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Presents views concerning fuel shortage and allocation in the U.S and Soviet Union. Energy crisis; Need to development a tough allocation program in the U.S.; Nonrationed distribution of gasoline and motor oil in Soviet Union.

Focuses on the theory of appropriation of Locke. Accounts of the origin of private rights of property; Appropriation of necessary means of subsistence; Establishment of property rights in things common to all without the consent of others in the age of abundance.

We present a procedure for finding the shortest routes between all path-connected ordered pairs of nodes in a network. Furthermore, our approach is quite simple and highly efficient for a special class of network problems. In particular, this class of networks subsumes a number that appear in real world applications. For instance, the Polish government and the Texas Water Resources Developmental Board have developed water resource analysis models that are in this class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate directly the relationship between the efficiency with which resources are allocated under central planning and the level of development of the economy, and to determine whether certain types of economic reform strategy are more effective than others. This is accomplished by measuring the allocative efficiency of one specific sector of the economy of five socialist countries, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania. The results indicate that, despite the efforts at reform of the more advanced countries, allocative efficiency is inversely related to the level of development and also appears to be related to the specific type of reform undertaken.
This paper develops a methodology for measuring the static efficiency of the export sector of centrally planned economies by means of a linear programming model. This model is utilized to measure the efficiency of export allocation in Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland and Rumania, during 1969. The results demonstrate that, under central planning, the efficiency of resource allocation declines as the level of development of the economy increases. Furthermore, we find that in the Hungarian economy, which has been the object of extensive reforms, allocative efficiency is significantly worse than in the other East European countries. Consequently, we conclude that pressure for economic reforms in Eastern Europe will continue, but that the scope of these reforms will be more limited in scope than the Hungarian experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes a linear programming model which generates explicit quantitative information about optimal allocation of resources inside the Illinois State University, the shadow price attached to each input used in the academic process and the optimal mixture of academic outputs produced by the university. Assumptions about the academic process in the linear programming model; Constraint inequalities in the linear programming model; Direct costs to the university of educating an individual.

This article presents the author's view on the concept of power. In the article the author suggests some subsidiary questions regarding the concept of power. He focuses on the issue of role of government in the community, people who benefit from it, the role of decision-makers, and causes of variation. According to him, the authors who have put forth hypotheses have tended to focus on nonpolitical attributes of community social structure as determinants of the shape of the power structure. Furthermore, the author also discusses the dimensions of community power like interpersonal influence, anticipated reactions, legitimation, application of power, efficiency of power-application, etc. He feels that more attention should be paid to the scope of government activity and people benefiting from it. Also, there is an increasing need to devote more attention to the causes of variation in community power arrangements, using the structure and dynamics of power as dependent variables in comparative research.

The article presents an insight on the concept of power. The article presents an insight on the concept of power. In this article the most abstract as well as the most applied aspects of the concept are eschewed in order to formulate what might be called a middle-range conceptualization of power, with special reference to the local community. In this analysis fifteen dimensions of the concept of power are isolated. The fifteen dimensions treated represent a diversity of approaches to the examination of power, for each singles out somewhat different theoretical questions or empirical problems of theoretical relevance. These dimensions include: Interpersonal influence, anticipated reactions, direct and indirect influence, reciprocity, patterns of value distribution, legitimation, number of participants in decision, scope of power: Issue importance, visibility, power bases, application of power, efficiency of power application, the zero-sum problem and the allocation of resources, and stratification of power. It was concluded that different types of power structure arrangements have certainly existed in the US communities in the past, and that several types of power structure are to be found in the US communities today.

