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1 was fortunate to have a six-month sabbatical leave in 1973, mainly spent in western Europe. My principal intent was to study prosthodontic education, techniques, and research, but I also took the opportunity to represent the American Prosthodontic Society in their international goodwill program. I visited ten countries and 16 dental schoois and lectured or presented courses for six dentai societies. However. since I spent almost two months at Guy’s Hospital Dental School and tlvo and one half rnonths in all in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, I shall confine mv comments to these areas where I observed policies and trends that, to me, seem iniportant and relevant to dentistry in the United States. I feel compelled to add that, although my limited stay cannot oualiI’y me as ;I quotable authority in these matters. I did spend enough time and energy to collect information that has reasonable credibility. Hecallsc more than 50 per cent of the people of the United Kingdom are partially or completely edentulous,’ study in complctr and partial dentures is an important part of the dental school curriculum. I should say that this area is taught thoroughly ;1Kd well, judging from my observations in three schools visited in London. nne in Wales, and three in Scotland. At my own school and many others. denture patients are not readily available, but at Guy’s Hospital Dental School and most of thr other schools in the United Kingdom, there was no such problem. In fact, patients had an average \vait of 18 months to two years to obtain new dentures at Guy’s, One major reason is that the National Health Service provides an allowance of about $41.00 for dentures, so all patients with the least bit of difficulty (flat ridges or whatever) are referred to dental schools for treatment. I was very interested in the National Health Service, and I tried to discuss it with as many lay people and dentists as possible. My impression is that it is well accepted by the general public, it is not popular \vith the average dentist, and it i$ suicidal for a politician to even mention. its elimination.. It has resulted in the provision of basic dental care to those who choose to avail themselves of it, but only

SUMMARYThe effects of two levels of roughage (18 or 40%), of DES implantation (36 mg, twice), and of the addition of adjoining dirt yards to pens with concrete slatted floors, on the behaviour of intact male calves, were examined in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment. Observations were carried out on four days, every 15 min for 24 hr. Activities recorded were: standing, lying, eating, drinking, ruminating, jumping and idling.Animals on the high roughage diet spent 26% more time eating, 5% more time drinking, and 19% more time ruminating, than those on the low roughage diet.Most of the rumination was performed while the animals were lying down. Animals allowed yards adjoining their pens spent 20% less time ruminating and 13% more time jumping than animals confined to pens alone. Those allowed the yard preferred to stand there and to lie down in the pen. The yards were used more on a cool day than on a hot day.

UNTIL RECENT YEARS, economists have been generally reluctant to evaluate or even to discuss the quality of human beings assumed into economic models. The quality of the person, all other things being equal, was treated as a given constant-a human being with adequate physical and mental capacity to perform the multiplicity of feats and adjustments the production process requires. This reluctance to evaluate human beings led to the neglect of important human aspects, such as the impact of health care, education and nutrition on the productivity of the human input to the production process. More recently, economists have generally accepted that changes in output cannot be explained solely in terms of changes in the quantity of labor and capital inputs without allowance for quality change. The nutritional input-economic output relationship can be fitted into this scheme (1). In this respect, the specific purpose of this paper is to study carefully selected economic and noneconomic variables that influence American Indian reservation youth to obtain an adequate diet (2). An adequate diet can be viewed as a "producer good" enhancing the energy of the Indian worker and thus his productivity. The questions this investigation raised and sought to answer are as follows: 1) Do economic factors such as education, income and occupation play an important role in determining nutrition of American Indian youth? 2) Do noneconomic factors such as attitudes toward actual food and potential food play an important role in determining nutrition of these youth? 3) Are economic factors more or less important than noneconomic factors? 4) What precisely is the role of income in determining nutrition of these youth?

Nowadays it is not particularly low‐income families that are obliged to consider economies, most families are involved. At a time when the food products on the supermarket shelves have never looked so appealing and the promise of the good life seemed within everyone's grasp, how can one strike a balance and keep the family well fed within one's means? The price rises have covered all types of food but when the same rate of increase is applied to the most expensive items, the protein foods, this is the area where it hurts most. This is where most economies are made and if the wrong economies are made it is the area where most dangers lie nutritionally speaking. At the present time, the main sources of protein in the diet, meat, fish, poultry, cheese, milk and eggs, which together provide about 60 per cent of our total protein intake, are also major sources of other nutrients, too. (This is just as well because on average we spend about two thirds of our total food allowance on these animal protein foods each week.) The average woman's protein requirements would be amply covered if she consumes daily one average serving of either meat, fish or poultry, half a pint of milk, 1 oz of cheese, one egg and three slices of bread. The same quantities of these foods would also give her most of the daily recommended intake of minerals, and B group vitamins, and will supply in addition about one half of the vitamin A and vitamin D she is thought to need daily. On the other hand, taking the country as a whole, we spend one third of our total food allowance on cereal foods, fruit and vegetables, and get for our money almost 40 per cent of our total protein intake, 50 per cent of our iron, more than one third of our calcium and almost all of our vitamin C.

