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In this article the author examines how the environments that employees participate in of outside of work influence the environment in the workplace. The author discusses a pervious study that had examined the social behaviors that employees display in the workplace versus those that they choose not to display. The latter are referred to as latent social roles and the author contends that these have important consequences for employees' behavior in organizations. He discusses how people carry culture around with them and that this can be seen in organizations where multiple personalities, backgrounds and behaviors come together.

This article responds to a critique of an article that examined the attitudes of Japanese Americans towards American advertising. The author notes that while he believes that Japanese Americans are a part of middle class America, he also believes in the notion that by holding American advertising in a negative light Japanese Americans have not become socialized consumers and therefore, are not part of mainstream America. He provides quotations from various publications that reinforce the notion that advertising is representative of mainstream acceptance.

This article presents a critique of an article that examined how American advertising projects an idea of what being part of the middle class is. The author found that Japanese Americans view American advertising in a negative light and because of this they are not part of mainstream society. This article suggests that this is a relatively limited scope of how to judge what being part of mainstream American means. The author adds that there is s substantial amount of published evidence to refute the idea that Japanese Americans have not acculturized.

This article was written independently of the one preceding, by Colston E. Warne. The point that authors Petit and Zakon are making is that advertising is a bulwark rather than a threat to our existing values. They maintain that critics of advertising who say that it violates the American value system are in reality criticizing the American value system itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A questionnaire survey of nationalist attitudes of a nonrepresentative sample of 374 high school youth in Quebec and Belgium was conducted. Scales of political and cultural nationalism, constructed by factor analysis and interitem correlations, had satisfactory alpha reliability and concurrent validity. The effects of different kinds of stares on nationalist attitudes were examined. Political nationalism was found related to ethnicity (ascribed status) and social class (achieved status), but not to the interaction of ethnicity and social class (status inconsistency). The relationship between bilingualism and nationalism was also explored. Bilingual fluency was associated with cultural, but not with political, nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to examine the extent to which the Japanese American family has retained a number of the characteristics which are associated with the family system in Japan. Interviews were conducted with 299 individuals in three generations of Japanese Americans. The evidence indicates that while considerable acculturation has taken place, even the third generation of Japanese Americans still retains certain characteristics of the more traditional Japanese family system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the findings that point to several important considerations in evaluating the socio-cultural implications of illness and hospitalization. The cultural characteristics of the lower class bear little similarity to the bureaucratic social milieu of the hospital. This anomaly cannot be easily remedied. Without considerable "life-style" changes within the slower-class subculture, including familial and other "primary-group" patterns of interaction and "sentiment," more "favorable" attitudes toward hospital care would be difficult, if not impossible, to encourage. Moreover, even if these changes occurred, they would not necessarily resolve the problems of rapport between medical-care personnel and lower-class patients. These problems present a challenge for public-health education. Certainly, efforts could be made to improve understanding and appreciation of social-class differences by workers in the medical field. Moreover, it would probably be helpful to recognize that the middle-class "values orientation" of public health education programs has relatively little relevance for members of the lower-class sub-culture.

The article presents an anthropological studies of the educational process in the U.S. The processes of cultural transmission as defined are constituted in regularly occurring patterns of encounter where several equivalences of meaning are transacted which equivalences together form a network and are the cultural system of the community in question. Anthropological studies of culturally patterned perception went back which follow several strong traditions including studies of kinship and social structure. The study principally and directly examine processes of cultural transmission.

This article describes the resources and social patterns of the Negritos on the San Marcelino Reservation in Zambales, Philippines. The description includes the non-exclusive territorial attitude toward land and the socialization processes of the society. The population under study is located on the San Marcelino Reservation in Zambales. There is an approximately equal number of Negritos out side the reservation who would also be directly affected by any development program. Many aspects of development in this area are discouraging, especially the land situation and the difficulty of organizing cooperative activities The Negritos' cultural values will, however, support the above suggestions. There are no vested interests in the society to hinder their acceptance. If the New Society is going to strengthen the Filipino people for both moral and economic improvement, it must strengthen a pluralistic society. The Negritos also have an important contribution to make toward the New Society.

