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Hydroperoxides isolated from oxidized methyl linoleate and safflower oil were characterized by proton magnetic resonance spectrometry.NMR spectra substanciated the chemical structure of the hydroperoxides of methyl linoleate which had been postulated by many investigators. The signal of the hydroperoxy proton of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide appeared as a broad singlet at considerable downfield (δ, ca. 8ppm) from tetramethylsilane (δ=0) as an internal standard in CCl4. The hydroperoxide derivatives obtained from linoleate rich triglyceride (safflower oil) were also analyzed with regard to their structural changes in fatty acid residues during peroxidation.NMR spectrometry might be applicable to the direct determination of lipid hydroperoxides.

Veal calves reared by the Animal Physiology and Genetics Institute, USDA, on milk supplemented with tocopherol then on a diet containing encapsulated safflower oil demonstrated increases in the concentrations of linoleic acid (18:2) and tocopherols in their depot fats. The expected decrease in the induction period of oxidation for these fats with 18:2 levels of 7–12.9% was not observed in the fats with increased tocopherol content. The fat of the treated calves was more stable to oxidation than the fat of commercial veal or pork.

Castor, safflower, and oleic safflower oil derivatives with enhanced reactivity and hydroxyl group content were prepared by hydroformylation with a rhodium-triphenylphosphine catalyst, followed by hydrogenation. Rigid urethane foams prepared from these hydroxymethylated derivatives had excellent compressive strengths, closed cell contents, and dimensional stability. Best properties were obtained from hydroxymethylated polyol esters of castor acids.

In each of three trials with abomasally-fistulated lactating Holstein cows, we compared control rations to the same ration plus abomasal infusion of safflower oil or elaidic acid. In Trial 1, 250 ml safflower oil were infused over 4 h daily for 3 wk. Trial 2 involved infusing 500 ml safflower oil over 4 h daily for 1 wk. In Trial 3 elaidic acid was infused daily for 1 wk. Infusion of safflower oil in Trial 1 increased milk fat percentage and proportion of 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk fat. Proportions of myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic fatty acids of milk fat decreased. Blood ketones and free fatty acids and cholesterol of plasma were increased by the oil infusion. In Trial 2 the 1-wk infusion of safflower oil did not affect milk fat yield or percentage. The infusion increased the proportion of polyunsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids in the milk fat and decreased myristate, palmitate, and stearate. An increase in plasma free fatty acid was small but significant. Triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, ketones, and acetate were not affected by the infusion. Intake of hay was depressed by this infusion rate. In Trial 3, infusion of elaidic acid had no effect on milk fat yield or percentage. Blood or plasma lipids did not change.

Although erythrocytes from vitamin E-depleted rats are highly susceptible to dialuric acid peroxidative hemolysis, those from rabbits were not, nor did the rabbits become dystrophic when they were maintained on stripped lard diets. Rabbit RBC became susceptible (and dystrophy appeared) following supplementation with arachidonate, the latter being preferentially destroyed in the RBC membranes during the peroxidizing process. Similar but less severe physiological findings were made following cod liver oil or safflower oil feeding. Fragiligrams of RBC from the arachidonate-fed rabbits were biphasic, suggesting two populations of RBC, one old and one young. Reticulocytes were present, although hematocrit levels were normal. Therefore, the feeding of PUFA to clinically normal, vitamin E-depleted rabbits acutely initiated the onset of RBC hemolysis and muscular dystrophy. Am. J. C/in.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the levels of linoleic acid required in practical rearing and laying diets to achieve maximum egg size and output. In a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial experiment two strains of hybrid layer (Thornber 808 and 909) were given four levels of linoleic acid (0.8, 1.3, 1.8 and 2.3%) during the rearing (0 to 18 weeks) and laying (21 to 73 weeks) stages. The increased levels of linoleic acid were achieved by replacing olive oil by safflower oil and the diets used were therefore isocaloric, isonitrogenous and contained the same amount of unsaturated fat. Increasing the level of linoleic acid in the rearing diet above 0.8% produced a variable response in 18-week weight. Rearing diet did not significantly affect subsequent egg production, egg output or food intake. Egg weight was affected by rearing diet but the effects were inconsistent. Level of linoleic acid in the laying diet did not significantly affect egg size, egg production, food intake or final body weight. It is concluded that linoleic acid, in excess of the essential fatty acid requirement for normal body functioning, is not specifically required for maximum egg size.