Analysis of property sales in the vicinity of 1,294-acre Pennypack Park in Philadelphia indicates a statistically significant rise in land value with closeness to park, when allowance is made for effect of type of house, year of sale, and special characteristics such as location on corner of block. Location rent due to the park ranges from approximately $11,500 per acre 40 feet from the park to $1,000 at 2,500 feet. It accounts for 33 percent of land value at 40 feet, 9 percent at 1,000 feet, and 4.2 percent at 2,500 feet. Each acre of parkland may be said to generate a value of $2,600 in location rent.

The study attempts to measure relative efficiencies (or inefficiencies) of manufacturing industries in India. Production analysis based on Cobb‐Douglas production function with explicit allowance for technological change is used for the study. Technological change is measured by alternative variables such as technological change embodied in new capital goods (measured by ‘Investment'). ‘Education’ is measured by the ratio of non‐workers to workers. ‘Experience’ is measured by output per worker cumulated over past seven years. Stepwise regression is used to estimate production functions. Consistent data for Indian industries is available for twenty‐eight industries over the ten year period (1949–58). To measure technological change over the ten year period, analysis of covariance is used. Empirical analysis shows that large differences do exist in the efficiency of input use in different industries.

The introduction gives an account of the historical development of telecommunications in Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), the legal status of the Deutsche Bundespost, its relationship with the German telecommunication industry, and the status of the broadcasting organizations. On the basis of the present state of the art, the future trends in switching and transmission as well as in cable and radio engineering are described. Of special weight are the new data and telephone switching systems and the requirements for future broad-band services. Research and development are concentrated on these projects, allowance having to be made for the present state of the networks in the Federal Republic of Germany.

World population is expected to grow from its present level of 3.7 billion to 4.6 billion in 1980 and 6.6 billion by the end of the century. In order merely to maintain per capita fish consumption at present levels this will necessitate an increased fish supply of some 8 million tons by 1980 and 27 million tons by the end of the century. This excludes allowances for any increase in fish meal consumption.If under the influence of rising incomes per capita consumption levels also grow, then this will increase further the additional supplies required. On the basis of past trends, per capita demand on a world average might be expected to rise from its present level of 11.8 kg, to 13.3 kg in 1980, and more speculatively to 16.2 kg by the end of the century. On this assumption, the combined effect of population and income growth would be to add by 1980 some 18.5 million tons, and by the end of the century 63 million tons to the present world demand for fish. This again excludes any allowance for increased demand for fish meal for which, it is believed, due mainly to supply limitations, there will be no significant increase in consumption above present levels.The increases in demand for fish for direct human consumption will, nevertheless, push the exploitation of conventional fish resources to the limit of their potential yields. By 1980, it seems likely that the potential still remaining to be harvested from conventional fish stocks will have fallen from its present level of about 45% to some 30%, and by the end of the century the unexploited potential is likely to be negligible. This rate of utilization assumes, however, that there will be significant increases in production from cultured sources, which could be stimulated by the rising prices likely to be associated with the full exploitation of wild stocks. As more and more wild stocks reach this point, management will become increasingly necessary to prevent the build-up of useless excess capacity of the world’s fishing fleets, and in some cases to prevent fishing effort reaching the point at which the productive capacity of the resources becomes threatened.

Growing evidence of the essentiality of the trace elements has led to one new allowance, while others remain unchanged

1. The jaw movements of four sheep were recorded while they were consuming a daily diet consisting of a constant concentrate allowance along with a hay intake varying from 25 or 50 g. daily by daily differences of 25 or 50 g. up to maximum voluntary intake.2. Rumination increased with hay intake in a characteristic way. The actual time devoted to chewing when plotted against hay intake produced a curve consisting of a rapid rise, a fairly level part, a further gradual rise and a final levelling-off. This was less clear when the total rumination time or the total number of regurgitations were compared to the hay eaten.

Forty Friesian bull calves were reared by the “restricted whole milk and early weaning concentrate mixture” method. The daily allowance of milk was offered in two equal feeds at 7.00 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 20 animals in one group and in a single feed at 7.00 a.m. to the 20 remaining calves in the other group. Both groups grew at similar rates and consumed the same amount of concentrate during the pre- and post-weaning periods.

(This report shows the results of a study with twelve low-income families in Chicago. The money the families were spending for food, an average of 11 cents per adult meal, was used as a basis. It was shown that they were purchasing with this amount a diet inadequate in every food need. The food budgets in the study, at a cost of from 8½ to 11 cents per adult meal, purchased a diet adequate in every food need using a combination of fluid and concentrated milks with an allowance of one quart of milk equivalent per child and one pint for each adult.)

The cost per loan for the manual circulation system at the University of Essex Library is calculated for 1970/71 and predicted for 1973/74 and 1976/77. An allowance is made for the time spent by library users when borrowing books. Likely costs for an on‐line circulation system are also calculated. A table is given for manual, off‐line and on‐line circulation systems costs for several university libraries.

March 24, 1970 National Insurance — Industrial injuries benefit — Disablement benefit — Special hardship allowance — “Standard of remuneration” — Method of calculation of amount — National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act, 1965 (c.52), s. 14(6).

