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External languages of the access to information reference systems (ISS) are one of the composite parts of the software system of the ISS. Intended for the formulation of conditions of information reference problems entering into the input of the ISS as interrogations or communications for the change in the array of stored data, external languages of access to the ISS should be developed with a calculation of specific functional and operational algorithmic requirements given to systems of this kind on the part of the user. One of the main requirements consists in providing convenience of using a language for a wide range of persons not having special knowledge in the field of computer technology and programming. The external language described in this work (the VYa-1) was developed as the standard language of the formulation of interrogations and communications for the ISS oriented for man. (Author), Edited machine trans. of Teoriya Avtomatov i Metody Formalizovannogo Sinteza Vychislitelnykh Mashin i Sistem. Seminar. Trudy (USSR) n3 p3-17 1968, by Robert D. Hill.

Several methods of decreasing the sensitivity of explosives are presented., Trans. of Vzryvnoe Delo (USSR) 52/9 p5-10 1963.

The paper reports the possibility of constructing pulsed gas lasers with mixed excitation, when the gas is pumped with an electron beam and an electric field simultaneously. The proposed excitation method makes it possible, in principle, to obtain high radiated laser power owing to uniform excitation of large gas volumes at high pressures. The role of the electron beam actually amounts to the creation of conditions for streamerless discharge development, and the excitation energy comes mainly from the external electric field., Edited trans. from Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya. Seriya B; Kratkie Soobshcheniya (USSR) n11 Nov 70.

A report is given concerning the possibility of developing pulse gas lasers with combined excitation when the pumping of the gas is produced simultaneously by an electron beam in an electric field. The proposed method of excitation fundamentally allows obtaining the high radiation power of laser owing to the uniform excitation at high pressures of large gas volumes. The role of the electron beam is reduced actually to the creation of conditions for a streamerless development of a discharge, and the excitation energy comes basically from the external electric field., Edited trans. of Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya. Seriya B: Kratkie Soobshcheniya (USSR) n11 p23-27 Nov 70, by Robert D. Hill.

The study of the processes of combustion, and ignition in particular, at the present time is one of the few sources for obtaining information about the kinetic parameters of rapid reactions. In the area of high temperatures such works are virtually absent. This is explained mainly by the fact that at high temperatures phase conversions (boiling, melting) and the related process of the removal of gaseous products from the reaction zones make the model of the phenomenon complex for calculation. In the present work an attempt is made to circumvent the stated difficulties by conducting the experiment under high pressure. Pyroxylin was used as the sample compound., Edited trans. of mono. Gorenie i Vzryv, n.p., 1972 p30-33, by Charles T. Ostertag, Jr.

Chlortetracycline in combination with vitamins A and B3 is an effective means of treating virus pneumonia in swine. Chlortetracycline applied in the form of a dry aerogen calculated at 15,000 units per kg of body weight once a week in combination with vitamins A (120 units per kg) and B3 (0.03-0.1 g per animal) protects 83.4% of the pigs from infection with virus pneumonia., Edited trans. of Veterinariya (USSR) v45 n7 p37-38 1968, by Dean F. W. Koolbeck.

Lubricants with improved antifriction properties and water resistance were obtained by adding 2-60% vermiculite, modified by an organosilicon polymer containing 1.7-2% grafted C, to the base material. (Author), Edited trans. of Patent (USSR) 274 291 p1-2 1970, by Charles T. Ostertag, Jr.

In a number of instances, the structures in the form of separately standing supports erected in the coastal areas of the seas can be subjected to the influence of drifting ice floes. In the present report, a technique is suggested for determining the loads from the effect of ice fields on separately standing piers with vertical and sloped working surfaces. (Author), Draft trans. of Arkticheskii i Antarkticheskii Nauchno-Issledovatelskii Institut. Trudy (USSR) v300 p61-80-1971.

The Russian patent concerns a motor oil containing additives to raise its detergent and anticorrosive properties. The additives are magnesium alkalsalicylate, and highly-alkaline barium alkalphenolate. (Author), Edited trans. of Patent (USSR) 263 797 2p 1970, by Rene Courville.

The report discusses certain problems of the theory and practice of the operation of radar systems. The methods are directed toward achieving the maximum effective range of a system. Considerable attention is devoted to increasing the reliability of radio electronic equipment. It is one of the important technical problems. The book discusses a wide circle of problems connected with the design, manufacture, and operation of the equipment. Among these problems, increasing the equipment reliability in the design stage has a very important place. Equipment reliability may be increased if it is controlled in the design stage. (Author), Edited trans. of Teoriya i Praktika Ekspluatatsii Radiolokatsionnykh Sistem, n.p., 1970 p1-342.

