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Aim: To observe the trend of malignant diseases of the female genital tract, and to assess pattern amongst the diagnosed cases and its management at BPKIHS. Methods: All the diagnosed cases of female genital malignancies were followed. Cases in advance stages were referred to Oncology Centers. Some patients opted to undergo treatment at BPKIHS. Those case sheets and histopathology reports were analyzed to see the trend and pattern of diseases and its optimum management. Referred cases who came for further follow up in the general gynecology department after consultation and treatment are also included in the study. Setting: Department of obstetrics & Gynecology and Pathology, BPKIHS. Results: Cervical cancer was the commonest malignant disease 216 (67.3%) followed by the ovary (17%), endometrium (10%), choriocarcinoma (3.4%) and vulva and vagina (2.8%). The mean (years in) age of the patients varied with the type of cancer as follows - cervix (30.9), ovary (40.4), endometrium (54.8), choriocarcinoma (25.6) and Vagina & vulva (42.2). Out of the total 216 patients Carcinoma Cervix only 20 patients were admitted for Radical surgery and treatment. 196 patients belonged to the group of advanced carcinoma cervix and were referred to the cancer hospital for radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Conclusion: Cancer cervix is the most common and manageable disease if diagnosed early provided mandatory selective screening program are implemented. The missed opportunity to diagnose the disease in time should be utilized by creating national or regional community - based cervical cancer screening program. General gynecological service provider can also contribute a lot to reduce the burden of disease. Keywords: Female genital malignancies, carcinoma cervix, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. doi:10.3126/njog.v2i1.1474 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 35 - 38 May -June 2007

During September 2003, status and distribution of blue sheep, Tibetan argali and kiang was studied in Damodar Kunda area. A total of twelve days were expended in the field for data collection. Areas suspected for high faunal diversity were visited and searched out using binoculars and Nikon spotting scope. Altogether 395 blue sheep (N=21) were recorded. The percentage of female was comparatively higher (n=116) than the male (n=65), yearling (n=32) and lamb (n=52). The ratio of male to female observed during the survey was 1:2 and the ratio of female to lamb is 2:1 respectively. Mean group size was 18.8 individuals with a density of 5.6/sq. kms. Seventy seven individuals of Tibetan argali (N=4) were recorded. Mean group size is 19.3 individuals with a density of 1.1/sq km. Fifty five individuals of Tibetan wild ass (N=10) were recorded. Mean group size was 5.5 individuals with a density of 0.8/sq. km. Upper Damodar Kunda valley is less disturbed compared to lower valley but most parts are barren and have desert like environment. The disturbances caused by livestock grazing and herders camp have direct impact on the wildlife population of the region. Key words: Conservation, Distribution, Disturbances, Statusdoi:10.3126/on.v3i1.335Our Nature (2005) 3: 56-62

Not Available.TU Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, September 2009 Page:169-182

What is CRM Customer relationship Management (CRM) appears to be a simple and straightforward concept, but there are many different definitions and implementations of CRM. At present, a number of different conceptual understandings are associated with the term "Customer Relationship Management (CRM). There understanding range from IT driven programs designed to optimize customer contact to comprehensive approaches for the establishment and design of long-term relationships. The effort to establish a meaningful relationship with the customer is characteristic of this last understanding (Barnes 2003).

Available with full text Key words: Ilam tea; Agriculture; Orthodox Tea Tribhuvan University Journal Vol XXIII, No. 1, 2001 Page: 73-86 Uploaded date : 21 April, 2011

Introduction: Diarrhea is the most common illness among children causing highest number of mortality and morbidity in the developing countries. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the etiological agents of diarrhea in children less than 12 years of age. Methods: The study was carried out in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Health Research Laboratory and stool specimen were collected from Kanti Children's Hospital between February 2007 and August 2007. The specimens were processed by standard microbiological methods, serological diagnosis for the complete identification of bacterial isolate and use of Rotaclone for diagnosis for Rotavirus. Results: A total 500 specimen were processed and 312 (62.4%) cases were identified with enteropathogens. Out of 500, 165 (33%) showed significant bacterial growth, 110 (22%) single or multiple parasitic infestation, and 167 (21.4%) Rotavirus. Among the bacterial isolate, Escherichia. coli (20.2%) were highest in number, Entamoeba. histolytica (10%), among the protozoa and Ascaris lumbricoide (1.4%) among the helminth. Age group 0-2 years showed most number of cases. The prevalence of Rotavirus infection was more in Inpatient (65.4%) than Outpatient (34.6%) (P>0.05). Ethnicgroup wise distribution showed that Gurung/Magar/ Rai/Tamang were highly infected (34.6%) (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that bacteria were the major etiological agents of diarrhea in children than parasites and Rotavirus. E. coli among the bacteria, E. histolytica among the parasite and Rotavirus constituted the major causative agents identified. The age group 0-2years was the most vulnerable group where most of the enteropathogens were detected. Key words: Bacteria, Children Diarrhea, Parasites, Rotavirus doi:10.3126/jnps.v29i1.1594 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.29(1) p.10-16