During the Second Empire, tens of thousands of poor people from East and West Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania, and Posen moved to Berlin every year. They came primarily to improve their economic position. A large number of them were transient agricultural laborers who had been accosted by private employment agents in Berlin railway stations. Others were provincial craftsmen in declining trades who sought to start a new life in the city: for example the cigar maker hoping to make enough money to buy a tobacco shop. Coming on the mere chance of a job, such men were likely to end up as anything from a coal carrier or hackdriver to kitchen help in the Charité hospital. Most of them became factory hands. Journeymen on the tramp who arrived on foot from as far as the Bohemian border were better off as far as job opportunities went. They had not as yet burnt their bridges and could still move on with a small travel allowance from their guilds if nothing lucrative turned up in Berlin. But Berlin needed young looksmiths, turners, carpenters, molders, tinsmiths, and harnessmakers. (In 1905,72 per cent of the workers in Ludwig Loewe's machine-tool factory were immigrants from outside Berlin.) There were also those who became Berliners in the course of their military service: after two or three years of garrison duty in or near Berlin, a country boy often had no wish to renounce the “big-city life” and would go to great lengths to find a living there.

THE PROBLEM AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY A LARGE percentage of the wholesale packs of eggs for consumption in shell form moving from surplus production areas to terminal markets are packed in new cases, fillers and flats. Larger assemblers of shell eggs in deficit areas also pack most table grades of eggs in new materials. Wholesale packs of eggs offered for sale at either the New York or Chicago Exchanges are required to be in new cases. A good example of the comparative value of eggs in new versus used materials is cited in the new shell egg futures contract governing “Fresh Mediums.” Trading in this commodity began on the New York Mercantile Exchange April 18, 1960, with the following provision: “in used cases—30 cents allowance (penalty) for case.” Used cases, fillers and flats are readily available after being used initially for shipments to terminal markets. These used cases…

T RADITIONALLY, Canadian politics have been governed by the twoparty system, and the two historic parties, Conservative on the one hand and Liberal on the other, have shown many of the traits which have marked the two historic parties of the United States, the Republican and the Democratic. Both are great, nation-wide, easy-going, omnibus vehicles whose occupants often have difficulty in recognizing their fellow passengers or in understanding why the driver of the bus let them in. At the same time, making due allowance for all the curious divergences in view, the reasonably impartial observer will eventually discover why. If a certain number of Liberal minds

During the eighteenth century the East India Company did not consider the education of its own European civil servants as a necessary care. Appointment was by patronage, and it was assumed that the parents and friends of a writer would have subjected him to the ordinary education of his class. With no more than this background a young writer would sail for India at the age of about seventeen years. The Indian Service was confined to comparatively few families and he might reasonably expect to find relatives or friends of relatives at any of the three Presidencies, and these would give him hospitality and guidance. His initial employment would be as a copying clerk; as such hewould become familiar with the routine of the service before being given a post of responsibility. The only concession made by the Company to his need for any other instruction than that given by his daily employment was the payment to him of a Munshi's allowance, so that he might hire an Indian to teach him Persian and the local language.

T HE following notes on text-books on nature study and agriculture used in Africa have been prepared in accordance with the decision of the Executive Council of the Institute to compile surveys of textbooks in actual use, with a view to providing material which will help in the preparation of new model books. Reviews of current books for use in Africa appear in various journals, but there seems also to be a need for notes of this kind, which bring together information about books on a particular subject for a number of different areas. The first subject dealt with in this way was Hygiene (Africa, iii. 4, and v. i). The notes on nature study and agricultural text-books which follow are incomplete and should be regarded as a first step only. The extent to which nature study and agriculture is being taught cannot be gauged by lists of books, as practical work is often supplemented by unpublished notes given by the teacher, rather than by text-books put into the hands of the pupils. But when due allowance has been made for teaching which is being done without prescribed text-books it would appear that neither nature study nor agriculture have been given a prominent place in a number of syllabuses in either elementary or secondary schools. Many Africans are not convinced that either nature study or agriculture can be usefully taught in school and think that agricultural lore passed on from father to son is adequate, without a scientific approach. This view has often been strengthened in the past by the type of curriculum which has tended to be too narrowly vocational in focussing the African's attention on qualifying for clerical work and has led him to despise work on the land. Large institutions, however, in a number of territories are now giving nature study and agriculture a much more prominent place in the curriculum. The training of visiting or Jeanes teachers also emphasizes the importance of these subjects, and in some areas, as for example in Uganda, a definite effort is being made to give all teachers in training a special short course

To one familiar with the attitude of “near devotion” accorded the monarchy by the majority of Englishmen today, it may come as a shock to discover a lack of this devotion in mid-Victorian England. A sampling of comments from the radical press is a striking example. The regular arrival of Victoria's progeny evoked this impious suggestion in the Northern Star: That, rather than reciting national prayers of thanksgiving, congregations should sing “hymns of despair for their misfortune in being saddled with another addition to the brood of royal Cormorants.” The National Reformer referred to “our good kind, and dear Queen, who…could easily dispense with the allowance which her loyal subjects make her…unless she desires to be the last of England's monarchs…”

