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The article discusses various issues related to the future lesson plans for physical education. The author stresses the need for research in physical education because currently there has been very little knowledge about physical activities. According to the author, educators have divided physical education into elementary, secondary, special physical education, etc., without taking into account their basic biological constituents and their influence on the requirements of children. It is anticipated that the future analysis of physical activity will be done with the help of computer simulation which test models in various situations and provide information on optimization of training on an individual basis.

This computer program analyzes content by classifying each individual sentence or phrase by its single, most important meaning. The total content of a document is then the sum of these individual classifications (statement meanings). In the examples studied, five key words can determine specific meaning for individual sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multi-product purchase-for-resale situations, the selection of the appropriate criteria for evaluation of alternative items is an important problem. This article reports on research which used computer simulation models to investigate the impact of alternative product addition and deletion criteria on the product mix and operating results of supermarket chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ad-Me-Sim model describes a decision system for selecting the appropriate media vehicles for a given advertising message. Five sets of weekly and cumulative outputs are used as criteria for determining which vehicles are most appropriate. The model also contains a heuristic subroutine that suggests appropriate media schedules when given the advertising goals of the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the availability of "canned" computer programs, it is extremely easy to run complex multivariate statistical analyses. However, it is not as easy to interpret the output of these programs. This article offers some comments about the well-known technique of linear discriminant analysis; potential pitfalls are also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a clear dichotomy between the optimizing and the nonoptimizing approaches. The four main methods using the optimizing approach are: (1) linear programming, (2) nonlinear programming, (3) iteration or marginal analysis, and (4) dynamic programming. The two major nonoptimizing approaches are (1) heuristic programming and (2) simulation. One of the known models using each approach is examined in detail. The relative merits of the various approaches are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized anarchies are organizations characterized by problematic preferences, unclear technology, and fluid participation. Recent studies of universities, a familiar form of organized anarchy, suggest that such organizations can be viewed for some purposes as collections of choices looking for problems, issues and feelings looking for decision situations in which they might be aired, solutions looking for issues to which they might be an answer, and decision makers looking for work. These ideas are translated into an explicit computer simulation model of a garbage can decision process. The general implications of such a model are described in terms of five major measures on the process. Possible applications of the model to more narrow predictions are illustrated by an examination of the model's predictions with respect to the effect of adversity on university decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large-scale computer model was developed which integrated an empirically based model of work groups and foremen with a behavioral theory of the firm. This model was then used to investigate a set of hypotheses about the effects of managerial climate on organizational performance. The results indicate that under specific dimensions of managerial climate work groups can have marked effects on organizational performance, suggesting the need for further research on the incorporation of models of the lower levels of organizations in a behavioral theory of the firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation is an approach to problem solving which has as its focus the construction and study of computer models as descriptions of the problem being analyzed. Its usefulness in marketing comes from the fact that problems too complicated for analysis by conventional methods may be solved. The author gives several examples of how this is coming true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the cost implications of alternate field procedures and sample designs has been a thorny problem for those conducting field surveys. This article shows how computer simulation can provide a fast, accurate, and inexpensive solution to these kinds of problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can analytical models of marketing phenomena be constructed, tested, and understood by persons who are not sophisticated in mathematics? "Yes," say the authors -LOGICAL FLOW MODELS meet the specifications. They are appropriate for the analysis of large classes of marketing behavior. They can yield specific predictions, or be made the basis for computer simulation and sensitivity analysis in much the same manner as their mathematical counterparts. They can be important aids to decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the role of mathematical models in marketing. The author responds to the article "The Role of Models in Marketing," by William Lazer in the April 1962 issue of "Journal of Marketing." The author claims that untested marketing models are worth investigating as hypotheses for further research, but should not be considered guidelines for a correct marketing decision. A discussion is presented about the virtues and complications related to the use of mathematical models as a base for advertising and marketing decisions and the possible effects of models on business.

Marketing-research people are becoming increasingly interested in the various mathematical simulation techniques and models being developed, both in universities and in business firms. Many of these techniques are being used to solve marketing research problems that previously have been unsolvable, or "solved" by the "seat-of-the-pants" method. Here are some specific examples of the use of business-strategy exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on Computer Assisted Simulation Exercises (C.A.S.E.). The author suggests that this program can effectively accelerate the growth of general managers. The author notes that the use of business games is nothing new; however, he suggests that there is new effort being placed on their use as an educational tool. He discusses the need to develop managers who are able devise a strategy and then turn that strategy into operational plans. These managers become most effective when they are able to assess their environment, evaluate their resources, develop a variety of strategies and manage their organization to meet their goals.