The PDF of this file is 2,520 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v7i0.1111Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.7 2001 p.65-82

Background: Invasive pneumococcal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and it is a major cause for childhood deaths in Nepal. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae and perform serotype responsible for pneumococcal disease in Nepal. Materials and methods: All together 3774 children from 2 to 60 months who fulfilled the enrollment criteria for suspect of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis were enrolled for etiologic studies of severe illness. During the study period 60 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping were performed. Results: The study showed that 24 (52.17%) isolates were resistant to Cotrimoxazole, 3 (6.5%) isolates were intermediately resistant to Penicillin but no Penicillin resistant strains were isolated. The 1 (2.17%) isolate was recorded as Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol resistant and only 1 (2.17%) isolate was found intermediately resistant to Cefotaxime. Of the 60 isolates, serotyping result was available only for 46 isolates. The most common serotypes were serotype 1 (27. 65%) followed by serotype 5 (19.14%) and serotype 4 (8. 5%) respectively followed by serotype 39, 23F, 7F, 19B, 12A, 14, 18F, 6B, 32, 16, 19F and 25F. Conclusions: Alarming level of Cotrimoxazole resistance demands revision of pneumonia treatment policy in Nepal and rising tendency of other drug resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae showed use of these drugs for the treatment of meningitis, pneumonia and other serious infections needs extended research. The common serotype 1, 5 and 4 need to be incorporated in pneumococcal vaccine to immunise children in Nepal. Key words: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Serotyping; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v8i2.3551 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2010), Vol. 8, No. 2, Issue 30, 164-168

Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak Zimmermann) is a solitary and forest dwelling ruminant. A study was carried out to know status and distribution of barking deers found in the forested mountains of Hemja VDC, Kaski District. The study was done by direct observation method with indirect counting of fecal pellets while walking systematically in total 11 line transects covering 6.64 km in length and a total of 20 quadrates with 20×20m2 - 40×40m2 randomly laid down in three different sites of the study area. A total of 12 individuals (5 adult males, 4 adult females, 2 sub-adult females and 1 infant), 178 pellet groups, 13 latrines and one hunting spot were recorded inside three different blocks of the study area. The results showed clumped and uneven distribution of this deer. It prefers middle range of the mountain (1100-1300m) with dense canopy cover, proper water sources and less human disturbances. Key words: barking deer; distribution patternDOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4149Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 223-228

The study documents the discriminatory practices in different ethnic groups. The study was designed as a descriptive study based on sample survey. The total of 200 women including Brahimns and Tamangs were selected randomly for this study. The study findings show that there is discriminatory practice against women in both communities. Women perceive more discrimination at the societal level comparing to household level. With compare to Tamang, Brahmin women experience more discrimination in marriage time and choice of partner. They consider gender and customary practices as major factors responsible for discrimination.Key words: Gender Discriminatory; Tamang; Brahmin CommunitiesTribhuvan University Journal Volume XXVI No. 1, 2009 Page: 85-98

Conservation and management of rangelands require clear understanding of species composition. The objective of this paper is to show the differences in species composition, abundance, mean cover and height between the grazed and ungrazed plots in a specific pasture of Lo Manthang VDC in Upper Mustang. Two seasons' data were collected during July (wet season) and November (dry season) 2005. Species richness, Importance Value Index (IVI), cover and height of the species compared between grazed and ungrazed plots. Twenty species (17 belonging to 14 families: high-7, medium- 2, low – 6 and non palatable – 2 and 3 unidentified species) were recorded in the experimental plots. Species richness didn’t show any significant difference in between the ungrazed and grazed plots in both the seasons. On the basis of IVI value, Kobresia spp. a highly palatable species is dominant in the ungrazed plots in both the seasons. A significant difference (Chi2, p < 0.05, d.f. = 7) in cover during July indicates that the pasture has some impact of grazing.Key words: Conservation, Grazed and ungrazed plots, Management, Rangeland, Species compositiondoi:10.3126/on.v3i1.337Our Nature (2005) 3: 69-76

