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This survey ascertains how much improvement has occurred in the economic status of the library profession and makes some further studies relating to occupational structure. Data are presented concerning the pyramidal structure of library staff organization, salary increases, observations on the occupational and compensation structure of academic librarians, and comparisons of salaries of faculty members and librarians. A statistical index is included. (MJM)

Higher education has expanded to the point where the supply of educated manpower far outnumbers the demand. In answer to this problem, several task forces, committees and commissions have been appointed to examine the problems, issues and trends in higher education and to make recommendations that could serve the formulation of more meaningful public policies. The purpose of this paper is to review the recommendations of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, the Assembly on University Goals and Governance of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the HEW Task Force on Higher Education, and the Commission on Human Resources and Advanced Education. Running throughout the reports of the various commissions and task forces is a deep and pervasive concern with the future of higher education in this country. A combination of crises has convinced many educational leaders and spokesmen that higher education as it existed in the sixties is no longer adequate for the changing demands of the seventies and eighties. Implicit in almost all of the reports is the belief that unless reform and renewal are forthcoming, our colleges and universities cannot survive. (HS)

The limits, function and procedures of operational evaluation are described. Operational evaluation can only begin once a project activity is underway. Its function is diagnostic but not prescriptive. Basic tasks include specifying objectives, defining criteria, establishing priorities, identifying cost factors, obtaining or developing measurement procedures and tools, and providing techniques to measure side effects. Types of analysis described are means, constraints, formulative, and summative. Effort, efficiency and effectiveness may be evaluated. The Belmont training programs are used to illustrate operational procedures. A section on methodology describes the development of instruments and design tactics. The final section deals with a consideration of problems related to the personnel who conduct operational studies. (DJ)

Tables and analysis of compensation figures for academic librarians during the 1970-71 academic year are presented. The objectives of this survey were: to investigate the staff structure and compensation levels of professional librarians in college and university libraries; to explore some relatively new routes for possible advancement - such as the positions of bibliographer, collection builder, curater and other specialists; and to provide the basis for continuation of salary studies if such action seemed warranted. The rates of salary increase obtained by librarians from 1969-70 to 1970-71 appear to be about equal to or somewhat lower than those reported for a comparably ranked faculty. The small number of librarians in highly paid positions offers little attraction to competent individuals not interested in an administrative career. Suggestions for ways to upgrading the profession include: (1) development of a new administrative trainee track to provide instruction in techniques needed for future libraries, (2) creation of a specialist classification outside the administrative hierarchy and (3) upgrading the professional image. (Author/NH)

The Information Needed for Occupational Entry (INFOE) Project incorporated the use of microfilm aperture cards to help students acquire information about local employment opportunities and qualifications for various occupations. To assess the impact of Project INFOE in pilot schools within the state of Tennessee, information was obtained from students and counselors concerning the INFOE materials. This data revealed that counselors generally felt the need for more information on professional type careers. Also, a few counselors expressed a desire for INFOE cards with general information on job interviews and how to select a career. Student opinions regarding the INFOE materials were gathered by means of a pretest-posttest design. Seventy of the 164 students responding indicated that INFOE materials helped them select a vocational education course. A major recommendation of the study is that the deck of job titles should be disseminated to any school in the state that will make effective use of them. (JS)

To find an acceptable way of reducing testing time without altering the administrative use of admissions tests, a study was conducted to test the prediction that scores on subtests of the General Achievement Tests (GAT) in Social Studies, Natural Sciences, and Mathematics could be used to predict the total test score. All answer sheets for 1000 subjects (250 male and 250 female) who had previously taken the tests were rescored for part scores on the two sections of each test. Pearson product-moment coefficients of correlation were then computed by sex for the two subtests and the total score on each of the three GAT tests. Regression equations were then derived from the correlations and used for the prediction of total scores made by subjects in the cross-validation sample. Correlations were then run between the predicted total scores and obtained scores previously recorded. Results showed that none of the original part-whole correlations exceeded +.95. The study findings resulted in discontinuance of the complete GAT tests at a four-year urban college. Each college applicant took only the 15-minute subtests on the three tests, and a total score in scale-form was predicted thereby for use in the admissions process. This reduced the testing time for the GAT from 120 to 45 minutes. The conversion of subscores into predicted total scores was part of the computer-scoring operations for the admissions test battery. It is concluded that the disadvantages of reduced reliability were offset by the advantages of reduced testing time. (DB)

