Search

Using barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as a phytometer, comparisons were made of the three systems of farm management (Organic, Mixed and Stockless), maintained as a long-term experiment by the Soil Research Association (Pye Research Centre) at Haughley in Suffolk. Special attention being paid to the geochemicals of the crops/soil system. Significant differences were indicated between both 'total' and 'available' geochemicals of the three soil systems. The differences of available geochemicals are undoubtedly related to the differing long-term management, especially the continuous and predominant use of organic manures and mulches on both the Organic and Mixed systems. The unexpected differences in total geochemicals (significantly more Ca, Mg and K in the Organic soils) is tentatively explained on the basis of deterioration of soil structural characteristics in the Stockless system, leading to interruption of the supply of geochemicals by capillary water. The data collected allowed crude geochemical budgets for the farm systems to be attempted and the work was, therefore, supplemented by the lysimeter studies. The indications for this work are that the geochemicals in the Organic soil are more readily 'available' to leaching than those of the Stockless soil. Phytometry, using both the old "Rika' barley variety used in the long-term experiment, and the new varieties 'Julia' and 'Sultan', did not, in the main, back up the above findings. This was especially true of the field experiments when environmental factors other than geochemical supply, probably govern the performance of the barley. However, in the majority of cases where significant differences were shown, the Organic system always shows better performance of the plant or greater flux of geochemicals into the plants than the Stockless system. No indication of a developed dependence of the barley on the three farm systems was obtained. Nitrogen fixation by soil microorganisms appear to be unimportant on the Haughley systems.

In order to understand Islamic legal theory it is important that we study it in the light of the practice which preceded its formation. By studying the relation between the later theory and the practice during the early period of. Islam we will be able to determine the influences on this. theory in its background and development. The present thesis is an attempt to answer a question about this relation between the legal theory and the-preceding practice in one branch of the legal theory. This branch is the Islamic legal theory of the administration of justice al-Qada. The question posed in the thesis is this: Did the theory of the administration in the second and third centuries A. H. express the natural historical development of the Islamic practice of this institution from the time of its introduction until the end of the Umayyad period (when Islamic institutions began to be analysed and discussed) or, on the other hand did Muslim scholars construct the theory in opposition to the actual practice, thereby avoiding any influence from that practice,

This thesis has been written in six chapters. Chapter 1, the Introduction, is intended to give the reader, in as general and concise a form as possible, sufficient information about Malay for him to be able to follow the analysis of the morphology of the language which is undertaken in the subsequent chapters. The Introduction thus includes, in addition to a discussion of the place of the National Language in relation to other styles and dialects, a brief account of its phonology and syntax. Chapter 2 provides the theoretical framework within which the morphology of Malay has been described. The units of morphology, 'morphemes' and 'words', are here defined, as also are the relevant morphological processes: affixation, reduplication and compounding. Allomorphic variation plays little part in Malay and, as demonstrated, can be dealt with satisfactorily by a few general rules. The derivation of nominal word -forms is described in Chapter 3. Simple, or root, nominals (as well as roots belonging to other classes) are fully listed in the appendices - but complex, reduplicated and compound forms are treated within the chapter. Chapter 4 describes the morphology of verbal word -forms. Generally speaking, verbals are more complex because there are three different classes of affixes involved: Intransitive (100), Transitive (200), and Voice (300). They may occur in up to three layers in one construction. The process of reduplication in the verbals, must be ordered before affixation (except with respect to affixes of Subclass 110 which are unproductive and derive forms that behave exactly like roots with respect to further morphological processes). Compounds are mostly composed of two constituent forms, which may be combined endocentrically or exocontrically. The adverbials are described in Chapter 5. They constitute only a small word class, and in all respects (with regard to affixation, reduplication and compounding) they resemble the verbals. They are treated exhaustively within the chapter. Chapter 6 deals with the remainder of the words m particles. Being a residual class, it is heterogeneous in nature. There are nine different subclasses, each of which is small in number. The members of all nine subclasses are fully listed in appendix 13. There are two particles that may be reduplicated, and a few that may enter into compounds. Otherwise the particles are not subject to morphological processes. Most of them occur in their root forms as free (full) forms, satellitics, or clitics. The thesis contains a set of rather lengthy appendices. These serve two purposes: (1) to list the root morphemes of each form class without putting long lists in the main body of the work; and (2) to list all the word -forms that may be derived by means of the productive affixes. This information given in the appendices forms an integral part of the thesis. Each of some 5,000 different roots is coded according to the morphological constructions into which it may enter. To the best of my knowledge most of this information, which is based upon the results of my own investigation, is nowhere else available, though some of it may also be extracted from the Malay National Language Dictionary (cf. Iskandar, 1970). It is primarily upon the provision of this detailed information that this dissertation bases its claim to originality.