Geological study was carried out in the Lesser Himalaya from Gorkha-Narayangarh section of central Nepal aiming to assessthe metamorphism of the area. The area consists of the Kunchha Formation, Fagfog Quartzite, Dandagaon Phyllites, NourpulFormation, Dhading Dolomite, Benighat Slate and the Robang Formation of the Nawakot Complex. Systematic study onpetrography and illite crystallinity was performed in the samples representing all types of lithology and formations. Bothpetrography and illite crystallinity show that the rocks south of Anbu Khaireni belong to chlorite zone. Biotite and garnet zonesare observed only in the north of Anbu Khaireni. The metamorphic zones are inverted as in the other parts of the Lesser Himalaya.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v14i0.5441Bulletin of the Department of Geology Vol.14 2011, pp.67-76

Limited information is available on the species composition, above ground biomass and its relations to grazing in a trans-Himalayan rangeland. Its assessment is essential for long term conservation and management. In the present study, we compared species composition, phenology, diversity index and biomass between controlled (without grazing) and open (free grazing) plots to assess the effects of grazing in the selected experimental sites of Upper Mustang during July and November 2005. Species encountered were classified as high, medium, low and non palatable and in three life form categories-grasses, shrubs and forbs. The experimental sites are dominated by forbs (80%) followed by grasses (15%) and shrubs (5%). Disturbance caused by grazing affects the phenological characteristics of the plant community. Result also reveals that species diversity, maximum possible diversity, evenness and species richness was higher in the grazed plots during July and November. A comparison of the aboveground biomass in July showed that mean percentage biomass of high, medium and low palatable species is higher in ungrazed plots. In November, the percentage biomass of only medium palatable species was higher in ungrazed plots and rest of the category is higher in grazed plots. Significant difference in July, a peak growing seasons for most of the plant species in the region reveals that the pasture has impact of livestock grazing. Keywords: Biomass, diversity, grazing effect, rangeland, species Banko Janakari: A journal of forestry information for Nepal Vol.17(1) 2007 pp.25-31

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More than 2 billion people are infected with TB bacilli worldwide. It is a leading public health problem particularly in the developing countries. The HIV epidemic has increased the global tuberculosis burden. TB is the commonest opportunistic infection and leading cause of mortality of People living with HIV (PLHA). Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in Nepal. The objective of the study is to determine prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among HIV positives attending HIV clinics in Eastern Nepal, and to assess the socio-demographic factors associated with TB and HIV/AIDS. Methodology: Cross-sectional prospective study was carried out among HIV positive attending different VCT and HIV clinics from Sunsari Morang and Jhapa district of Eastern Nepal. Face to face interview was performed and sputum sample were collected using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from PLHA on related information on Socio-demographic profi le, risk taking behavior with the help of pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate analysis were performed using SPSS 15.0. Chi-squire test was performed to establish statistical signifi cance between dependent and independent variables. Results: Out of total 242 PLHA, 75.2% were males and 24.8% females; around half of them (48.8%) were in the age group of (30-39) yrs, 23% in (25-29) yrs, and 15.7% in (20-24) years. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was found to be 27.3% (n=66). PTB was high among IDU’s (48.6%), followed by clients of CSWs (21%), housewife (13.6%), highway truck drivers (10.6%) and CSWs (6%). Conclusion: Prevalence of PTB is very high among PLHA attending VCT & HIV clinics of Eastern Nepal. This study reveals that PTB is signifi cantly associated with increasing age, risk taking behavior and place of residence. There is urgent need of active case fi nding as well as periodic screening among people living with HIV/AIDS of this region to address HIV-associated TB morbidity and mortality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i1.5885 SAARCTB 2011; 8(1): 1-8