Aus Saflorol gewonnene Fettsauremethylester wurden thermisch polymerisiert und durch Destillation in verschiedene Fraktionen getrennt. Diese wurden an Ratten bis zu 50 cal-% in der Nahrung verfuttert. Die starksten Wachstumshemmungen wurden bei jenen Fraktionen beobachtet, die Ester der dimeren Fettsauren enthielten. Durch Verfuttern an Mause bestimmten wir die akute orale Toxizitat synthetisch hergestellter Ester dimerer Fettsauren bekannter Struktur. Sie lag bei den von uns eingesetzten Verbindungen weit uber 20 ml/kg Korpergewicht. Die Futterung radiokohlenstoffmarkierter dimerer Fettsaureester ergab, das sie zum grosten Teil nicht resorbiert werden. In geringem Umfang konnen sie aber auch in den Stoffwechsel eingehen, wie das Auftreten von 14CO2 in der Atemluft und von radioaktiven monomeren Fettsauren im Korperfett zeigt. In ebenfalls geringem Umfang wurden die verfutterten markierten dimeren Fettsauren auch als solche im Korperfett wiedergefunden. Short-Time Feeding Tests with Methyl Esters of Dimeric Fatty Acids Fatty acid methyl esters ex safflower oil were polymerised at high temperature and separated by distillation. Feeding experiments with rats at a level of up to 50 cal-% in the food showed the highest degree in growth retardation with those fractions which contained esters of dimeric fatty acids. Esters of dimeric fatty acids of well defined structure, were fed to mice per os to determine acute toxicity. With the compounds applied the toxicity was far higher than 20 ml/kg body weight. After feeding radiocarbon labelled dimeric fatty acid esters, it could be shown that a high percentage of the material fed was excreted. However, a small amount is metabolised since 14CO2 was observed in the exhaled air, and radioactive monomeric fatty acids were found in the body fat. Finally a small amount of the labelled dimeric fatty acids fed to the rats was recovered from the body fat indicating direct incorporation.

Addition of certain vegetable oil unsaponifiables to safflower oil protects it from oxidative polymerization during heating at frying temperature. The unsaponifiables isolated from olive, corn, wheat germ andVernonia anthelmintica oils were found to be effective. The fraction responsible for this effect is largely sterol in nature. Although the common plant sterols show no antioxidant activity, the 4-α-methyl sterols function well. The sterols fromVernonia oil, which contain no 4-α-methyl group, are also active. It appears that an isofucosterol side chain may be the structural feature required to obtain this protective effect.

A total of 20 dogs were given 400 c.c. of high-unsaturated safflower oil three hours before experimental production of acute myocardial infarction. Ten were given streptokinase and ten were not treated. Autopsy findings were highly significant since only one of the ten treated dogs developed a transmural infarct, whereas all of the ten untreated or control dogs showed large transmural infarctions. The infarcts in the treated animals were small, spotty, nonconfluent, and frequently subendocardial. The fact that the protective effect of streptokinase occurred in nine dogs without significant change in circulating FA suggests that therapeutic thrombolysis occurred at the tissue level by activation of fibrinolysin contained in the clots in the coronary circulation. These findings suggest that hyperlipemia due to unsaturated fat does not inhibit FA at the tissue level. Striking was the absence of microthrombi in all dogs, treated or untreated, whose hyperlipemia was due to safflower oil in contrast to the microthromboses seen in animals (treated or untreated) with saturated hyperlipemia. 10