Key questions in the problem of communication at the man-machine interface of computing and information systems are the closeness of the formalized language to the natural language and the possibility of manipulating the system in the natural language. The writers undertook to design a manipulation system for the simplest possible formulation of inquiries for the information system to provide it with certain algorithmic and informational features, for permitting input in a natural form to be used by persons unfamiliar with its structure, and incorporating adaptability of the manipulation system., Edited machine trans. of Informatsionno-Upravlyayushchie Sistemy (USSR) n2 p81-101 1967, by Charles T. Ostertag.

According to the author, the theory of management of society has a great potential for the future. He investigates the main aspects of this new science, underscores the role of the Party in guiding the building of communism, and analyzes the principles of scientific management. He also studies how socialist society is managed, describes modern management techniques, and criticizes contemporary bourgeois theories and practices of social control under capitalism., Edited trans. of mono. Nauchnoe Upravlenie Obshchestvom (Opyt Sistemnogo Issledovaniya), n.p., 1968 p1-6, 98-384.

A method is given for preparing a plastic grease by thickening the dispersion medium with a saponaceous thickening agent. To improve the quality of the grease, it is supplemented by a thoroughly oxidized paraffin with a maximum content of 8 percent of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The description specifies an addition of 5-8 percent weight percent of the thoroughly oxidized paraffin. For better quality of the plastic grease, the above paraffin is extracted with an aqueous solution of low-molecular carboxylic acids prior to its addition to the greast. (Author), Unedited rough draft trans. of Patent (USSR) 214 716 p1-2 1968.

Contents: The automatic optical focusing of a television camera; The influence of the operating mode of a vidicon on its resolving power., Edited trans. of Tekhnika Kino i Televideniya (USSR) v12 n4 p33-42 1968, by H. Peck.

The invention involves a method of preparing a liquid coolant lubricant from mineral oil with an additive for machining difficult-to-work steels. To improve the working properties of these liquids, it is suggested that mineral oil be used with benzothiazolylmercapto-trichloroamyl (trichloropentyl benzothiazolethiol) as an additive., Edited trans. of Patent (USSR) 210 995 pl, 30 Nov 65, by D. Koolbeck.

The historical development of the plasma engine is discussed. Scientists are said to feel that techniques for developing a thermonuclear reaction in plasma are still in their infancy and that many problems have yet to be solved; however, sooner or later controlled thermonnuclear reactions will provide man with an unlimited energy supply. The temperature of plasma can be changed; it has been proved theoretically that this temperature change can vary from one thousand to tens of thousands of degrees, and plasma power from one kw to millions of kw. The use of plasma in reaction engines was initiated in 1964 in the Soviet Zond-2 spacecraft. Terrestrial plasma has opened promising prospects in the conquest of outer space, and, according to Academician V. Kirillin, the Soviet Union will be able to start building industrial magnetohydrodynamic stations by 1970., Edited trans. of Nauchno-Tekhnicheskie Obshchestva SSSR, v7 n11 p18-21 1965, by E. Harter.

The plane problem of collision of a finitely-wide body with a thin plate resting on the surface of an elastic medium, of the compressible-fluid type is examined. The problem reduces to the solution of an integrodifferential equation with a complex kernel and a semi-infinite interval for variable variations. The exact solution of the equation is found with the help of integral conversions and the Fock method. Simple formulas, applicable for small time intervals are found for determining the shape of the deformed plate, when the body moves with a constant velocity after the impact. A law determining the motion of the body is found when the initial velocity of the body is known. In both cases, the force acting on the body from the liquid and the plate is determined. The solution found is compared with the solution of the problem dealing with impact of a body with the surface of a compressible liquid without a cover. As a result of the comparison effects of the cover on the impact of the body with the liquid are examined., Edited trans. of mono. Vsesoyuznyi Simpozium po Rasprostraneniyu Uprugo-Plasticheskikh Voln v Sploshnykh Sredakh, Baku, 1964. Materialy, Baku, 1966 p149-158.

The author of the present article has made repeated critical analysis of the geological, geophysical and geochemical arguments on which the separation and identification of the two types of the earth's crust from the mantle along the Moho surface is based. The present article supplements the conclusions stated in 1966 by the author that the evidence on the velocities of elastic waves in the profile of the upper shell, and the data on the gravity values in different sectors of the earth's surface constitute the principal geophysical information on the deep-seated structure of the earth's crust and mantle. An analysis is made of the way this information can lead to the determination of the layers in geophysical profile and of the petrographic composition of these layers. No sufficiently reliable experimental basis exists for the interpretation of geophysical data with deductions on petrographic composition of the separate shells of the earth. (Author), Trans. of Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya Geologicheskaya, n5 p3-18 1967, by Henry Tomas.

