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Highlights of ISAD Board Meeting, 1974 Annual Meeting, New York, NY

As more academic and public libraries have some form of bibliographic description of their complete collection available in machine-readable form, public service librarians are devising ways to use the information for better retrieval. Research at the Ohio State University tested user response to paper and COM output from selected areas of the shelflist. Results indicated users at remote locations found such lists helpful, with some indication that paper printout was more popular than microfiche.

Highlights of Information Science and Automation Division Board Meeting, 1974 ALA Midwinter Meeting, Chicago.

The role of ISAD's Committee on Technical Standards for Library Automation is examined and discussed. A procedure for the reaction to and initiation of standards is described, with reference to relevant standards organizations.

This paper is a statement of the Library of Congress' recommendation that a MARC advisory committee be appointed within the present structure of the RTSD/ISAD/RASD Committee on Representation in Machine-Readable Form of Bibliographic Information (MARBI) and describes the Library's proposed relation to such a committee. The proposals and recommendations suggested were adopted by the MARBI Committee during its deliberations at ALA Midwinter, January 1974, and are now in effect.

The BIBCON file management system, designed for use on IBM 360 system equipment, performs two basic functions: (1) it creates MARC structured, bibliographic records from untagged input data; (2) from these records it produces page image output for book catalogs. The system accepts data from several different input devices and can produce a variety of output formats by line printer, photocomposition, or computer output microform (COM).

A regionally organized program for serials bibliography is proposed because of the large volume of complex data needing control and the many purposes to which the data can be put in support of regional or local needs.

Libraries will play a key role in providing access to data bases, but not by subscribing to tape services and establishing local processing centers as is commonly assumed. High costs and the nature of the demand will make this approach unfeasible. It is more likely that the library's reference staff will develop the capability of serving as a broker between the local campus user and the various regional or specialized retail distribution centers which exist or will be established.

This paper describes a project designed to improve services to library users by solving, through the application of operations research methods, a complex problem of delivery of library materials in an urban, multisystem library service region. Unique features, methodology, results, and limitations are discussed.

Provision of duplicate copies in a library requires knowledge of the demand for each title. Since direct measurement of demand is difficult a simulation model has been developed to estimate the demand for a book from the number of times it has been loaned and hence to determine the number of copies required. Special attention has been given to accurate calibration of the model.

Automated systems need not be extensive to save time and improve efficiency. Moraine Valley's off-line operation, based on a file of 715 periodical titles, generates renewal orders, sends claims, and records subscription histories.

Several recently established national programs are evaluated from the point of view of the practicing librarian. It is essential that we be aware of the consequences of adopting these programs, and that planners and librarians communicate adequately.

This paper describes a user-interactive system for the selection and display of pictorial information stored on microfiche cards in a computer-controlled viewer. The system is designed to provide rapid access to photographic and graphical data. It is intended to provide a library of photographs of planetary bodies and is currently being used to store selected Martian and lunar photography.

A description is presented of the project of the University of California Library Automation Program to cumulate the 1966 through 1971 supplements to the Library of Congress Subject Headings. The University of California Institute of Library Research MARC processing software, BIBCON, was used, with specially written programs. The resulting cumulation was edited, printed in book form, and made available to libraries. The final task involved merging six MARC files into one file of over 125,000 records and then printing that file in a format similar to that of LC Subject Headings. The project was a cooperative effort with participation by people from several UC campuses.

This paper is a summary of several working papers prepared for the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Working Group on Content Designators. The first working paper, January 1973, discussed the obstacles confronting the Working Group, stated the scope of responsibility for the Working Group, and gave definitions of the terms, tags, indicator and data element identifiers, as well as a statement of the function of each. The first paper was submitted to the Working Group for comments and was subsequently modified (revised April 1973) to reflect those comments that were applicable to the scope of the Working Group and to the definition and function of content designators. The present paper makes the basic assumption that there will be a SUPERMARC and discusses principles of format design. This series of papers is being published in the interest of aerting the library community to intemational activities. All individual working papers are submitted to the MARBI interdivisional committee of ALA by the chairman of the IFLA Working Group for comments by that committee.

A review and discussion of the technique of automatic format recognition (AFR) of bibliographic data are presented. A comparison is made of the record-building facilities of the Library of Congress, the University of California (both AFR techniques), and the Ohio College Library Center (non-AFR). A projection of a next logical generation is described.

The inverted index file is a frequently used file structure for the storage of indexing information in a document retrieval system. This paper describes a novel method for the computer storage of such an index. The method not only offers the possibility of reducing storage requirements for an index but also affords more rapid processing of query statements expressed in Boolean logic.