I propose to present here only some rather broad facts, and to draw only rather broad conclusions from them. Limitations of time and space prevent a more detailed discussion; and in any event such a discussion might merely cause the wood to vanish in the trees. First, the present position of the Federal finances. The outstanding fact about them, from the monetary and banking point of view, is the fact that the Federal finances as a whole have been operating at a tremendous deficit. For several years past, total current expenditures by the Federal Government have vastly exceeded total current income from taxation. The balance has had to be obtained by borrowing. Since the post-war low point, which was reached in 1930, the public debt has increased by the enormous sum of 12 billion dollars.2 Twelve billion dollars represents the direct outlay over and above tax yields, by the Federal Government alone, thus far undertaken to combat depression, and to finance relief and recovery. In addition, there are some 2 billions more of appropriations made but not yet expended, giving a potential aggregate to date of some 14 billions. Yet there is no definite indication that the present Administration is really interested in checking the ever more rapid growth of the public debt. Certainly no clear commitment to that effect has been made. This is the first broad set of facts. Second, the money thus borrowed by the Federal Government has not come chiefly out of true individual and business savings. Roughly two-thirds of the money has in effect been created for the purpose by the banking system. On June 30th last, the total of commercial bank, savings bank, and Federal Reserve Bank investments in United States government securities alone amounted, as nearly as I can estimate it, to between 12.5 and 13 billion dollars. A conservative allowance for collateral loans on such securities would make at least another billion, or more. The banking system as a whole hence held roughly 13.5 to 14 billions of Federal securities last June. This was substantially half of the whole Federal debt on that date. This is not all, however. Since 1930, as already remarked, the Federal debt has increased by 12 billions. But since 1930 the banking sys

CHTT, neglect, the costliest byproduct of our industrial civilization, is largely the fault of the poor. Bernard Shaw has told us in his ironic wisdom that the real trouble with the poor is their poverty. Dr. Patten, as an economist, stated the claim even more definitely in his epigram: "Sin is misery; misery is poverty; the antidote of poverty is income." These assertions are something more than halftruths. While misery is often caused by individual defects, much of it is admittedly general, and results from our faulty institutions. In an industrial society, emphasis must be placed upon causes predominantly economic. Professor Douglas, in the preceding article on "The Family Allowance System as a Protector of Children has well summarized the evidence that for a

This article summarises some of the more important economic options open to the Government. The author is especially critical of the incomes policy approach and of the exaggerated fears of inflation which exist in many quarters. He suggests alternative policy options and concludes that a certain amount of inflation should be regarded as an integral part of the system, and that it should be institutionalised with appropriate allowance for its interanal and external harmful effects.

The device herein described was developed to facilitate the feeding of hay without waste to experimental cows. It arose in connection with the silage feeding investigation that was begun at Storm in 1920. In the first five trials the experiments were so conducted that the hay consumption was restricted and uniform in amount, but as the sixth and seventh trials involved the feeding of hay for ad libitum consumption some measure was necessary to accomplish this which would at the same time curtail waste and assure accuracy. The mangers could not be relied upon to prevent an animal from appropriating a portion of its neighbors allowance when the hay is fed liberally. Under conditions which provide a completely enclosed manger separated from the neighboring mangers, or where there is ample space between individuals such a problem does not arise. But very often it is found necessary to adapt an experiment to ordinary conditions such as were faced here. Probably the device herein described will offer suggestions for the solution of similar situations in other places, which is our reason for presenting its description. The stanchions and mangers in use here are of the usual modem arrangement for dairy herds. The mangers are a continuous trough in front of the stalls, except for a movable metal partition. This partition prevents access by the cows to grain and silage but not of bulky hay when liberal quantities are being fed. The experimental hay bag made to serve the purpose mentioned was constructed from 12-ounce canvas and was designed to per

Summary This paper is a study of recent developments in the population policy of Denmark. The topics covered include the attitude towards abortion, the provision of ante-natal, post-natal and child welfare services, housing policy, family allowance schemes, and a general summary of the attitude to population policy.

It is recorded in the annals of Ouchronia that Robinson Crusoe, shortly after his return home, met a college friend, who forthwith invited him to deliver a public lecture to his constituents on the “Principles of Political Science as exhibited in an Island State’. Ignorance, eagerness to mix once more with his fellow citizens, and an hypnotic state superinduced by the splendour of the topic proposed, concurred to make the unwary traveller accept the invitation. A very few days of reflection were sufficient, however, to reveal to him the full extent of his impotence and of his audacity; and the chronicle goes on to record that he hastily put his affairs in order, and set sail without delay. upon his second voyage. I have felt much sympathy in the last few weeks with Robinson Crusoe in his quandary; but unlike him, I propose to throw myself upon your indulgence, only asking you to make allowance for a nearly life-long absence from the atmosphere of universities, libraries, and great tribunals.