Main objectives of this study were to estimate annual fuelwood demand in Community Forest Users Group (CFUG), and annual sustainable supply of the same from Community Forest (CF). Study was done each one community forest of Terai and Hills; Shanti Community Forest (SCF), Saljhandi, Rupandehi (Terai) and Barangdikol Community Forest (BCF), Madanpokhara, Palpa (Hill), in Western Development region, Nepal. Extensive field work was carried out from May to July, 2007. Sustainable supply of fuelwood from the CF was estimated by using the methodology mentioned in the "Revised guidelines for community forest resource inventory", MoFSC, 2004. Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation method in three households (HHs) type; HHs with biogas, HHs with ICS and HHs without biogas & ICS, was used to cover 15 % of the HHs in the CFUG during HHs survey for the estimation of fuelwood demand. The fuelwood consumption pattern in these three HHs types was compared. The result showed that SCF was found in good condition where as BCF was in poor condition based on regeneration rate and growing stock. Demand and supply analysis showed that only 12.03% of fuelwood demand in SCFUG and 8.03% of the fuelwood demand in the BCFUG was fulfilled by the sustainable supply of fuelwood from the CF. Key-words: Biogas; Consumption; Energy; Improved cooking stove; Growing stock DOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2948 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 10, 2009 Page:129-133

A study was carried out to analyze the existing social discrimination among Community Forest User Group (CFUG) members. Two CFUGs representing heterogeneous ethnic groups in Syangja district were selected to examine the participation of CFUG members in Community Forestry (CF) activities, benefit sharing and fund mobilization system. PRA/RRA tools like questionnaire survey, wealth ranking, key informant survey, triangulation, and informal discussion were employed to generate primary data. Statistical parameters such as percentage, mean, ANOVA, and contingency coefficient were used to interpret this data. The perception of local people was measured on the five point Likert scale, and Chi-square test was applied to interpret this result. The participation of the poor, disadvantaged group and women were minimal in CF activities but their presence was more at the time of forest product distribution. Timber had been distributed less to the poor and disadvantaged group (DAG) households than to others. More than 65% CFUG members were unaware about CFUG fund. Their overall perceptions of CF management were not positive. The result clearly demonstrated discrimination between the rich and the poor, male and female, and DAG and non-DAG within the CFUG. Key words: Community forest user group; discrimination; participation; disadvantaged group; poor DOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i2.4799 Banko Janakari Vol.20(2) 2010 pp.26-33

The PDF of this file is 2,541 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1120Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.41-58

For some decades elastics have been a valuable adjunct of any orthodontic treatment .Synthetic elastomers overcome various limitations of natural rubber. The use of elastics in clinical practice is predicted on force extension values given by the manufacturer for different sizes of elastics. Elastics can be used in various configurations for correction of a particular malocclusion. To minimize the plaque retaining capacity of elastomeric chains and risk of demineralization fluorides releasing elastomeric ligatures have been introduced. The elastics however don’t apply a continuous force over a interval of time due to the force degradation and are therefore inferior to Niti springs. There are increased incidences of latex allergies being reported in the literature and non latex products are available to overcome this limitation. It is very important for the orthodontist to educate the patient regarding the correct use of elastics as treatment results are dependent on patient cooperation. This article strives to summarize the currently available data on the various aspects of elastics including their properties, clinical usage and limitations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i1.6008 HREN 2012; 10(1): 49-56

Introduction: Non-adherence to prescribed medications continues to be a major problem worldwide and mostly in developing countries like ours. Keeping blood glucose level normal has become the greatest challenge among alcohol consumers to the health personnel because of the different factors for non adherence to the drugs prescribed for diabetes. Objectives: To measure the magnitude of non- adherence to the prescribed medications along with the habit of alcohol consumption and the reasons of continuation of alcohol consumption along with the medication. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from February 2008 to July 2009 at diabetic clinic of Department of Medicine at BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal. A total of 300 Type2 diabetic patients aged 24 years and above residing in Dharan Municipality in the eastern region of Nepal, taking treatment for diabetes for at least six months were included using convenient sampling method along with the informed consent and interviewed by reaching them individually to their houses. Results: The prevalence of nonadherence was 48%. Among the factors that were independently associated with non-adherence alcohol was also the main factor which played the significant role in non- adherence. Around 59% who had blood glucose level >126mg/dl were found non- adherent to the medicine because of several reasons and among them one was the habit of alcohol consuming at least once daily regardless the quality, quantity, brand and type of alcohol. Conclusions: Adherence to diabetic treatment was suboptimal. Alcohol has played a significant role in non- adherence. Blood glucose level among drinkers was found significantly higher than others. There is a need to improve the alcohol habits of the patients to improve the adherence to the drugs prescribed for the disease. Keywords: adherence; type 2 diabetes mellitus; alcohol; blood glucose level; Dharan Municipality DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v9i2.4981 Health Renaissance 2011: Vol.9 (No.2): 95-101