The theme of the 8th Annual Forum on Institutional Research was "Institutional Research and Academic Outcomes" -- intended as a continuation of the 1966 Forum discussion dealing with academic inputs and the 1967 Forum on the instructional process. After an address by the Association's president in which he urged his academic colleagues to investigate the possibilities for change in both the organizational structure of universities and the educational process, general papers were submitted on the relationship of benefits and costs in higher education; societal impacts on higher education; and educational productivity in economic terms. Approximately 4 papers were presented in each of the areas of: Institutional Planning and Theory Models; Campus Climates; Institutional Innovations; Faculty and the Institution; Methodology and Assessment in Evaluation of Output; Institutional Budget and Cost Analysis; and Synthetic Output by Simulation. Because of space limitations in the Proceedings, some of the 32 papers were condensed from the original and many of the tables, charts and graphs were omitted. (This document previously announced as ED 029 557.) (JS)

A project is reported in which the in-home TV viewing of 254 kindergarteners was controlled for 3 weeks by a selected "diet" of "violent" or "pacific" programming. Eight teachers recorded all in-school instances of violent-aggressive-hostile behavior by each child over a 5 week period. Parental report of in-home changes and the in-school changes indicated that most children did not change as a function of TV "diet," while those that did tended to copy the behaviors to which they had been exposed. The lengthy discussion is divided into 3 parts: (1) an analysis of the concepts "hostile,""violent," and "aggressive;" (2) a comparison of the authors' methodology and results with typical laboratory efforts, many of which are viewed as irrelevant, incompetent, or immaterial; and (3) the relevance of the results to the social issue of TV violence. (Author/TL)

The authors discuss their replications of 2 prominent studies in the area of modeling aggressive behavior; those of Lovaas and Bandura. In the first, they predicted that, given the same socio-economic background, there would be no differences between black and white children in the amount of aggressive play subsequent to viewing an aggressive cartoon. No significant differences are shown between the experimental and control groups for either blacks or whites. The second study, in which 43 pre-schoolers were divided into 3 subject groups, varied the level of aggressive content by showing a different cartoon to each group. It was assumed that the children exposed to the most aggression would emit the most aggressive responses in a subsequent free play period. Again, no significant differences were found. The authors discuss their inability to demonstrate a previously well-documented effect. (TL)

This bibliography, the third in a series, is arranged according to the following categories: (1) goals and longrange planning; (2) administration and faculty; (3) curriculum and instruction; (4) space utilization and scheduling; (5) characteristics of entering students; (6) general student characteristics; (7) recruitment and admissions; (8) prediction and academic performance; (9) perception of the college environment; (10) retention, attrition, and transfer; and (11) miscellaneous. For the sake of brevity, no cross-references have been established for the entries. An author index indicates the number of entries submitted by each author. (Author/MLF)

This document contains papers intended to identify problems and issues confronting institutional research and to assess the measured response of institutional researchers. The following general topics are covered: (1) the campus and its environment, (2) allocation of college and university resources, (3) faculty workload and effectiveness, (4) student characteristics and achievement, (5) institutional change, (6) institutional research methodologies, (7) quantitative methods, and (8) the information revolution. A related document is ED 044 785. (LLR)