The results of studies of diffusion welding of titanium to titanium, titanium to nickel and titanium to copper are presented. Optimum welding regimes are defined on the basis of the studies cited. (Author), Edited trans. of Svarochnoe Proizvodstvo (USSR) n1 p12-14 1968.

Contents: Certain questions of crystallization of ingot of electroslag remelting; and Character of structural transformation in deformed alloy Ni + 10% (at.) Mo.

An investigation was made of abrasive properties of metal powders, obtained by the electro-spark method. Investigated were steels 40KH, 2KH13, R18, and alloy T15K6, as well as boron and silicon carbides. Dispersion of these materials took place in kerosene with the aid of an electro-spark installation. The investigated material in amount of 100 mg, wettened by 2-3 droplets of water, was introduced between the glass and steel disks. The abrasive properties of the materials were measured by the wear of the glass disk after each 3000 revolutions and quantitatively evaluated on the basis of the following values: wear intensity of glass disk, representing the magnitude of wear, calculated per one revolution; by relative intensity of wear (ratio of wear intensity under effect of metal powders I sub e to wear intensity under effect of boron or silicon carbidy powders I sub k); and relative summary wear (ratio of summary wear under effect of metal powders within any given testing time to summary wear under effect of silicon or boron carbide powders during the very same testing time)., Unedited rough draft trans. of Elektroiskrovaia Obrabotka Metallov (USSR) v7 p134-8 1963.

New rules are introduced governing technical operation of railroads in the USSR, effective September 1, 1964. The changes are intended for further improvement of organization work, utilization of accumulated progressive experience, utilization of R/R operating reserves and above all improvement in the maintenance of rolling stock and locomotives, organizational system of maintaining and repairing rolling stock, equipment and road installations, energy sources, signal and communication systems etc., Unedited rough draft trans. of Zheleznodorozhnyi Transport (USSR) 1964 v. 46 no. 2, p. 5-6.

A method of increasing the reliability of magnetic core memories through utilization of so-called 'core pairs' is the subject of this paper. The method is based on full currents, rather than on the coincidences of two half-currents, which renders the memory quite insensitive to power supply fluctuations. Because of its slowness and relative complexity, the core pair memory is best suited for special purpose computers not requiring large storage capacity. A reduction in power is possible if cores having low coercive force are used. The author includes a mathematical analysis of the optimum pulse shape for the reset pulse and the configuration of the address system., Edited machine trans. of mono. Vychislitelnaya Tekhnika, Minsk, 1965 p140-8.

Technology has been developed for preparing new composite materials based on silver and synthetic mica. An experimental investigation of the physicomechanical properties and antifriction characteristics of these materials during friction without lubrication was carried out. With an increase in the mica content in the material, volume weight and volume shrinkage are reduced, the strength characteristics of the material are impaired, and electrical resistivity is increased. The introduction of the optimum quantity of mica (5-15 percent) facilitates a reduction in the friction coefficient and an increase in the load-carrying capacity of the material. (Author)

The friction behavior of five series of boron nitride disks was studied under conditions of dry friction against nitrided 1Kh18N9T steel at 300, 273, 195 and 77K in air at a pressure of 133.322 n/sq m and in argon, helium, and nitrogen at 300K. The series differed from one another by the density of the specimens. Temperature was found to have a pronounced effect on the friction coefficient and wear resistance. With decreasing temperature the friction coefficient increased from 0.17-0.19 at 300K to 0.32-0.34 at 79K, and the weight loss increased from 20-21 g at 300K to 30-32 g at 77K in a two-hour test. With increasing specific pressure the weight loss increased first fairly slowly and then sharply when a certain critical pressure had been reached. At specific pressures below critical a shiny film was formed on the specimens' surface. However, at pressures above critical the film broke down. In gaseous media, friction coefficient and wear depend on the linear speed. This dependence is especially strong in nitrogen, argon, and helium, in which the respective friction coefficients increase from 0.30, 0.30, and 0.28 at a speed of 0.5 m/sec to 3.20, 3.50, and 2.80 at a speed of 10.5 m/sec. The specimen temperature in tests in air did not exceed 523K compared to 573-623K observed in tests in other gases. (Author), Unedited rough draft trans. of Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya (USSR) v6 n7 p49-52 1966.