Glacier lakes are common phenomena in the Himalaya region of Nepal. Glacier lake outburst floods have repeatedly caused the death tolls and severe damage to downstream infrastructures. In Himalayas, a vital uncertainty about the glacier lake hazard potential still exists, thereby the effects of accelerating rates of glacier retreat and expansion of Glacier Lake could be the wake of recent global warming and resulting climatic changes. The paper, first describes the general different-level approach upon which the study is based. Then, in the methodological part, applicable remote sensing techniques, geographic information system (GIS) and statistical methods are presented. Observed data of lake area, volume, and depth having similar lake characteristics reported in the different literature are used to develop empirical equations by using statistical methods. The values of r 2 (coefficient of determination) - obtained are very high (r 2 =0.939 for depth – area relationship and r 2 = 0.990 for volume – area relationship). The comparison of the empirical expression clearly indicated that there is more than 90% variation in the dependent variable, lake volume,as explained by the linear regressions in both cases. Area of Imja glacier lake for different years are determined from the available satellite imagery and volume of the Imja glacier lake are estimated using the expression: V = 0.094 A 1.453 .developed from linear regression analysis of the observed data. Similarly, mean depth can be estimated by using the expression: D = 0.94 A 0.452 . After the preparation of maps and data, a scheme of decision criteria for the evaluation of hazard potential of Imja glacier lake is established. A list of decision criteria is a documented set of factors that are used to examine and compare for evaluating the hazard potential of a glacier lake. The empirical scores are given in terms of hazard magnitude for hazard rating. Analysis of Imja glacier lake based on the empirical scoring system clearly indicated that GLOF risk of the possible outburst from Imja glacier lake is MODERATE . A systematic application of remote sensing based methods for glacier lake outburst flood risk assessment is applicable and thus recommended. Keywords: Glacier lake outburst; remote sensing; risk assessment; hazard potential; empirical parameters; climate change DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v7i1.5618 JHM 2010; 7(1): 75-91

Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is recurrent chronic allergic conjunctivitis occurring in the prepubertal age-group with secondary involvement of the cornea and is self-limiting in character. The disease is prevalent worldwide but it shows predominance in the areas with dry and warm climate including the South Asia. VKC represents about 3% of the serious ophthalmic disease in some parts of the world where the prevalence is rate is high.Type I hypersensitivity reaction which is IgE-dependent and type IV hypersensitivity reaction have been implicated for the pathogenesis VKC. Objective: To determine level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the tear film of patients with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) attending outpatient department of BP Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies (BPKLCOS). Materials and methods: Thirty-four VKC patients and thirty-four controls were included in this study. Tear samples were collected using micro- capillary glass tube method and tear IgE levels were measured using an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There was high concentration of tear IgE level in VKC (95.09IU/ml) than in controls (1.63IU/ml) though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.16). No statistically significant difference was observed in male and female gender within VKC group and when compared with control group (in male group, p=0.21 and in female group, p=0.26). There was no statistically significant difference observed in tear IgE level in different age groups within VKC group and when compared with control group (p=0.30). The result did not show any significant difference in tear IgE level with respect to the duration of the disease (p=0.23).There was no statistically significant difference in tear IgE level with different episodes of VKC (p=0.69). No statistically significant difference of IgE concentration in tear was seen among different types of VKC (p=0.53) and grades of tarsal and limbal papillae (p= 0.72). Conclusion: There was high concentration of tear IgE level observed in VKC. Key words: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis; Tearfilm; IgE level; Type I hypersensitivity reaction; Type IV hypersensitivity reaction. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i2.2700 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.2 Issue 26, 104-108

Community forestry in Nepal strives for forest conservation and sustainable forest management. Evaluating progress towards this end requires periodic measurements, and currently there are no standard tools for undertaking evaluations in a participatory way. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a standardized way for measuring effective forest conservation through the use of locally set scores. A village-to-village approach was used to assign scores on criteria and indicators developed earlier for forest conservation. A total of eight small meetings with forest users were conducted to elicit their perspectives and quantify their progress towards conservation by means of scores. For the 14 criteria specified, local forest users assigned higher scores to four criteria: two for social and one each for socio-economic and environmental spheres. This paper argues that a score of 59 or above is an effective cut off for determining "effective" forest conservation. Keywords: Community forest, criteria, forest management, indicator, village doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i1.2177 Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1, 11-15