to the distribution system of the Bureau of Water Supply of Baltimore are made under a number of methods. This condition arises from the fact that the Baltimore water system supplies not only Baltimore City but portions of Baltimore, Anne Arundel, and Howard Counties, which are contiguous to the city. Although it is proposed in this paper to discuss in detail only those regulations applying inside the city limits, it may be pertinent to note briefly the method of extending mains in the counties. Since the creation of the Baltimore County Metropolitan District in 1924, main extensions in that area are made by the County Commissioners under an assessment plan whereby the applicant is required to advance the estimated cost of the installation, the deposit being refunded in pro rata amounts as consumers are connected to the extension and thereby being subjected to the front foot assessment of 15 cents per year. The Dundalk area of Baltimore County, although lying within the Metropolitan District, is not a part of the District insofar as the extension of water mains is concerned. This area, in addition to an adjacent area inside the city limits, was formerly served by a private water company which was subsequently purchased by the city. Main extensions in the Dundalk area are made under a special agreement with the developer which provides for a deposit of the estimated cost of the extension with a credit or refund allowance of $75 for each new consumer connected before the expiration of ten years from the date of the deposit, these refunds being payable in five annual installments.

In summing up, it may be reaffirmed that the widely varying personality pictures offerred by merchant seamen necessitates diversity of therapeutic approach. This diversity is likewise demanded by the pressure of time, the need to cover a deal of ground with limited hours at one's disposal. Individual therapy cannot, so far as we have been able to determine to date, be cut short or swayed very radically from its classical form. Allowance must always be made for the spontaneous healing tendency of the acute war neuroses. Many of the acute cases in primarily healthy individuals do best if not tampered with too much. These cases get a great deal out of the contact with the rest home in the simplest sense. Many of them heal and go back to sea in three weeks or less. With those cases complicated by a preexisting neurosis, the task is of course more severe. In the light of our present knowledge, there seems to be no escape from a prolonged and orthodox form of individual therapy with these latter cases. It is po...

SynopsisThe paper points out that, owing to the increasing complexities of U.K. tax legislation, it is no longer possible in the majority of cases to use unadjusted yields for comparative purposes in the selection or review of investments. The three main types of investment in respect of which yield adjustments to allow for the effect of taxation require to be made are considered, which are as follows :—(1)Redeemable investments.(2)Shares of U.K. companies which receive Double Taxation Relief because of their overseas interests.(3)Shares of foreign companies in respect of the dividends on which U.K. shareholders are entitled to claim Double Taxation Relief.The taxation assumptions which require to be made for the calculation of correct comparative yields on the above types of investments are discussed and formulae are given which make allowance for the effect of these assumptions. Comparative tables are also given showing the yields brought out on differing tax assumptions and on two different basic methods of calculating redemption yields.In the body of the paper the assumptions discussed and formulae given refer to a British life office or life fund doing business in the U.K. only; but in a short appendix mention is made of some further adjustments which may be required in the case of life offices which also do business abroad.

A procedure was developed to establish control of three target classroom behaviors by making point reinforcers backed up by hard goods contingent upon working behavior in both math and reading classes. During Condition 1, points were immediately awarded on a variable-interval schedule. After control was demonstrated by an ABAB design, fading was introduced to encourage generalization. In Condition 2, points were given at the end of each 15-minute session. The teacher substracted points for inappropriate behavior in Condition 3, while the period of time points could be earned was extended in Condition 4. The procedure used in Condition 5 involved making the subject's weekly allowance contingent upon the teacher's report of the subject's behavior for the week. Behavior frequencies experimentally established were maintained during the fading procedures in both math and reading classes.

A little over a year ago, the new Minister for Economic Affairs in the reshuffled Ampera Cabinet made public for the first time Indonesia's precarious foreign exchange position. The theme of that first speech set the tone for the new government's approach to economic and financial affairs, the emphasis on crisis and the difficult road ahead. A foreign debt of $2.3 billion was cited,1 and the Minister, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, made it clear that the country would be unable to finance debt repayment as well as finance imports for a modest rehabilitation program. In fact, a glance at the exchange earning capacity of the export sector indicates that for the next three or four years at least, Indonesia's exports will not even be sufficient to pay for imports required for what has been termed an austerity program.2 Such a program was estimated to require imports of between $600-$700 million. These imports included certain consumer essentials such as rice and textiles plus raw materials and spare parts to enable existing industries to improve present performances estimated in many cases to be as low as 25% of capacity. If the government should later decide to establish new industries, foreign exchange requirements could be higher than the figure mentioned above. On the other hand, if the government's drive to increase rice production should succeed, foreign exchange currently spent on rice imports would automatically decline (with allowance made for exchange used to import fertilizers).3 The same would apply to any successful attempt at import substitution. But if we take $650 million of imports as our benchmark for purposes of discussion, we will not be departing unduly from reality. Requirements of foreign exchange for debt servicing were estimated at $530 million in 1966, and a further $270 million in 1967. Although there is some uncertainty regarding the actual amounts, the total for 1966-1967 is

In any Company or Society for the assurance of lives—let it be constituted in whatever manner it may—it is evident that certain rates of mortality and interest are always prevailing; and that such rates are more or less constant throughout any given period, as the causes on which they depend are more or less stationary.Now, the annual amount required by any such Company to meet its engagements, will entirely depend upon the particular rates which happen to obtain in it; and hence it becomes a question of the utmost importance to such bodies, to determine as nearly as possible how they are situated in this respect.

