain kind of cation. As cations lithium, cesium, barium and spermidin were used. The influence of the ions on the radius of gyration of tRNAPhe(yeast) was considerable. The value of R was 23.6 Å with Li+ ions, 26.2 Å with Cs+ ions and 26.3 Å with Ba++ ions; these resets are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of polyelectrolytes—histones, polyamino acids, synthetic polymers—have shown strong adjuvant activity with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids In contrast to the long chain aliphatic compounds, among which only cationic members are active, several anionic polyelectrolytes were found to be effective. The anionic polyamino acids were among those found to be without adjuvant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]