The PDF of this file is 3,271 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1137Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.9 2005 p.91-119

Growth characteristics of Piriformospora indica an endophytic fungus with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in an aspergillus medium were studied. P. indica showed promotional effects with species of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilensis , Bradyrhizobium spp., and inhibitory effect with Pseudomonas fluorescens. The biochemical and molecular level of inhibitory factor produced by P. fluorescence suggests that the antifungal substance was thermolabile and the protease test showed it to be protease resistant in nature. Dialysis test indicated that this substance had a molecular weight of more than 12,000 kDa. The inhibitory substance turns out to be 'fungistatic' as well as 'fungicidal' in nature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies showed the cell wall in damaged form suggesting the high potency of this antifungal substance. The inhibitory compound produced by P. fluorescence was suspected to be pyoverdine, a kind of siderophore, an iron containing substance. Key words: Pseudomonas fluorescens; Piriformospora indica; siderophore; rhizobacteria; TEM; SEM DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3167 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 65-71

Forest inventory was conducted in 2009 in Kailali and Kanchanpur districts of the Far Western Development Region of Nepal. Altogether 282 circular plots were measured in 38 camp units equaling 0.02% sampling intensity. The average stocking (excluding regeneration) was 1201 number of stems per ha. The mean stem volume was 172 m 3 h -1 and biomass was 186.6 tons h -1 . Among the important tree species, Sal ( Shorea robusta ) exhibited the highest biomass of 89.8 t h -1 and constituted 48.12% of the total stand biomass, followed by Asna ( Terminalia tomentosa ) 41.0 t h -1 or 21.00% of the total biomass. The biomass portions of other major species were Chirpine ( Pinus roxburghii ) 6.50%; Haldu ( Adina cordifolia ) 3.23%; and miscellaneous species 11.57%. Total air-dry biomass, including stem, branches and leaves, of the two districts was calculated at 51.88 million tons, with Kailali having 37.26 million tons and Kanchanpur 14.68 million tons. The total carbon, after conversion, in forest trees of these two districts was 35.02 million tons. Change in mean stem volume, stocking and composition from earlier assessments underscores the need for appropriate silvicultural intervention. Key words: Volume; biomass; carbon; Far Western Nepal; forest inventory DOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i2.4798 Banko Janakari Vol.20(2) 2010 pp.21-25

The PDF of this file is 1,381 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v6i0.1102Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.6 2000 p.63-73

This research was undertaken from March 2006 to October 2006. The main aim of this research was to analysis the grazing system and seasonal pasture use in the selected VDCs of Upper Mustang. Ground truthing data of the two VDCs were collected to identify the seasonal pasture type and units. The pasture units were delineated in Topographic map by observing the pastures from vantage points. Key informants were consulted at field for this pupose. In addition, focal group discussion and interviews were taken with the village elite, herders and grazers for assessing grazing rights and use patterns. The result of this study reveals that the pastures lying in political boundary of one VDC are not necessarily being used by the same VDC. People have been practicing the traditional use right irrespective of the political boundary. On the basis of seasonal use, 7 different seasonal pasture types have been identified in the pastures used by Chhoser VDC and 6 different seasonal pasture types in Chuksang VDC. Livestock compositions in the two VDCs are different. The density of livestock in Chhosher VDC is 35.74 per sq. km. whereas it is only 15.69 per sq km. in Chhuksang VDC. The grazing system and the use of resources are also different in these two pastures. Keywords: Conservation, Grazing system, Pasture conflicts, Rangeland, Seasonal pasture usedoi:10.3126/on.v4i1.500Our Nature Vol. 4(1) 2006 pp29-41