An analysis of the codification practices of bibliographic descriptions reveals a multiplicity of ways to solve the problem of the special processing of certain characters within a bibliographic element. To obtain a clear insight into this subject, a review of the techniques used in different systems is given. The basic principles of each technique are stated, examples am given, and advantages and disadvantages are weighed. Simple local applications as well as more ambitious shared cataloging projects are considered.

Technical Communications

The MARCIVE Library System is a batch computer system utilizing both the MARC tapes and local cataloging to provide catalog cal'ds, book catalogs, and selective bibliographies for five academic libraries in San Antonio, Texas. The development of the system is traced and present procedures are described. Batch retrieval from the MARC 1·ecords plus the modification of these records costs less than twenty cents per title. Computer costs for retrieval, modification, and card production average sixty-six cents per title, between seven and ten cents per card. The attributes and limitations of the MARCIVE system are compared with those of the OCLC system.

This paper (1) summarizes an investigation into the political and financial factors which inhibited the ready application of computers to individual academic libraries during the period 1967-71, and (2) presents the author's speculations on the future of libraries in a computer dominant society. Technical aspects of system design were specifically excluded from the investigation. Twenty-four institutions were visited and approximately 100 persons interviewed. Substantial future change is envisaged in both the structure and function of the library, if the emerging trend of coalescing libraries and computerized "information processing centers" continues.

Conventional approaches to processing records of linguistic origin for storage and retrieval tend to regard the data as immutable. The data generally exhibit great variety and disparate frequency distributions, which are largely ignored and which entail either the storage of extensive lists of items or the use of complex numerical algorithms such as hash coding. The results in each case are far from ideal. The variety-generator approach seeks to reflect the microstructure of data elements in their description for storage and search, and takes advantage of the consistency of statistical characteristics of data elements in homogeneous data bases. In this paper, the application of the variety-generator approach to the description of personal author names from the INSPEC data base by means of small sets of keys is detailed. It is shown that high degrees of partitioning of names can be obtained by key-sets generated from the initial characters of surnames, fmm the terminal characters of surnames, and from the initials. The implications of the findings for computer-based bibliographical informationsystems are discussed.

Keys consisting of variable-length chamcter strings from the front and rear of surnames, derived by analysis of author names in a particular data base, am used to provide approximate representations of author names. When combined in appropriate ratios, and used together with keys for each of the first two initials of personal names, they provide a high degree of discrimination in search. Methods for optimization of key-sets are described, and the performance of key-sets varying in size between 150 and 300 is determined at file sizes of up to 50,000 name entries. The effects of varying the proportions of the queries present in the file are also examined. The results obtained with fixed-length keys are compared with those for variable-length keys, showing the latter to be greatly superior. Implications of the work for a variety of types of information systems are discussed.

Library literature generally assumes that COM is better suited to staff rather than patron use applications. This paper describes a COM serials holdings list intended for patron use. The application and conversion from paper to COM are described. Emphasis is placed on the selection of an appropriate microformat and easily operable viewing equipment as conditions of success for patron use.

This paper defines an access method for bibliographic records that combines features of the search key approach and the inverted file approach. It is a refinement of the search key technique that permits its extension to large files. A method by which this approach can be efficiently implemented is suggested.

The Ad Hoc Discussion Group on Serials Data Bases: Its History, Current Position, and Future

Briefly characterizes and compares the specifications for serial records of the MARC Serials Distribution Service, the National Serials Data Program, and the International Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials. Both data content and, where applicable, machine format are analyzed.