Sensitivity training in the classroom can help children cope with and adapt to their environment--family, peer group, friends, school, and teachers--and get them to talk honestly and openly about emotional, social, and intellectual feelings and concepts. Some techniques of encouraging students to explore, to become involved with and aware of themselves and their world may include (1) photographing a familiar person or object and writing about it; (2) experiencing various senses and then describing a pipe cleaner, a rock, a dictionary, a grape; and (3) categorizing the ways in which emotions, body postures, and facial expressions affect communication. (MF)

Over one thousand books and articles published between 1942 and 1973 are listed in this bibliography. These citations are concerned not only with discriminatory testing, interviewing and recruiting processes, but also with efforts on the part of employers to overcome these problems. Emphasis is placed on discrimination in the employment and ability testing of adults, rather than academic testing, although important citations of the latter, as well as the testing of children, are included. Many of the entries are annotated. A list of sources for researchers who are interested in further developments on the topic of "Discrimination in Testing" is included. (MP)

A "suburban newspaper" cannot be simply defined as a "newspaper published in the suburbs" or a "rural publication." Instead, a description of the suburb and the newspaper must be combined to arrive at a more sound definition of the term. A suburb is "an area outside the political limits of a city but in that city's standard Metropolitan Statistical Area." James E. Pollard wrote that a "newspaper" is a publication "issued at frequent and regular intervals, with a paid following of regular readers...carrying general news...editorials...and advertising." The first recognition of the suburban newspaper was in 1914 with the formation of the Suburban Publishers Association, but there was no academic recognition of the term at that time. The significance of the association was that its members acknowledged that something did exist between city and country. In 1917, at a convention of the National Editorial Association, speakers urged the publication of "suburban weeklies." However, it was not until post-World War II that the suburban newspaper flourished, coinciding, as it did, with the rapid growth of the suburbs. (DS)

A total of 225 mothers, ages 19 to 64, were asked how they felt about their children (N=309): (1) upon knowledge of pregnancy, (2) at the quickening, (3) at birth, and (4) at the time of the interview. Results contradict some of the rationale behind the current liberalized abortion arguments by showing that initially unwanted children are loved as much by their mothers as initially wanted children. While 8% of the mothers studied were most distressed, and 28% were ecstatic upon learning of pregnancy, maternal affection for the child grew with the quickening and increased by the time of birth. At the time of the interview, no differences were apparent between the two polar groups of mothers along the dimension of expressed love for the child. Other questions discussed include: (1) Do mothers favor the firstborn?; (2) Does the mother's age affect her affection for the child?; and (3) How do women usually feel when they discover they are pregnant? (Author/ST)

This collection of citations and references focusing on the culture of industrial alcoholism, its existence on the job, and its resolution extends from 1960 to June 1972, with some important works from earlier dates. The citations from books, articles, and newspapers, assembled to present a composite picture of the alcoholic worker's environment, are grouped in categories under the culture of alcoholism, alcoholism as it affects employees, drinking in the job setting, management confronts alcoholism, specific companies' programs, treatment and therapy, rehabilitation on and off the job, and citations of related interest including alcoholism and the family, male and female alcoholics, media and sources. Some multiple listings and cross-references were made but no indexes are provided. (MF)

This publication examines the purposes and functions of policy as a conceptual focus for the problems and issues of higher education. Emphasis is placed on the conceptual difficulties of policy, distinctive features of policy, and policy functions and issues. The major contention suggests that the purpose of policy is to provide a general rationale for the specific functions of programs, plans, and decisions. The degree to which that rationale is explicit will vary with the area or level of policy, but some degree of intelligent structure must be given the process whereby programs, plans, and decisions are implemented. (Author/MJM)

Drawing on implications suggested by several recent studies in comparative urban research, the extent to which the structure of intergovernmental relations affects the allocations of public funds within a nation is examined. The focus is on educational policy and determining whether differing degrees of centralization affect the outcomes of the policy process. Five hypotheses were tested with nation-level data for 17 countries in Europe and North America and with subnational data for four federal and four nonfederal systems. A systematic difference was found between the federal and the non-federal systems in policy performance, with little indication that federal systems either equalize or redistribute the aggregate resources of society, perpetuating the regional disparities. While it seems true that the dominant role of the central government in a non-federal system may reduce the magnitude of intra-national variation of education spending, it is nevertheless evidenced that the aggregate allocation of funds to education relative to resource base is highest in the federal nations. Appendices present factor structures for dimensions of industrialization and commercialization for 16 nations, and factor structures for dimensions of industrialization and integration of four non-federal and four federal nations. (Author/KSM)