This building takes advantage of the uneveness of the ground, and seeks to enhance the attractiveness of the landscape. It includes a cafeteria, an auditorium for 190 persons, exhibition hall, space for the various departments, and other facilities. Allowance has been made for a 30% increase in the staff. One floor level has been constructed, but is not fully completed, and there is the possibility of adding another one. There is parking space for 720 automobiles. The glass walls are specially fitted with a protection, whereby the sun does not shine on the office tables. The external colour of the building changes continuously, for the aluminium reflects or absorbs the sun, depending on the time of day and the season of the year: this colour changes from bronze to quartz tone, under the effect of the sun, and from white to grey in the shade. The green turf emphasizes the delicate tones of the building. The basic requirements have been satisfied by means of a beautiful and harmonious design, which constitutes an altogether important architectural unit., Ha sido construido aprovechando los desniveles del ter reno para crear un paisaje interesante. Dispone de: cafetería, auditorio para 190 personas, sala de exposición, espacios para los distintos departamentos, etc. Se ha previsto pueda servir para un aumento de un 30% de empleados, existiendo una planta construida, pero no acabada, y la posibilidad de construir otra. Estacionamiento con capacidad para 720 coches. Toda la zona acristalada está protegida mediante dispositivos que impiden a los rayos solares incidir sobre las mesas de trabajo. El color exterior del edificio cambia continuamente, ya que el aluminio refleja o absorbe el sol, según las horas del día o la época del año, pasando de un tono bronceado a un blanco cuarcífero. En la sombra, del blanco al gris. Las fajas verdes de césped destacan la brillante delicadeza de las paredes. En forma bella y armoniosa han sido satisfechas las necesidades previstas, y el edificio constituye un conjunto orgánico importante.

French planning: the porduction or norms and concertation, by Lucien Nizard In its task of reducing uncertainty, inconsistency and diversity, the plan can be analysed as a twofold exercise: the production of norms and the production of choices. During the simulation phase, when allowance is made for the possible reactions of the social and political forces to the choices made, it may be that the "adjusted" choices will deviate from the norms from which they stem. It is unlikely, however, that the distortions will be very great since, on the one hand, the rules of the simulation process themselves derive from the initial norms and, on the other, the two departements, belonging to the technician and the politician, are moved by the same ideology responsible for the norms. This reference to a dominant ideological framework, common to both the experts and the public and private political decision-makers, is a sufficient reason to prefer the notion of "ideocracy" to that of technocracy, which ascribes power only to the former. [Revue française de science politique XXII (5), octobre 1972, pp. 1111-1132.], De la planification française : production de normes et concertation, par Lucien Nizard Le Plan dans ses tâches de réduction de l'incertitude, de l'incohérence et de la diversité s'analyse en un double processus : de production de normes et de production de choix. Au cours de la phase de simulation, où sont prêtés aux acteurs sociaux et politiques les comportements possibles de réaction aux choix, il peut se faire que les choix "corrigés" s'écartent des normes dont ils procèdent. Il ne faut cependant pas craindre de trop grandes distortions car, d'une part, les règles du jeu de simulation dérivent elles-mêmes des normes initiales et, d'autre part, les deux instances, techniciennes et politiques, ont en commun une même idéologie inspiratrice des normes. Cette référence a une construction idéologique dominante, commune aux experts et aux décideurs politiques publics et privés, incite à préférer, à la notion de technocratie, pouvoir ds seuls premiers, celle d'idéocratie. [Revue française de science politique XXII (5), octobre 1972, pp. 1111-1132.], Nizard Lucien. De la planification française : production de normes et concertation. In: Revue française de science politique, 22ᵉ année, n°5, 1972. pp. 1111-1132.

An analogy is frequently drawn between schizophrenic and child thinking. In order to check the validity of such analogy, verbal productions from protocols of fifteen normal children of pre- school age (two to five years) and three schizophrenic children (with ages varying between seven years, ten months and fourteen years, seven months) are presented and compared. These productions were obtained under very similar conditions, i. e., favoring the spontaneous expression of phantasy, allowance being made for differences in ages, clinical needs and situational contingencies. The systematic investigation of the phantasies of young normal children with regard to the evaluation of reality shows that responses fall within three categories: denial of character of reality, which is the most common type of response; evasion; and finally, reiteration with apparent belief. The latter category, containing the smallest number, includes those responses in which a strong emotional component is evident, chiefly fears, but ...