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Purpose: The research was conducted to investigate the impact of business intelligence on the key activities of academic libraries.Method: This study is applied research with an exploratory nature done with the mixed method. The approach of the research is part-to-whole (induction), developed in two stages. First, the key activities were identified with the documentary research (library) method and validated by the fuzzy Delphi qualitative method in two stages. Then, the impact of business intelligence on the identified activities was investigated with the quantitative survey method. The data collection tool was a structured questionnaire and the statistical population was selected by purposive sampling.Results: Forty-three key activities were identified in 11 functioning fields: 1) strategic management, 2) planning, 3) human resource management, 4) knowledge management, 5) physical space management, 6) evaluation, 7) extra-organizational communication, 8) group building, 9) partnership and cooperation, 10) management Information and organization, 11) reference and information services. Business intelligence in the field of "planning" has the greatest effect while its effect in the field of "physical space management" is the least. Finally, according to experts' opinions, the impact of business intelligence on the key activities of academic libraries was estimated as "high". The greatest impact was observed in the key activity of "change management" and the least in "agility in adapting to environmental changes".Conclusion: By aligning their key activities with technological developments, especially business intelligence, academic libraries can provide innovative and creative services to keep up with the changing society by using data and analytical methods, and effectively increase efficiency in libraries. It is suggested that increasing awareness at managerial levels about the importance of business intelligence in libraries be among the high-priority programs of senior managers of academic libraries.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the status anxiety and its dimensions among librarians of central libraries of public universities in Tehran.Methodology: This research is an applied and survey research. The research sample was the librarians of central libraries of public universities in Tehran of Tehran. A questionnaire was used to collect the data, which includes 65 questions under three individual, organizational, and socio-cultural dimensions. Descriptive and inferential statistics including Friedman test, independent t test, F test, and Pearson correlation test were used to describe and analyze the data.Findings: The findings showed that the level of status anxiety in terms of the individual dimension is higher than the organizational and socio-cultural dimensions. The average of status anxiety is high in the individual dimension and moderate in the organizational and socio-cultural dimensions. In addition, there is no significant difference in the level of status anxiety in terms of gender, age, and professional experience of librarians, and dignity anxiety is experienced by all librarians of central libraries of public universities in Tehran.Conclusion: Since the librarians of university libraries are part of the official system of university education and research and deal with a diverse range of students in different fields, it is desirable to reduce the status anxiety in their profession and to create a sense of value and self-confidence in them. Training librarians to manage their anxiety, providing fair wages and welfare for librarians as best as possible, and introducing the values of the librarianship profession through mass media and social networks, can help to increase self-confidence and reduce the status anxiety of librarians from the individual, organizational, and socio-cultural point of view.

Objective: Social media is an integral part of social media. Social media is a big concept that has emerged with the advent of new technologies such as the Internet and mobile phones. Social media is based on the interests of individuals and groups because of the location of the Internet.Materials and Methods: In fact, social media is based on public participation. In this article, the researcher seeks to design a strategic management of media consumption. For this purpose, in the first stage, using a qualitative study and interview, interviews were conducted with six media experts of Aparat (www.aparat.com), and finally, the components affecting the consumption of network media. Aparat is an Iranian video-sharing service, which began in 2011. Frequently used domestic products were extracted in Iran and these factors were listed by the coding method. In the second stage, internal and external factors and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were identified and categorized using the SWOT matrix method.Results: The results showed that in the section of strengths, the most important components include 1. Increasing the number of new domestic and foreign audiences, 2. Optimal classification and effective arrangement of materials, and 3. Promoting security and increasing information security. The most important components of weaknesses include 1. Weakness in establishing communicating with users through other tools, 2. The low level of participation in likes, sharing, direct, saving, commenting, etc. in each share of Apart posts, 3. Weakness in producing appropriate content. The most important components of opportunities include 1. More attention to thoughts general to social networks, 2. Availability of social networks among members of the society, and 3. Corona epidemic and society's tendency to use virtual space for daily affairs. The most important components of threats include 1. Increasing competitiveness among multimedia platforms, 2. Weakness in updating government laws and regulations in the field of social networks, and 3. Failure to import up-to-date technologies in the field of social networks.Conclusion: Based on the results of the research it can be concluded that social media have a prominent role in guiding, directing, stimulating, and persuading the society members and users towards various social issues and events.

A computer-based system to produce listings of topical sub;ect terms and geographically subdivided terms is described. The system files and their associated listings are called the Subject Authority File (SAF) and the Geographic Authority File (GAF). Conversion, operation, problems, and costs of the system are presented. Details of the optical scanning conversion, with illustrations, show the relative ease of the technique for simple upper case data files. Program and data characteristics are illustrated with record layouts and sample listings.

A description of one of the first projected attempts to automate a reference service, that of advising which biographical reference book to use. Two hundred and thirty-four biographical books were categorized as to type of subjects included and contents of the uniform entries they contain. A computer program which selects up to five books most likely to contain answers to biographical questions is described and its test results presented An evaluation of the system and a discussion of ways to extend the scheme to other forms of reference work are given.

In the following, Orange County Public Library's earlier reports on its BIBLIOS system are updated. Book catalog and circulation control modules are detailed, development and operation costs documented, and a cost comparison for acquisitions cited.

Book Reviews

A project at Syracuse University utilizing MOLDS, a generalized computer-based interactive retrieval program, with a portion of the Library of Congress MARC Pilot Project tapes as a data base. The system, written in FORTRAN, was used in both a batch and an on-line mode. It formed part of a computer laboratory for library science students during 1968-1969. This report describes the system and its components and points out its advantages and disadvantages.