This article reports that in the nineteenth century the great economists were concerned with the distribution of income among labor, capital, and landowners or with the allocation of resources. But the Great Depression and the earlier economic troubles of the British resulted in a shift of emphasis. By the end of World War I, sociologists were beginning to be worried over the possibilities of saturation of markets. Under the influence of two world wars and the Great Depression, government's role has greatly increased. Once the people have achieved a reasonable standard of living, it is of course easier to siphon off cash for public purposes. But large public expenditures also depend on an appropriate tax structure. The development of the direct tax has been decisive here. Individual income taxes rose from zero in 1902 to about two thirds of all taxes exclusive of payroll taxes by the late 1950s. With the growth of the country and the intensification of internal and external crises, the federal government's relative contribution continued to increase. At the beginning of the century local governments' tax receipts were five times those of state government, and state and local greatly exceeded those of the federal government.

This article discusses on a study of economic wants as depicted in Indian economic literature. The very concept of economic development implies reallocation of resources, which in large part implies reallocation of human beings. This always entails hardship and frustration. Should the cultural milieu be resistant to change, then the degree of friction becomes greater. A singular characteristic of the Indians seems to be that the cultural milieu is more flexible than is popularly supposed; thus analysis of the problems of economic development in underdeveloped areas has real value. Attention has at least been focused on one of the factors of a mutually causative process: if the cultural milieu impedes economic growth, the resulting low rate of economic growth supports the philosophy of the cultural milieu that produces it. To the Indian there is great merit in envisaging the ascetic-type nationalism and self-abnegation as substitutions of inputs. These substitutions compensate psychologically for the failure of economic goods and services to become available.

This article focuses on some economic aspects of Marxian Theory and the practice followed by the Soviet Union. This is especially significant in relation to certain economic and social problems besetting the Russians today. Any industrial economic system has to find ways and means for making four groups of decisions. First, it is necessary to decide what to produce and this implies as its corollary that there be a locus of decision-making for this purpose. Secondly, decisions have to be made concerning the most efficient allocation of resources, the most effective way to combine the factors of production so as to produce in optimum proportions the various types and quantities of products needed in a modern industrial society. This applies not only to present but to future goods. Thirdly, there must be some sort of division of income or product among the various individuals and groups composing society resulting from their participation in the productive effort. Finally, there have to be devices for ensuring the orderly distribution of the products of the economy among the population.

This article discusses industrialization of the Southwest in the U.S. The outstanding economic problem of the Southwest is to increase the productivity of its labor force. An appreciable part of our labor force is not effectively employed. Inefficiency in the allocation of resources is indicated by the extraordinarily low level of income of the people of the Southwest. One of the reasons for the existence of a surplus farm population has been the continued decline in the total demand for farm products during the last 20 years. The slowing down in the rate of growth of our population has exercised a retarding influence on the domestic demand for food and clothing. An American-British-Chinese-Russian victory would probably result in our regaining some of the lost foreign markets for our farm products although lower post-war tariffs might result in the South American neighbors offering more competition in some of the farm markets. The greatest gain from increased post-war foreign trade would result from the fact that such gain will increase non-farm employment opportunities and thus facilitate a transfer of workers from agriculture to non-farm jobs.