(1) In a paper communicated to the Royal Society in 1899, and later in greater elaboration published in ‘Biometrika,’ 1901, it has been shown on the basis of the inheritance of longevity that the selective death-rate in man amounted to at least 60 per cent. to 80 per cent. of the total death-rate. The matter has been recently reconsidered by Prof. Ploetz, who, dealing with material wholly different from that of Beeton and Pearson came to similar conclusions. The point is a very vital one, for, combined with: (i) the heredity of physical and mental characters in man, and (ii) the demonstration that the longer-lived have more offspring, we reach a definite knowledge that Darwinism does apply, and very intensely applies, even to man under civilised conditions. The difficulty of a direct investigation of the problem lies in securing uniformity of environment. W e have to demonstrate that when under the same environment there is a heavier death-rate among a given group of human beings, then among the survivors of this group in a given later period the death-rate will be lessened. Now each group of individuals we attempt to deal with has its own environment, and if that is a bad environment we should expect to find a heavy death-rate both at the earlier and later periods; this obviously must obscure the action of natural selection. For example in districts with a high infant mortality we might expect a high child mortality, say deaths from two to five years of life, because a bad environment sends up the intensity of both. The correlation between deaths in the first year of life (0—1) and in the next four years of life (1—5) for a given district will certainly be positive if no correction be made for varying environment. Quite recently this matter has been discussed by determining the correlation between the ages 0—1 and 1—5 in the administrative counties of England and Wales. As ( a ) the group 0—1 was not followed to 1—5, but the deaths in these age-groups for the same years were dealt with, and ( b ) no allowance whatever was made for the differential environment of the administrative counties, it is difficult to find any real bearing of the data on the problem of natural selection in man.

Maincrop potatoes stored in bulk under normal commercial conditions in England may be expected to lose by shrinkage on average from 2,5% by the end of January to almost 7% by the end of May in indoor stores and from 2,5% by the end of February up to 5% by the end of May in clamps. These figures refer only to potatoes remaining sound throghout storage — in other words, they do not include any losses from rotting that may occur and allowance must be made for this when estimating the possible financial advantage of storing potatoes rather than selling them from the field.

THE optimum floor space allowance for laying hens is both an economic and environment-performance problem. Changes in types of laying houses, ventilation systems, mechanization, types of floors and higher density populations have focused attention on this problem. Factors such as temperature and humidity in a given area, breeding of the birds, disease and mortality problems, stresses due to crowding, housing costs, profit margins, capital availability, depreciation costs, and many other factors must be considered in the final analysis of this problem. Knowledge of the performance of laying hens under a wide variation of environmental conditions should provide a valuable basis in arriving at the most economical population density under a given price structure and set of environmental conditions. Considerable variation exists among the reports in scientific journals regarding the influence of floor space density on production traits. Bressler and Walton (1957) housed pullets in large pens with 1.9, 1.3, and …

Since 1951 the Survey Research Center has conducted surveys of consumer optimism and confidence two to four times a year in an attempt to improve methods of forecasting discretionary spending by consumers. The predictive success of these attitude surveys is tested here in conjunction with a number of financial variables by means of time series regressions covering the years 1952–61. The results indicate that attitude measurements contain information not obtainable from a simple combination of financial and business cycle indicators. The explanatory value of the Survey Research Center Index of Consumer Attitudes is consistently good in the sense that a number of alternative formulations of the time series regressions lead to the same conclusion: Attitudes contribute significantly to our ability to account for fluctuations in durable goods spending, particularly spending on new cars, after allowance is made for changes in the financial situation of consumers.

Let us examine, first, the controversy on family allowances, beginning before World War I and having among its sponsors many a name revered wherever Western civilization is valued. Of these, none ranks higher than the late Eleanor Rathbone, with whose name the "cause" will always be linked. It was she who wrote The Disinherited Family in 1924, and it was she who was president of the Family Endowment Society subsequently to be formed. Of the arguments she expounded so faithfully all her life, two stand out now as of special significance. The first is that the child is not a private luxury but an asset to the community, and for that reason the community ought to take a share in his upkeep. This conception is now generally accepted, a fact which is perhaps not surprising in a country with a phenomenally low birth rate and with an age distribution in its population that makes old age increasingly predominant and young people a scarcity. The second argument concerns the British wage structure. It had been argued that minimum wages should be made to cover the needs of the normal f mily, said to be composed of the parents and three children. In fact, replied Miss Rathbone, very few families in Britain do conform to this convenient size. Of them all, 12^ per cent have three children or more, while 87! per cent have fewer than three children. A minority of families on this showing would be receiving sufficient or too little in minimum wages to cover needs, while a majority would be receiving too much. The injusice of this, she goes on to say, would not be so apparent were it not for the existence of the large families. Thus when all children under sixteen are counted, it is found that 37! per cent of them belong to the 12^ per cent of the families; and a wage system which is geared, no matter how indirectly, to the needs of a socalled "normal family" is demonstrably unjust o a large percentage of children. S ch a line of argument precipitates the es ential issues. What are family alowances intended to be? Are they to be an addition to wages, and thus be part of the f mily budget; or are they to be something specifically put aside for the benefit of the child? If the latter, then the allowance hould be so designed that the child, and the child alone, can benefit. This means either payment in cash, when t would require close police supervision to guarantee that the money is spent legitimately, or payment in kind, dir ct to the child in the form of goods and services. The advocates of family allowances have tended to shy away from such a literal interpretation of the idea, and they have argued that family allowances

In view of the rapidly increasing importance of the familyallowance system in Europe and the possiblity which it affords in this country of solving the dilemma which the advocacy of the living wage has created, it is important to work out the mechanism of a just and adequate system. There are three main sets of problems to be solved, namely, those connected with (i) the basic wage for employees, (2) the allowances paid in behalf of dependents, and (3) the agency through which the allowances are to be paid and the problems of administration which necessarily arise. The first of these problems was discussed by the author in an article recently published.' The present article deals with the second set of problems, while the third will be treated in a forthcoming paper. The allowances which are granted under an ideal system of family allowances should be adequate to meet the extra cost which dependents occasion a wage-earner. So far as possible, they should be so flexible that while all families, whatever their composition, will be assured of at least a minimum, yet at the same time no person or group will be paid any appreciable excess over their actual needs. A number of very interesting problems are necessarily involved in carrying out these principles, which are worthy of analysis and of an attempt at solution.