In this report we conducted a same kind of experiment as in the previous report in order to reconfirm the characteristic aspect that amongst the blend oils of rice bran oil and safflower oil the one blended in the ratio 70:30 had a distinctly higher effectiveness for lowering cholesterol level and contrarily the one of the ratio 50:50 had a lower effectiveness than the effectiveness of each original pure oil.In addition a series of blend oils of rice bran oil and sunflower oil instead of safflower oil were also served for the purpose of ascertaining whether the sunflower oil acts similar role or not.A total number of ninety healthy young girls were divided into nine groups and daily took 60g of each oil blended in next ratios for 7 days.R-100: Rice bran oil 100%Sf-100: Safflower oil 100%Sf-15: Rice bran oil 85%, Safflower oil 15%Sf-30: Rice bran oil 70%, Safflower oil 30%Sf-50: Rice bran oil 50%, Safflower oil 50%Sn-100: Sunflower oil 100%Sn-15: Rice bran oil 85%, Sunflower oil 15%Sn-30: Rice bran oil 70%, Sunflower oil 30%Sn-50: Rice bran oil 50%, Sunflower oil 50%As shown in the Figure 1, the effectiveness for lowering cholesterol level was highest in the blend oil Sf-30, showing a value -26% in comparison with the pre-experimental level, that is higher than the value of the rice bran oil -18% or of the safflower oil -14%. On the other hand the effectiveness of Sf-50 was -12%, showing the lowest value and even lower than the values of both original oils. These aspects are the very same as the results obtained in the previous report.Blending oils of sunflower oil with rice bran did not result in the same way, though their fatty acid compositions are fairly alike. The more the content of the sunflower oil in the blending, the more closely resemble to the effectiveness of the sunflower oil as seen in the Figure 2.Accordingly, the characteristic nature seen in the case of blending safflower oil with rice bran may be derived from their unsaponifiable matters.

Three ultrasonic generators and a colloid mill were evaluated with 25 per cent mineral oil, peanut oil, and safflower oil emulsions, each made with four emulsifier systems. Emulsions were exposed in each apparatus for periods up to fifteen minutes. The best of these emulsions were analyzed after zero, fifteen, thirty, and sixty days storage. From the size-frequency analysis data specific interfacial area, mean globule diameter, and standard deviation were calculated. The Minisonic homogenizer produced emulsions distinctly superior to those made on any other apparatus.

DURING the course of our investigations on the linoleic acid (18:2) requirement of the hen for reproduction, a malformation of the toes of newly-hatched chicks was observed. This deformity ascribed to a deficiency of 18:2 was first reported by Menge (1968a). The purpose of this paper is to present detailed observations on the percentage of incidence and the different classes of the severity of the toe abnormality. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In the first experiment 18:2 deficient Leghorn hens were distributed into 7 groups of 28 hens each. The groups received a low-fat isolated soy protein diet described by Menge (1968b) supplemented with 18:21 as follows: zero 0.125. 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4% respectively. Hatching data from this experiment were collected from 20 consecutive weekly hatches (Table 1). The second experiment comprised 12 groups of 15 hens each. Groups 1 through 11, deficient in 18:2, received the isolated soy protein diet. . .

THE production of safflower has continued to increase in this country, resulting in renewed interest in the use of the by-product of this seed as an additional source of protein for poultry feeding. Undecorticated safflower meal, because of the heavy and fibrous hull, contains only 20 percent protein and as high as 35 percent fiber. By a decortication process it is possible to remove a large portion of the hull, which will result in the production of a meal in which the protein may exceed 50 percent with a resulting low fiber content. Most meals produced by this process generally contain from 35 to 40 percent protein and 12 to 15 percent fiber. A study of safflower protein for chick growth was first reported by Kratzer and Williams (1947). Two lots of meal, prepared in their laboratory, contained 29.1 and 27.2 percent crude protein. The meal was fed as the …

The effects of different kinds of oils and fats on growth in rats was investigated. One hundred White Wistar _??_ rats were placed on a basic low fat diet and diets supplemented with the following fats at the 20% (wt.) level: soya bean oil, cotton seed oil, safflower oil, rice bran oil, rape seed oil, butter, lard, tallow and hardened fish oil. The animals were sacrificed on the 15th week after receiving respective diets. Each group consisted of 10 rats. Growth at 15 weeks was highest in the soya bean group with butter following. The fish oil group showed lowest growth. Animals on both the fish oil and rape seed oil diets showed lower growth than the low fat group. Difference in weight between the highest and lowest group was 45g. There was little difference among other groups. With expection of the low fat group intake appeared to be proportional to growth, being high in the soya bean oil, butter groups and low in the rape seed and hardened fish oil groups. Intake was highest in the low fat group but diet efficiency was lowest. Enlargement of the liver, adrenal and thyroid glands was observed in the fish oil and rapeseed oil groups.Serum cholesterol was also examined. The level for soya bean oil was low, whereas butter gave a relatively high result.Learning performance on the maze was studied. The fish oil group gave highest scores. Though the reason is not yet clarified, it was recognized that a low body weight seems to give better results.