The article discusses the use of quantitative analysis and concepts of the behavioral sciences in marketing. Three approaches to estimating the distribution of consumer preferences are presented. Psychologist L. L. Thurston used psychometrics to predict the outcomes of political elections. Sociologist Dr. Purnell H. Benson's methods used differential calculus to determine consumer preferences based on scaled responses of likes and dislikes. Alfred A. Kuehn of Carnegie Institute of Technology makes use of probabilities to determine preferences. A comparison of the methods used by computer simulations is presented.

The author reports on the importance of capital investment decisions for an organization. The importance of making appropriate capital investment decisions for the success of an organization is discussed. Ideas expressed in the book "Risk Analysis in Capital Investment," by David B. Hertz are discussed. The way in which the project's risk is gauged is discussed. Benefits and drawbacks regarding the simulation approach in the appraising of investment proposals are discussed. Other ways in which risks can be dealt with are mentioned.

Will the computer ever replace management men in making top business decisions? Hardly, but military experience with SAGE and SACCS proves that when the machines go to work on the line, changes must be made in the command structure. The first step is research which the machine, using simulation models, does to develop a set of management principles. To learn what happens next and what may happen in the very near future, read this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of the author on a paper by Melvin N. Greenball, "Evaluation of the Usefulness to Investors of Different Accounting Estimators of Earnings: A Simulation Approach," evaluating the usefulness of different accounting estimators of earnings to investors. The author explains that the stated objective of Greenball's research is to test the hypothesis that certain accounting methods generate earnings estimates which are useful to outside investors than those generated by other accounting methods.

This article focuses on measuring the proportion of the total value of the firm contributed by post-horizon cash flows. The authors explain that since the proportion of the total value of the firm resulting from post-horizon cash flows is a function of both pre- and post-horizon cash flows, that is, total cash flows, assumptions must be made about both. They state that the problems surrounding the prediction of specific cash flows prior to the planning horizon are not considered. The article reports that it is assumed that pre-horizon cash flows can be taken from existing sources such as budgets.

Perhaps the major contribution of our analysis has been to reveal the complexity of the relationship between the personal income tax and the stability of stock market prices. Most of the literature on the subject has dealt with only the capital gains tax and its "locked-in" effect, and given only this tax and only this property, the issue was relatively clear. The problem becomes more complex, however, when the effects of the income tax on pricing are more completely accounted for. We discover that for the general case of a dividend paying stock and intuitively reasonable ranges of the model's parameter values, the capital gains tax actually exhibits a stabilizing property. In fact, if the income tax can be said to be destabilizing, it may well be due to the tax which is levied on dividends, not the one which is levied on capital gains. To derive these conclusions, we relied to some extent on a simulation experiment. Conclusions from a computer simulation study must be tempered by the knowledge that simulation is necessarily a numerical abstraction of the process under study and not the process itself. Computer simulation is a useful tool when it is either impossible or undesirable to study the system analytically. In our situation we were unable to deal with the complexity of our functions, and we also wished to account for the potential effects of trading in our system as well as simultaneous changes in the variables relevant to valuation. The simulation experiment enabled us to cope with all these problems. The problem we have tried to deaf with is a very difficult one, yet it must be considered important since the "locked-in" issue has been used effectively as an argument against increasing the tax rate on capital gains. We would suggest that the issue is far more complex than has been realized up to this point, and it deserves more careful scrutiny in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion of the issue of portfolio selection based on previous analysis. The article responds to work by H. Markowitz, who presented a normative approach to portfolio selection by developing a decision problem in his work "Portfolio Selection." These authors propose to develop a positive theory that predicts investment behavior under uncertainty. The authors are interested in investor behavior, focusing on investment of trust funds held by banks. The article discusses how the simulation model provides information about the decision making process, presents developments in human problem-solving theory, discusses investment problem solving, describes the computer model, and presents the results.