External testing (public tests) is examined from a British point of view by George Cameron Allen and then responded to by an American. Allen discusses the history of external examinations in Britain, paying particular attention to the General Certificate of Education (GCE) examinations and the dichotomy that exists between language and literature portions of the test. Most students who are college bound are "done with English" at the age of sixteen; only those who specialize in English go on to higher level English tests focusing on literature, at the university level. In response to this traditional form of testing, the British reexamined their test forms, which resulted in an alternate-choice test, the Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE), which pays particular attention to the individual student, more closely relates language and literature, and provides an oral examination which the GCE ignored. The American paper responds by commenting on the College Entrance Examination Boards, noting the attention paid to vocabulary and multiple-choice items. Advantages and disadvantages of the Advance Placement English and the Graduate Record Examination in English are considered. The author concludes by suggesting that a profile of the student's writing may tell a great deal more than a straight examination. (HOD)

The purpose of this study has been to conduct a survey of the adoption and diffusion of management concepts in a selected group of 2-and 4-year colleges. The population chosen for study is the 2- and 4-year colleges in the Southeastern region of the United States. The specific objectives of the survey were to determine the extent and frequency with which management concepts and techniques have been adopted within 2- and 4-year colleges. Universities were excluded because of their larger organizational structure and the difficulties of specifying how the adoption of managerial concepts influences activities and functions at the college level. An effort was made to determine the extent to which managerial concepts were regarded as important in the current administration of the college, the familiarity of administrators and key faculty members with such concepts, and the kinds of sources of information used in the administration of the college. An effort was also made to identify conditions and factors that shaped or influenced the adoption of new techniques in academic administration. (Author)

Some uses of the mass media for educating the adolescent are discussed, and the fact that teachers have generally neglected using mass media devices is emphasized. Multisensory stimuli are seen to enhance the excitement and drama of the written page and to be essential to a concept of literacy broad enough to encompass all aspects of critical and creative communication. Two projects involving the use of motion pictures and tape recordings to complement poetry are discussed. The first project planned a film and sound track for chosen poems. The second project used haiku written by the students because this poetry lent itself well to the multimedia approach. Some examples of haiku written by teachers and students are included. (RT)

A Detroit study investigated the personality differences between typical urban Negroes and Whites. Subjects included 416 whites and 200 negroes over the age of 14. The following instruments were administered to all subjects: (1) the Cantor short form of the Barron Ego Strength scale, (2) the Eysenek Personality Inventory, (3) the Cameron Religious Dimensions scale, (4) the Sarrason Hostility scale, (5) the Birdie Masculinity-femininity check list, and (6) a set of rating scales. Results indicated: (1) similar scores for Negroes and Whites for the ego strength, extroversion, lie, masculinity-femininity, and liking-others-scale; (2) Negroes tested less "hostile", less neurotic, more religious, and claimed to feel better liked by people-in-general than whites. With respect to this latter result, post-hoc interviews of Negroes not involved in the study indicated that the sample Negroes might have interpreted the question as referring to other Negroes. Although not much confidence can be placed in this study's results because of its high rejection rate, it gains merit for using representative samples. (LS)

Fourteen hundred faculty members in 50 departments were questioned to determine the amount of formal research done each year in the nine Wisconsin State Universities. Responses revealing research productivity by department, amount of research done in teaching-learning (educational), percentage of faculty that do not engage in research because of lack of time, and percentage of faculty that do not engage in research because of lack of funds showed a very high correlation between low research productivity and lack of time, and a highly significant multiple correlation of low research productivity on lack of time and lack of funds (although there was almost no correlation between low research productivity and lack of funds). College faculties should be allowed more time (and therefore will need increased fund allotments) to carry on research which will help solve problems in education. (Author/SM)