EDITOR'S NOTE: This paper presents naval problems in supply of materiel. Research is being conducted at the George Washington University Logistics Research Project in connection with effecting the highest degree of self-sufficiency of fleets at sea. The Bureau of Supplies and Accounts and the George Washington University Logistics Research Project are jointly conducting a research program known as “The Allowance List Test Program.” One of the notable features of this program is that military worth (essentiality) measurements for repair parts are being introduced explicitly.

SUMMARY The effects of industrialization on exports of primary-producing countries. In the period from pre-war to 1955, the volume of exports from the "semi-industrial" countries (i. e. the industrializing group of primary-producing countries) failed to rise, whereas exports from the "non-industrial" countries (i. e. all other primaryproducing countries outside Western Europe, North America and the Soviet bloc) rose by about 60% in volume. There are two schools of thought about the main causes of this lag in exports from the semi-industrial countries. The first school places emphasis on the defciency of demand by the industrial countries for the products of the semi-industrial countries; the second emphasises a deficiency of supply of exports resulting from the process of industrialization in the producing areas. Recent annual reports of GATT have presented statistical comparisons of the exports of the semi-industrial and the non-industrial countries which appear to support the supply-deficiency argument. The GATT analysis, however, suffers from two deficiences. First, it makes inadequate allowance for variations in world demand for particular commodities; second, it makes no allowance for the influence of relative price changes on the exports of particular countries. The present article attempts to build on the GATT analysis by extending it to include these two additional factors. A special index of world demand is constructed for the exports of each of the semi-industrialized countries, based on the movement in world trade of individual commodities and using the commodity-pattern of exports from each country as weights. Further, an index of export unit values of world trade in the commodity "bundle" of exports from each country is computed and related to the actual export unit value index of each country. Regressions of export volume on the indices of world demand and relative prices show a close correspondence between exports from a given country and the relevant world demand changes (as represented by world trade). The mean co-efficient for the relative price variable is -1.7, but the standard error is high (±0.9). The inclusion of a dummy variable to indicate the presence or absence of sheltered market yielded no significant result, but this was probably because the variable used is a very imperfect indicator of the degree of shelter enjoyed. The inclusion of industrial growth in the regressions indicated that if there is any significant relation between industrialization and exports it is a positive, and not a negative, one. A more detailed commodity analysis shows that the export experience of the non-industrial countries was in total much the same as that of the semi-industrial countries, if the comparison is limited to directly competitive commodities. Finally, it is shown that there is a positive association between industrial growth and the “capacity to import”. The implications of the analysis are (I) that industrialization per se in the period covered did not have a retarding effect on the exports of the semi-industrial countries as a whole; (2) the retardation in their exports was due essentially to the slower rate of growth in demand for their "bundle" of commodity exports than for those of the non-industrial countries; and (3) that the pace of industrialization has itself been heavily dependent on the progress of exports. These generalizations appear to fit most closely the views of the "demand-deficiency" school mentioned above.

Sībawaihi has occasionally been criticized for his obscurity and inconsistency. The former may be conceded, since it pertains only to his style and presentation, which undoubtedly make heavy demands on the reader, but the second criticism is an attack on Sībawaihi's linguistic reasoning and needs to be refuted. In the following pages we shall examine the background and use of the phrase ‘ishrūna dirhaman ‘20 dirhams’ as a locus probans in more than a score of grammatical arguments in the Kitᾱb, to which must be added a dozen or so other cases involving the use of similar expressions and grammatical principles. Two results should emerge: first we should gain the impression that the Kitᾱb is a work of the utmost coherence and consistency (with due allowance for the date of its composition), and second we shall uncover certain features of Slbawaihi's grammatical theory which appear to have been ignored by later grammarians.

(1951). An Appraisal of the Canadian Family Allowance System. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 124-136.

BECAUSE the opinion is widely accepted that state aid to any indigent group or "category" was a legislative device of the twentieth century in this country, it might be worth while to tell the story of an early experiment — state aid to needy aged in the state of California. California, with a lavish pioneer generosity coupled with the pioneer's rough tenderness for childhood, had passed in the year 1870 a law providing an allowance of $50 per annum for every orphan or half-orphan child under the age of fourteen cared for by an institution. Since there were no public institutions for children, this was a form of subsidy to private orphanages and was, in fact, an outgrowth of the earlier and very usual custom of lump-sum grants made to such institutions by each legislative session. In the years 1878-79 a constitutional convention re-wrote the California constitution with considerable coloring in the various provisions reflecting a strong workingman's movement in the state. One committee assigned to draw up the section of the document dealing with the legislative department, brought in the following section as a part of its recommendations