Research utilizing computer models to study human cognitive and social processes is noteworthy because of its quality, quantity, and rate of growth. It has influenced both research methodology and the body of knowledge in the behavioral sciences. The close relationship between management and the behavioral sciences implies that such research will probably affect management thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Department stores in the United States have recently experienced a decline in financial corporate financial performance, particularly in the profitability of merchandising operations. The use of a refined version of the return-on-investment measure is suggested as a means of improving the financial performance of retail merchandising decisions. Results of a simulated experiment are reported indicating the positive effects on merchandising profitability of using the suggested return-on-investment decision criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer simulation techniques have been used successfully in solving marketing management decision problems. Can these techniques be applied to the analyst's problem of selecting the best solution techniques for analyzing marketing decisions? The author indicates they can. "Methodological simulation" can also be used to narrow the "credibility gap" between the analyst and the manager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that while a good deal of lip service is given to "creativity," in practice little understanding of the concept is demonstrated. There are apparently two types of creative activity: one, largely the product of persistence and hard work in sorting and combining bits of information; and a second, more mystical type of activity which crosses the boundaries of standardized methods of problem solving and takes approaches based upon intuitive inputs. For those who have attempted to learn "deliberate creativity" merely through mastery of routine sorting and combining skills, the computer should make them obsolete. For the executive able to call upon the inspiration of the real creative geniuses, the computer should open new horizons and free him from a good deal of time-consuming effort. "Companies using computers to simulate business problems and analyze various alternatives for their solution will have top management free to concentrate on creative phases of their jobs." The firm which is able to identify its truly creative personnel and provide them with mechanical facilities capable of performing the routine aspects of creativity will have a real competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of 'series queue' type flow-lines are simulated. Both are balanced, mechanically unpaced systems with provision for interstage buffer stocks. The effects of buffer capacity, service-time variability and number of stations on the output efficiency of both types of line are examined and comparisons are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three dimensional variable dimensioned computer model of a man has been developed which can be used as a conversational mode design tool. This paper illustrates the use of this model for equipment design, in particular to determine whether controls can be reached and whether equipment dimensions are suitable to match different members of the population. The equipment may be described either by special purpose or general purpose environmental modelling systems. The modules of the general purpose system may be assembled into a model of the equipment and then evaluated by taking the operator, represented by the computer man, through a typical work sequence. If the dimensions or positions of the modules are unsatisfactory they may be altered conversationally and the new design retested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer simulation is used to investigate the idle time and maximum queue occurring at stations oil flow lines with 'balanced' independently normally distributed station service times. The effect of 'inbalance' in station service time mean and variability, on idle time, maximum queues and output is also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes work done by the White Fish Authority's Industrial Development Unit to exploit a method of transferring fish at sea between a fleet of trawlers. Both the operations research study and subsequent implementation are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many production lines can be viewed as a series of work stations with inter-station storage (or buffers). Consideration of production lines as a series of finite queues permits evaluating inefficiencies in terms of the queue capacity at each station; the mean servicing (or work) times at each station and their distribution; and the numbers of stations.
A simple rationale and numerically valid predicting formula is developed by considering first, the whole class of balanced two station systems and secondly, the effect of numbers of work stations. Numerical comparisons are made with the results of Hillier & Boling (1967), and Freeman (1968) as well as with computer simulation results obtained by the present writer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computer simulation of an assembly line enforcing pacing on manned sequential stations indicates that unpaced station operations are superior to paced. Using the variability and work-time distribution of operator performance on repetitive tasks, a number of studies were carried out which show that an assembly line cannot perform at maximum efficiency (in terms of operator idle time and units completed) unless queues are provided before each work station. Studies of various station speed configurations indicate that the generally preferred configuration is Fast-Medium-Slow (short-medium-long cycle time) and that there is little difference among various configurations when the inter-arrival time is larger than any of the operator mean cycle times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an interim report on a comparative study of paced and unpaced worker performance. A number of pilot experiments are described involving simple physical and mental, including inspection, tasks paced by conveyor and other systems. Tentative findings are given, relating to output, quality of performance, distributions of operation times and ratios of constituent motion element times. Reference is made to preliminary work on computer simulation of paced systems. This Paper describes recent and current research at Birmingham which aims at contributing to the understanding and hence to the solving of these problems by way of comparative studies of the characteristics of paced and unpaced performance of workers engaged on highly repetitive tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]