Students need proper guidelines in their summer programs of reading and writing. In this secondary school summer reading program, at the Holderness School for Boys in Plymouth, New Hampshire, teachers decided to assign 16 books--four books to be read by students in each of the 4 years of English. Two criteria were established for book selection: (1) each book must be capable of being handled by students without outside help; and (2) each book must be enjoyable and challenging. Teachers compiled a study guide for each book, containing an introduction, writing topics, and a list of recommended books dealing with the same subject covered in the book being read. One fourth of the student's grade for the Fall Term was based on the four essays which he wrote on his summer reading. The program resulted in improved class discussion during the early weeks of school and students' increased capacity to understand literature on their own. (A sample reading list and study guide are included.) (DD)

Three remote feedback techniques involving micro-teaching and video recording were tested to facilitate inservice teacher education to teachers in isolated circumstances. From a population of 57 beginning teachers of health occupations education, trade and industrial education, and technical education in Colorado, a sample of 39 teachers was selected randomly and assigned to three equal-treatment groups. The pretest-posttest control group design was selected to study video-phone feedback, video-mail feedback, and video-self-evaluation. A panel of two experienced state supervisors rated the 5-minute pretest lesson and the posttest performance of the teachers with a six-point rating scale. In addition, a satisfaction scale and a reaction questionnaire were administered. Conclusions were: (1) Feedback from the teacher educator via mailed videotape presentations or via telephone had no more effect on improving teacher performance than a video-self-evaluation, (2) Teacher satisfaction with the three remote techniques was not dependent upon the type of feedback received, and (3) Remote techniques in an inservice program were found feasible and did help beginning teachers analyze and change their teaching behavior. (GR)

This bibliography is composed of 157 citations ranging in date from 1962 to 1969, but emphasizing the 1967 to 1969 period. Approximately one-third of the entries are annotated. The sources describe programs and techniques which are similar to the U.S. Department of Labor's "New Careers" program; however, emphasis is on less institutionalized programs and techniques which represent the private sector and the fields of health and education. Listings are arranged alphabetically according to author under the general divisions of Paraprofessional Workers, Subprofessional Workers, Nonprofessional Workers, Citations of Related Interest, and Filmography. Entries include journals, news releases, newspaper articles, reports of conferences and demonstration projects, and additional sources of information. A related bibliography is available as VT 011 041. (CH)

This annotated bibliography contains references to various films, articles, and books on the subject of hard-core unemployment, and is divided into the following sections: (1) The Sociology of the Hard-Core Milieu, (2) Training Programs, (3) Business and the Hard-Core, (4) Citations of Miscellaneous References on Hard-Core Unemployment, (5) Citations of Documents of Related Interest, and (6) Filmography. Brief annotations are given for many of the references. (BC)

The library profession in colleges and universities is faced with three critical problems: (1) too few high-paying positions relative to the total number of practitioners to make the profession financially attractive, (2) the highest level positions to which the majority of career librarians may aspire offer dim prospect of an adequately compensated career, and (3) an imbalance between the compensations of faculty and librarians may well be symptomatic of two equally serious problems--minimization of the role and organizational requirements of this important facet of our educational-research program and the possibility of exploitation. Table I indicates that less than 20% of the faculty are at the lowest rank of instructor while 50% of the librarians are classified in the basic rank. Many librarians will never advance beyond this position and most of those who do will go no higher than department head or branch librarian. On the other hand, approximately 50% of the faculty hold the two highest ranks--professor and associate professor. Three factors seem to exert a strong effect on librarians' compensation: (1) predominance of women in the profession. (2) large number of routine and clerical tasks performed, and (3) prevailing departmental organization which acts as a barrier to nonadministrative librarians. (NH)