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As the United Nations commemorates 1975 as “International Women's Year,” in a concerted effort to “promote equality between men and women“ and to “ensure the full integration of women in the total development effort,” the concern of the larger global community for outlawing sex-based discrimination is being articulated with increasing vigor. This concern both builds upon and expresses a more general norm of nondiscrimination which seeks to ban all generic differentiations among people in access to value shaping and sharing for reasons irrelevant to individual capabilities and contribution. The particular norm against sex-based discrimination finds expression in many authoritative communications, at both international and national levels, and is rapidly being defined in a way to condemn all the great historic deprivations imposed upon women as a group.

The active mycofloras of six Australian soils were studied at soil water suctions as great as pF 5·6, using a hair colonization technique and atmospheres of 75–100% r.h. At high relative humidities, a mixed mycoflora was active and the generic composition of the active fungi in the various soils differed considerably. Below 95% r.h. , however, the aspergilli and penicillia were dominant in all soils and the population was thus relatively uniform, regardless of the origin of the soil. In particular, there was no evidence for the selection of a xerophytic population in the arid, tropical soils, although these soils were characterized by the presence of some species with known high-temperature optima.

The active mycoflora of a soil from Katherine, Northern Territory, was studied at 15–35° G. and 75–100% r.h. , using a hair colonization technique. At any given relative humidity, both the rate of growth and the complexity of the mycoflora were maximal at 30°. At 75–90% r.h. , species of Aspergillus and Penicillium dominated the mycoflora, the former being of equal or greater prevalence relative to the latter at all humidities at 30–350 and at 75–80% r.h. at lower temperatures. For some species within these genera, there was a marked interaction between temperature and relative humidity in controlling competitive saprophytic ability and these species can be grouped on the basis of their activity patterns. Heating soil to 56° for 1 hr. reduced to half the number of colonies appearing on soil-plates. Relative humidity and the temperature of previous soil incubation were unimportant in determining survival when exposure to 56° was short, but loss of viability after longer periods of exposure (4–7 days) was less at lower relative humidities and in those samples previously incubated at higher temperatures (25–35°). Penicillium vinaceum was conspicuous for its ability to survive the heat-treatments.

This discussion on “Expulsion and Expatriation in International Law” is very timely indeed. Today we are witnessing a new type of people “in orbit,” not astronauts but “refugees in orbit.” In a recent bulletin, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees vividly describes how a typical refugee in orbit wandered from country to country over the past half year in quest of some one country that might let him in and stay. What made the case dramatic was that during that long period the refugee was shuffled from airplane to airplane, and confined in airports. Compelled to leave the country of residence and lacking proper identity and travel documents, many people cannot disembark legally anywhere. In earlier times there was always the possibility of jumping ship. But today, under the closed national boundary system policed by more sophisticated entry and exit control, such unfortunate persons are condemned to a nightmarish cycle of enforced airplane journeys and periods of practical imDrisonment in ainrart waiting rooms.

From the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, through the adoption of the International Covenants on Human Rights in 1966, and to the Proclamation of Teheran in 1968, the human rights program under the auspices of the United Nations has represented a tremendous collective effort and symbolized the common aspirations of mankind for increasing the protection of all basic human values. This program, as greatly agitated and accelerated by the process of postwar decolonization and the rapid emergence and multiplication of newly independent states, has burgeoned far beyond the contemplation of the founding fathers of the United Nations. Yet, few tasks confronting the world community today remain more vital to its future than the defense and fulfillment of the basic values of the individual human being. Despite recurrent syndromes of national and ethnic parochialism, the vast majority of the peoples of the world continue to demand for themselves, and to acknowledge for others, certain fundamental rights to the minimnum conditions of a dignified human existence. Deprivations of human rights visited upon one individual or group are increasingly perceived to be a personal deprivation for any observer and a potential threat to all freedom. Indeed, the knowledge is now pervasive that no people can really be secure in basic rights unless all peoples are secure. Despite the rapid proliferation of international agreements, documents, and literature concerning human rights, the difficulties inherent in the program are, however, many and substantial. The successive efforts in formulating new community aspiration, though impressive in number, have failed to obtain wide acceptance as authoritative prescription. Even when the formal ratification of agreements has been achieved, the profound incongruence in the expectations of authority and control is of commonplace knowledge. Nation-states continue to engage in immense value deprivations of the individual and show little readiness to accommodate themselves to more inclusive authority. The predispositions of the effective elites in the different communities around the globe have not been sufficiently mobilized to establish and maintain the necessary processes and procedures for enforcement and, in the absence of a workable enforcement system, the authority and control made available to international governmental organizations have been most limited. From the perspective

SUMMARYA new species of the fungus order Eccrinales (Trichomycetes), Parataeniella armadillidii, is described and illustrated, attached to the chitinous lining of the hindgut of the pillbugs Armadillidium vulgare and A. nasatum (Isopoda) in Kansas. This is the first species of Parataeniella reported outside of Europe. A significant feature of the genus is the conversion of the entire unbranched and nonseptate thallus into a single sporangium producing numerous uninucleate spores. In this respect Parataeniella resembles the ectocommensal Trichomycete genus Amoebidium (Amoebidiales), but Parataeniella produces no amoeboid cells and has other reproductive features characteristic of the Eccrinales.

The ability of intact cells of three strains of Saccharomyces to degrade haemoglobin at pH 3.7 increased during sporulation in acetate medium. The highest proteolytic activity was found approximately 17 hours after transfer to sporulation medium, at which time a large percentage of the cell population was in the tetranucleate stage just before the appearance of spore walls. Three non-sporogenic strains showed no change in proteolytic activity. On the basis of permeability relationship and the absence of activity in sporulation medium from which the sporulating cells were separated, the writers suggest a peripheral location of the enzyme, apparently the first such report for a yeast proteinase.