Several examples of deadlock occurring in present day computer systems are given. Next, there is a discussion of the strategies which can be used to deal with the deadlock problem. A theory of computer systems is developed so that the terms "process" and "deadlock" can be defined. "Reusable resources" are introduced to model objects that are shared among processes, and "consumable resources" are introduced to model signals or messages passed among processes. Then a simple graph model of computer systems is developed, and its deadlock properties are investigated. This graph model unifies a number of previous results, leads to efficient deadlock detection and prevention algorithms, and is useful for teaching purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common features of third generation operating systems are surveyed from a general view, with emphasis on the common abstractions that constitute at least the basis for a "theory" of operating systems. Properties of specific systems are not discussed except where examples are useful. The technical aspects of issues and concepts are stressed, the nontechnical aspects mentioned only briefly. A perfunctory knowledge of third generation systems is presumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law of the Sea may be defined as the specialized set of decisions dealing with the nature and extent of control exercised over the marine environment. Of particular concern to geographers are three aspects: the distribution of controls which are exercised in the marine environment, the bases for establishing certain controls, and the impact the controls have on the utilization of the sea's resources. The marine environment differs from that on land because of its three-dimensional nature, the mobility of many of its resources, and the fact that various forms of activity can be carried on simultaneously in one small sector of the sea. The resources of the high seas are the common property of all countries, although coastal states exercise jurisdiction over narrow bands of water adjacent to their shorelines. Over the years a complex body of international law has grown up concerning jurisdiction over the world ocean; much of this law is embodied in the four Geneva Conventions adopted in 1958. But with changing technologies and changing political and economic conditions, the Conventions have proven to be of limited value in resolving international conflicts over access to the sea's resources. Individual countries continue to press unilateral claims for which there are no bases in law or custom, yet against which there is little attractive counter force. At a time when the potential wealth of the marine environment is slowly being unlocked, it is essential to develop a composite view of the world ocean and its administration, to relate the controls exercised in the sea to the milieu in which they are operative, to compare maritime controls in one area with those in effect in other areas, and to move from national and multinational interests in marine resource management toward the identification of world interests in the rational control and management of the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the financial report of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) for 1960 to 1961 in the U.S. The report published the income and expenditures of CEC, the comparison of operating and equipment assets, inventory, total assets and the statement of official audit. The income of CEC for the year was up with an increase in expenditures for continuing and expanding services and the development of plans for new services. The financial report of CEC implies that the organization is growing and becoming responsible for its services offered.

The article discusses the extension of special education intended for retarded youth which has been used in Wisconsin. This approach has been used to coordinate the many community resources and interest groups concerned with the training and education of special children in rural communities. The county comprises the intermediate district of school administration. It functions between the local school districts and the state department of education. In an effort to extend special education to rural retarded youth, the position of the county that holds the plan of government has been a major factor.

'Steady-state' methods have long been used to calculate unit closure times in military strategic air deployment planning studies. The development of a simple, yet powerful, simulation model (Airlift Fleet Evaluation Model) has allowed a significant advance in deployment analysis capability. Using a simplified NA TO reinforcement scenario, minimum deployment times, as determined by two steady-state methods, are compared with simulation results and the applicability of the several approaches is discussed. Resource levels and allocations meeting typical mission requirements are determined. An assessment is made of the credibility of a published planning factor value for the time to deploy an Army division to Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a description of how to find the 'best' sequence of allocation of resources to projects. The method handles simultaneously a great number of projects. The expression 'best' sequence means here the priority-rating that optimizes some chosen measure for the efficiency of the system. This optimization is done within the limits of the total resources available for allocation to projects. The problem is solved for whatever dependency there may be between resource quantity and system efficiency for the single projects. It works for the 'difficult' case of discontinuous efficiency functions as well. It is shown that in order to handle a great number of projects, one can divide the projects into groups, apply the method within each group of projects, then consider each group as a super project, and finally solve the whole problem by using the same method on groups. The problem is solved by a combination of the dynamic programming method, Lagrange's multiplier method, and numerical calculations on an electronic computer. The main part of the method is shown in a flow-diagram form. In the last sections of this paper practical examples are given, where the method is applied on investment problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For each arc (i, j) of a transport network, sup pose given an initial traversal disutility d(i, j) and a function f(i, j, r) describing the reduced disutility that would result from applying r units of resources to 'improve' the arc. For each origin-destination pair, there arises the problem of how a limited resource budget should be allocated among the arcs so as to optimize a best path from origin to destination in the improved network. It is shown here that this problem is transformable to a best-path problem in an enlarged network. The allowable investment levels in individual arcs can be constrained as desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a tutorial and expository approach, this paper assesses the performance of some simple, idealized input, output, and compute overlap configurations. Equations are given for one- and two-channel configurations that have one, two, and three partitions of main storage. The objectives of the paper are to gain insight into bounds on system throughput performance and to give equations useful for checking computer simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the goal problems in regional policy including efficiency and equity. Allocation of resources and maximization of growth in the national economy; Reduction of interregional disparities; Trade-off functions of regional growth and equity; Conflict between efficiency and equity; Fiscal constraints of regional development.