Analyses of the fatty acid composition of 2 methyl ester mixtures and 13 oils, obtained by collaborators from the AOCS Smalley Gas Chromatography Check Program, were treated statistically. The statistical data may be interpreted to indicate groups of analysts who made a good, satisfactory or poor analysis. The data also indicate the relative degree of difficulty of analyzing the various oils. Coconut oil was the most difficult to analyze while safflower oil offered the least difficulty. A comparison of the precision of results employing the thermal conductivity detector and the flame ionization detector shows no difference.

Safflower oil was fractionated in a 200-tube countercurrent distribution apparatus, and the oil was also fractionated after interesterification with C14-labelled palmitic acid. The glyceride composition of the interesterified oil was similar to that of the natural oil. The glycerides were separated on the basis of both unsaturation and chain length of the constituent fatty acids, and the palmitoglycerides had only slightly higher partition coefficients than the oleoglycerides. The amounts of trilinolein, oleodilinolein, and palmitodilinolein found were similar to those calculated for a random distribution. Distribution of a mixture of safflower oil and olive oil showed that no mixing or randomization of triglycerides occurred during countercurrent distribution. It is concluded that fatty acids in safflower triglycerides are distributed in an essentially random pattern.

THE addition of animal fat to the diet of laying hens has been reported to increase the weight of eggs (Hochreich et al., 1958). The design of this experiment did not allow these workers to determine whether the increase in egg weights was due to increased energy level of the diet or to the addition of the animal fat. However, Orr et al. (1958) reported that the addition of fat to a laying diet did not affect size of eggs, while Berg and Bearse (1957) reported that increased energy content of the diet resulted in increased egg weight. Jensen et al. (1957, 1958) reported that an unidentified factor was necessary in order to obtain maximum egg size; and that yellow corn was a source of this factor. Shutze, Jensen and McGinnis (1959) found that corn oil, safflower oil, and wheat germ oil contained the unidentified nutritional factor necessary for maximum…

JENSEN et al. (1958) presented evidence of an unidentified factor in yellow corn and in certain other feedstuffs necessary for maximum egg weight. A level of 70% corn or 3% crude corn oil in the diet increased egg weight. Further studies by Shutze et al. (1958) showed that when corn oil was oxidized, the factor was inactivated or destroyed, and that the factor was in the saponifiable fraction and stable to heat. Another series of experiments has been undertaken to determine the influence on egg weight of linoleic acid, methyl linoleate and natural oils which are generally high in linoleic acid. PROCEDURE Three experiments were conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn pullets maintained in individual cages. The treatments were randomly assigned to groups of six birds. Egg weight change was determined by calculating the difference between the average egg weight at the end of a 4–8 week depletion period…

1) 山羊3頭を供試し,そのうち1頭には第四胃フィステルを装着した。実験は(1) 対照前期,(2) サフラワー油給与期,(3) 対照後期の3期間とし,それぞれの期間を21日間とした.サフラワー油は2頭の山羊には経口的に給与し,第四胃フィステルを装着した山羊にはフィステルを通して第四胃内に投与した.血漿はそれぞれの処理期の最終日に頸静脈から採取した.2) 色々な脂質分画の濃度はサフラワー油を経口的に給与した山羊と,第四胃内に投与した山羊とも同様の傾向を示し,コレステロールエステル,トリグリセリド,遊離型コレステロ一ルおよびりン脂質の濃度が増加した.3) リン脂質の組成はホスホディルコリンが約80%をしめ,サフラワー油給与による影響は観察されなかった.4) サフラワー油を経口的に給与した時,トリグリセリド分画ではC18とC181=が増加し,C16が減少した.コレステロールエステル分画ではC182=は増加の傾向にあり,C16は減少の傾向にあった.ホスホディルコリン分画ではC182=が増加し,C16が減少した.5) サフラワー油を第四胃内に投与した時,すべての脂質分画でC182=が増加し,他の脂肪酸は減少または減少の傾向にあった.特に,トリグリセリド,コレステロールエステルおよびホスホディルコリン分画におけるC182=の増加は顕著であった.