Background: Modified Mallampati test is a standard method of assessing the airway for predicting potentially difficult laryngoscopy and intubation. This test requires the patient to be in sitting position for airway evaluation. Although applicable to the majority of patients, airway evaluation in sitting position may not always be convenient or advisable. Objectives: To compare modified Mallampati grades between sitting and supine position and to find out their corelation to Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopy grade. Materials: This prospective study was conducted in 215, ASA I and II patients undergoing various routine surgical procedures under general anaesthesia, in BPKIHS, Dharan over a period of 3 months. The airway assessment was done using modified Mallampati grade in sitting and supine positions. Mallampati grade of III or IV was defined as the predictor of difficult airway. The laryngoscopy grade was assessed using the Cormack and Lehane grading scale. Grade III or IV of Cormack and Lehane grades was defined as the difficult laryngoscopy and assumed as the predictor of difficult intubation. Statistical measures including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were used for comparing the two positions for predicting difficult or ease of intubation. Results: Out of 215 patients, majority 146(68%) were females. Mallampati grade III or IV was observed in more patients in supine position compared to sitting position (48.3% vs. 35.8%, p = 0.008). Difficult laryngoscopy was observed in 13(6%) patients. Sensitivity of modified Mallampati test was 77% in both the positions. Predictive value of Mallampati grading for difficult intubation were 13% and 10% and for easy intubation were 96% and 97% respectively in sitting and supine position. Specificity and accuracy of modified Mallampati test were both 67% in sitting position, where as they were 54% and 55% respectively in supine position. Conclusion: Modified Mallampati grade significantly worsens in supine position compared to sitting. However, airway evaluation in both the positions almost equally predicts for difficult intubation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i1.6000 HREN 2012; 10(1): 12-15

The people of Nepal have witnessed a number of political shifts within a comparatively short period of the country's history. The political revolution of 1950, which precedes all important political movements, eliminated the century-long Rana oligarchy and established the multiparty system. In 1960, late King Mahendra abolished the newly established multi-party system and implemented his own model of governance called the Panchayat system. The Panchayat system was designed to allow the King to rule the country according to his will, and the system alienated ordinary people from political processes. This system, too, came to an end after the popular movement of 1990 (widely known as jana andolan) which re-established the multi-party system in the country. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v11i0.3036 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11 2009 178-201

This paper is about the processes of transformation of social relations between high caste groups and Tamang in Melamchi Valley for the period of 1980-2010. Development interventions made by government of Nepal and (I) NGOs, a decade long undergoing Melamchi Water Supply Project and labor migration are major factors for ongoing changes in the study area. Spread of literacy classes and primary education, availability of credit institutions, introduction of modern farming, road networks, seasonal out migration from the area, etc. primarily define new relations among the groups. Borrowing and lending money were one of the basis of high caste and Tamang relation in past. The latter was regarded as borrower loan from first one. Before 1980s, money and agriculture commodities were controlled by few rich and high castes people. Cash income from various sources made enable the Tamang to stand on an equal footing with high caste people. Open political economy and liberal policy for issuing pass port in 1990s and after that encourage the people to diversify the destination of seasonal migration from India to Gulf countries and East Asia. Various processes of socio-economic and political changes led to local peoples to seek their position and identity in the changing context. Discourse of Tamang, high castes and Dalit entered into the Valley along with the development resources of (I)NGO and political movements of the country. This made possible to Tamang and other disadvantage groups to define and redefine their ethnic identity. Keywords: High castes; Tamang; credit facilities; subsistence farming; identity construction; money lending; wage labor DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4513 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.65-84

Community forestry is a well established management form in Nepal. The success of community forestry in improving the forest condition encouraged the government to initiate some developmental works beyond the fulfillment of only basic forestry needs. This paper seeks to explore the investment made by CFUGs in community infrastructures and their priorities as well. Primary data from three mid-hill districts of Nepal were collected from questionnaire survey of 100 CFUGs. The results suggested that community infrastructure was the largest category of expenditures of CFUG funds wherein the majority of the CFUG accorded investment priority to schools. This paper concludes that higher CFUG income has led to a proportionately higher investment in community infrastructures and suggests that it was necessary to increase CFUG income to promote investment in community infrastructures. Investing CFUG funds on schools is a good harbinger of local development that contributes to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal of universal primary education. Key words: CFUG; CFUG funds; community forestry; community infrastructures DOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i1.3508 Banko Janakari , Vol. 20, No. 1 pp.44-50