This thesis is divided into three parts. Part One summarises the description of individual localities in the Northern Hijaz as presented in the writings of the Arab geographers in the period 800-1150. Since it is not practicable to include all the information they proffer on all localities of this region, a representative selection of places is given, arranged alphabetically, each entry containing a synopsis of the data supplied by the Arab geographers of this period. This part of the thesis is essentially informative except when, in order to eliminate contradictions, it has been necessary to examine the evidence thoroughly and refer to authors of later periods. Under Qura 'Arabiyyah and Nakhlah where there is great confusion, a few paragraph - are added to elaborate the conclusions to be drawn from the investigation. The second part is devoted wholly to the pilgrim routes in the Northern Hijaz as described by the Arab geographers. The tables of the routes frequented by the Iraqis are based on the original mileages as recorded by the geographers. In this part, fewer authors outside the period have to be consulted; when they are, it is usually in connection with the pilgrimage rites and administration. The third and last part consists of a general survey of the information supplied by the Arab geographers of the period on the Northern Hijaz, and deals with sources, quotations, mis-quotations and borrowings as well as attempts at the authentication of works of disputed authorship. It also discusses the characteristics of these geographers, geographic poetry, the rise and decline of towns and villages, and the dependencies of Medina and Mecca. Discussion of the two cities of Mecca and Medina has been excluded from this thesis.

The results from a study of the production of negative hyperons in K—P interactions at 3.5 Gev/c in hydrogen bubble chamber are presented in this thesis. Chapter 1 deals with introduction and the object of the work presented in the thesis. In chapters 2 and ?. details of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedure are given. Chapter 4 discusses the different programs used in the data analysis. Chapter 5 describes the 'Eightfold' way in detail. In chapter 6 different biases in the results are discussed. Discussions on the E channels together with the production of Y1 (1385) and N3/2 (1238) are made in chapter 7. Chapter 8 deals with the results in the E.— channels. In chapter 9 comparisons of the results at 3.5 Gev/c with those at cther energies are made followed by the conclusion.

Although a prolific writer of history, Sakhawi is, primarily, a traditionist. As such, accuracy both in utterance and writing would, by the very nature of his training, be his first objective. Modern writers appear to have neglected the importance of his contribution to the understanding of the history of his century. accept for a few articles, comparatively little has been written. It is, therefore, strange that such a mine of information as Sakhawi's writing presents has remained so long in oblivion. In this thesis an attempt has been made to evaluate that contribution together with an edition of part of his work. The study has been divided into three sections, the first dealing with Sakhawi’s life and times. This part of the study is based largely on his autobiography which was written but a few months before he died. During research no reference was discovered to this most informative work. The section falls into three chapters, the first of which endeavours to show the political and educational aspects of Cairo during the early part of Sakhawi's lifetime. Cairo was his native city and, as such, made great impact on his early life. In the second chapter the position of his family, his Shaykhs, the academic journeys he made, his residence in Hijaz and the last phase of his life are portrayed. The third chapter deals with his activities as an adult, his reputation as a traditionist together with a survey of his works as presented in his autobiography. In the second part, the study deals exclusively with Sakhawi as a historian of the 9th/15th century. This part also is divided into two chapters, the first of which considers the following aspects: - I Sakawi's works on the century; II His motives, methods and literary style and III His treatment of the history of the century. The second chapter collates Sakhawi's methods of selecting his information and the painstaking efforts he made to verify them, together with his historical achievements, while the last two topics endeavour to evaluate his task as a historian in that century. Section three presents the hitherto unedited part of Wajiz al-Kalam... which deals with the history of the 9th/15th century. This section also falls into the three divisions of preface, text and annotations. The last divides again into two groups one of which deals with the textual variants mentioned in the footnotes and the other attempts to deal with the interpretation of most of the idiom, colloquial expressions and the names of places and personalities mentioned in the supplement to the text.

A comparison was made between the physiological ecology of Daucus carota subsp. carota and D. carota subsp. gummifer, the first a widespread weed, the latter restricted to exposed coastal cliffs in the south-west. Experiments were carried out on germination, growth and flowering both in the field and in the laboratory. These included studies on reciprocal transplants in the field, growth on different soils, culture experiments on the effect of salinity, pH and nutrient concentration. Experiments on the effect of temperature, shade and wind were also conducted. Germination in the field was found to take place mainly in the spring for subsp. carota as the seeds need to be after-ripened over winter, whereas there is no requirement for after-ripening in most of the seeds of subsp. gummifer, so that a large percentage of them can germinate immediately on maturation in the autumn. The optimum temperature for germination of subsp. carota is 20°C, but for subsp. gummifer it is between 200 and 25°C. Weak acids inhibited the germination of both subspecies, whereas alkaline solutions and KNO3 were stimulators, and NaCl stimulated the germination of subsp. gummifer in the dark. Transplanted D. carota subsp. carota grew better inland than subsp. gummifer, whereas transplanted subsp. gummifer grew better at an exposed site at Portland Bill. Wind at Portland Bill broke and killed plants of subsp. carota, whereas those of subsp. gummifer survived and were undamaged. Sodium chloride had a beneficial effect on the growth of subsp. gummifer even at a concentration of 1 g/l, which inhibited the growth of subsp. carota. The highest wind speed produced in a wind tunnel (3 m/sec), decreased the growth of subsp. carota, whereas growth of subsp. gummifer increased with increasing wind speed. The main conclusion of this study is that air temperature, wind speed and the salinity of the soil are the most important factors determining the distribution of the two subspecies.