The unique high linoleic acid content of 78% in safflower oil makes it especially suitable to the coatings industry. The high content of linoleic acid, low amount of saturated acids, and absence of linolenic acid constitutes an oil which forms fast-drying, nonyellowing films that have an excellent through dry and low wrinkling characteristics.

The influence of dietary fats on the fatty acid composition of body and egg yolk fat was investigated in leghorn hens. The following results were obtained: 1. 1. Body fat was influenced by ingestion of either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. 2. 2. Egg fat was influenced only by unsaturated fatty acids. 3. ]3. This study suggests that, in cases of dietary insufficiencies of polyenoic acids, the hen selectively draws upon its body depot fat for the production of egg fat. Under normal conditions the polyunsaturated acids not synthesized de novo appear to be transferred directly from the diet.

Physicians are prescribing diets modified in fatty acids for patients with coronary artery disease. Dietitians will want to know what the fatty acid composition of foods is and how to plan diets low in saturated fatty acids, high in polyunsaturated fatly acids, and others. The authors have planned several regimens illustrating different modifications.

The effect on the plasma cholesterol esters of diets rich in either carbohydrate, chocolate, or safflower oil was studied sequentially in two men. The changes in the cholesterol esters of the major plasma lipoproteins were studied by measuring (a) the distribution of fatty acids in the esters and (b) the distribution of radioactivity among the esters after the administration of cholesterol-4-(14)C labeled lipoproteins. Similar changes were found in the cholesterol esters of the two major lipoproteins; these changes became apparent within 24 hr after changing diets. Monounsaturated esters predominated with carbohydrate-rich diets. When the chocolate-rich diet was substituted, the proportion of saturated and monounsaturated esters fell and that of cholesteryl linoleate rose. This indicated the utilization of preexisting linoleate in preference to the more saturated fatty acids which abounded in the diet. The substitution of safflower oil led to further increments of cholesteryl linoleate. The possible reasons underlying the preferential incorporation of cholesteryl linoleate in man are discussed.

Unesterified sterols were isolated from 900-mg samples of fat by using a column of digitonin impregnated on Celite 545, Schwartz et al. (4), then eluting the sterols with dimethylsulfoxide. The sterols were extracted from the dimethylsulfoxide with hexane-benzene mixtures in a condition suitable for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. The addition of 1% corn, cottonseed, soybean, or peanut oil could be easily detected by the presence of β -sitosterol. Coconut and safflower oil adulteration were detected at the 2% level. Because of small amounts of β -sitosterol present in commercial emulsifiers, ice cream fat adulterated with corn, cottonseed, soybean, or peanut oil would he detected at the 2 to 2.5% level, while coconut and safflower oil adulteration would be detected at the 4 to 5% level.

Hepatic microsomal preparations from nonfasted, fasted, and fasted-fed rats were employed, together with cofactors, in studies of 9-desaturation of stearate-1-(14)C and 6-desaturation of linolenate-1-(14)C. Prior fasting sharply reduced 9-desaturation but did not affect 6-desaturation; feeding restored 9-desaturation. Position of desaturation was determined by permanganate-periodate oxidation and separation of the dicarboxylic acids. Feeding after fasting stimulated both desaturase systems but either dl-ethionine or actinomycin D prevented this. Dietary carbohydrate or saturated fat increased 9-desaturation and dietary protein increased 6-desaturation. Insulin treatment of nonfasted rats increased 9-desaturation but not 6-desaturation. High dietary unsaturated fat (20% safflower oil) stimulated 6-desaturation but inhibited the 9-desaturation response to feeding. The results indicate that the two desaturases are distinct and are inducible in response to different substances.