Introduction : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. Many patients suffering from chronic obstructive lungs diseases are of poor economic status, mostly illiterate, therefore has a direct bearing on patient compliance. Tiotropium is a new anticholinergic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that differs from ipratropium by its functional relative selectively for musarinic receptor subtypes and which allows single dosing a day. This study presents a cost-effectiveness, efficacy, and side-effects of Ipratropium bromide and Tiotropium in COPD. Methods : Prospective study was conducted In Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, between the year 2008 and 2009 in terms of cost-effectiveness, efficacy, and side-effects of Tiotropium and Ipratropium amongst COPD patients. Results : Tiotropium and Ipratropium were prescribed in total of 57 patients (30 in ipratropium bromide and 27 in tiotropium bromide) for the management of COPD among outpatients. There were no significant differences in age, height, weight and baseline lung function parameters (FEV1 and PEF) between the two drugs i.e. ipratropium bromide and tiotropium bromide. Significant improvement in lung function parameters were found in each respective group of drugs after bronchodilator therapy. Tiotropium results in significant reduction of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease exacerbations and significant improvement in quality of life, lung function, and dyspnoea compared to ipratropium. The additional cost to achieve these favorable outcomes was cheaper than Ipratropium bromide. (Nepalese Rs. 7.03 per day for tiotropium as compared to Rs. 9.06 for Ipratropium) Conclusions : Tiotropium results in significant reduction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and significant improvement in quality of life, lung function and dyspnoea compared to Ipratropium. Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ipratropium; tiotropium DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v32i2.4937 Journal of Institute of Medicine , August, 2010; 32: 5-10

Social scientists conduct research on two distinct but interrelated levels:conceptual-theoretical and observational-empirical. More precisely, social researches involve a constant interplay of two process: theory construction and theory testing. For example, it is a fact that in the last 100 years social mobility has increased. This fact in not merely based on random observation, but is an empirically verified statement about phenomena. This involves both a scientific observation and a predetermined conceptual-theoretical framework by which the observation is guided. In this article, the conceptual theoretical level of social research has been explained with the help of the basic elements such as concept and concept mapping.Key Words: Mapping; Social; ResearchTribhuvan University Journal Vol. XXVI, No. 1, 2009 Page: 1-6

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v4i2.5042 NJOG 2010 Jan-Feb; 4(2): 25-27

Introduction: Human Skin is the largest organ of the body and may mirror the presence of benign/ malignant systemic diseases in different ways. The pattern of Skin diseases vary in different parts of Nepal due to differences in socioeconomic and geographic factors. This retrospective study, pattern of skin disease in Army Hospital likely reflects the pattern of disease in the Kathmandu Valley. Aim: To study, assess and compare the different patterns of skin disease in the patients attending the outpatient department in the year 2007 and 2008 in the Army Hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective study and all the new cases which were diagnosed in the Department of Dermatology in the years 2007 and 2008 were included. The diseases were classified as Papulosquamous, Vesicobullous, Connectivetissue disorders, Skin and Soft tissue tumours, Infective, Eczema, Sexually Transmitted Disease (STI), Leprosy and those skin diseases which were not coming under this format were classified as others. Result: The total number of cases recorded in the Department of Dermatology were 16828 in the year 2007 and 18643 in 2008. It was found that the infective group of disorders were the largest group of disease, in the year 2007 a total of 6135 (36.4%) and in 2008 a total of 7883 (42.2%) had suffered from this group of disorders. And the incidence of infective disorder was also statistically significant when both the years were compared p-Value:0.00, OR:1.16, CI:1.11-1.21. Similarly other large groups were Eczema, papulosqumous and sexually tranmitted disease. Conclusion: It was found that the disease pattern in this study was lead by infective disease followed by eczema, papulosquamous disease and sexually transmitted disease. Key words: Eczema; Papulosquamous; Vesicobullous DOI: 10.3126/mjsbh.v9i1.3484 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital Vol.9(1) 2010 14-16

A woman with a history of laparotomy and corrective abdominal surgery for acute puerperal uterine inversion reverted by division of the inversion ring anteriorly "Dobbins's operation" subsequently was successful to undergo assisted vaginal breech delivery arriving at second stage of labor warranting, manual removal of placenta which was complied with the management of PPH. This case is reported because of the rarity of uterine inversion itself in the first place. Next because of the conception taking place spontaneously after morbid puerperal period and then the pregnancy advancing to term: all the management beginning from correction of uterine inversion to retained placenta being handled in the same facility a rare event too in our set up. Key words: Uterine inversion and subsequent birth, manual removal of the placenta. doi:10.3126/njog.v2i2.1462 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol 2007 Nov-Dec; 2 (2): 78 - 80

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1132