The author reflects on the condition of art education in the United States. He declares that art education possess no great ideas in common and is passing through a period of grave crisis. He recommends reviewing the bases of art profession and developing of well-defined, common goals. He also suggests assessing the educational needs rather than looking to traditional habits of art teaching. He also emphasizes the need to develop talents and the need for an educated vision and cultural identity.

This article discusses several changes in the cultural ideals of the family. The ethical ideal which explicitly or implicitly dominates most of our thinking about family life is that of the family as a closed and united social group composed of parents and children. When the grandparental family pattern disintegrates, parent and child, which were a part of the old kinship structure must change since they lose their significance under the new structure. The patterns of these relations show a marked uniformity. The conjugal relation is not a personal relation between a man and a woman as individuals. It is a relation between them as members of their respective families. Objective study of erotic relations in various civilizations discloses that such relations have an inner order of their own, include standards of valuation and norms of conduct which the lovers tend to follow as a matter of moral duty toward each other. Social patterns of erotic relations came to include a greater and greater portion of the personal lives of the partners within the standards and norms of the relation. This extension of the erotic pattern to marriage has been a very influential factor in American culture. Sex is a powerful social force and it does not lose but gains in power. It finds socially recognized, organized paths for full manifestation.

The article discusses the impact of contact with American Indian culture upon urban Jewish teens. The Indian Summer Service Project sends a number of Jewish teens to an Indian reservation each summer to develop recreational and tutorial programs for the Indian community with an ultimate aim of training indigenous leadership to take over the programs. The project offers the teens the opportunity to explore their own general feelings about the U.S. society through the sample of life their contact with the Indians provides. The conflicts between the Indian and Jewish culture and the Indian's struggle to reassert his cultural identity had an impact on Jewish teens in terms of their own cultural identity.

This article presents information on the identity of Jew in Great Britain. It is informed that Jews in Great Britain can neither legally nor socially be disentangled from the English population of which they form a part. Yet many people, Jews and non-Jews alike, believe and act as though the Jews can be distinguished from other groups in the same way as Englishmen can he distinguished from, say, Germans or Russians. A survey was conducted in this context by the author. The result of the survey conducted suggests that in terms of the objective criteria of Jewishness, there has been a considerable degree of acculturation among the members of the sample, and a falling away from religious observance in comparison with their parents. Few of the respondents can be said to be motivated by Judaic religious values. In this they are similar to Gentiles in Great Britain, few of whom can be said to be motivated by Christian religious values. It is opined that one would expect a weaker religiosity among Jews in south west England, because they and some of their parents chose to live away from the main Jewish settlements in London, Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester, where it is relatively easier to practice Jewish ritual observance.

The article discusses the research on the works relating to child cultural deprivation and cognitive competence. The research observed that disadvantaged children may gain substantially from an enrich environment. A report also noticed that parental expectation was positively related to the child's achievement and intelligence in more than one subcultural group. A definition of intelligence suggests the ability to plan and structure behavior effectively for goal attainment.

It has been suggested in the foregoing pages that a fruitful lead to a more adequate operational understanding of culture is to be found in the dynamic relationships existing between customs, the innate response abilities of the human species, physiological needs, and psychological drives or motivations. We have taken the position that customs (cultural activities) when manifested in the individual are to be regarded psychologically as habits. Although a habit is a learned tendency to respond in a predictable manner under given conditions, all habitual responses, including customs, are formed only from the innate response repertoire of the species. It follows, therefore, that the content of all human culture is limited by the innate response capacities of the human species. Our knowledge of these limits and of the range of possible responses within them is at present imperfect, with the result that our scientific ability to predict and diagnose possible changes and readjustments of culture is restricted. We are at present unable to say definitively what cannot be done culturally by a human social group, nor are we yet in a position to consider exhaustively what can he done, because we lack a systematic knowledge of the alternatives within the total range of possible cultural activities. It is held that the systematic determination of these matters would be of scientific value in handling many problems of individual and group readjustment. As one means of providing the desired information a systematic examination of all the functioning cultures of mankind in. the light of the physiological and psychological principles involved in custom formation is suggested. As a first step in this direction the present paper has presented an incomplete culling of certain ethnographic literature. Attention has been confined on the whole to a consideration, first, of the range of gross muscular responses which have shown themselves capable of being incorporated into the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on different assumptions regarding decision-making systems, interaction, and goals between the established culture and the counter culture. It uses the generic and axiological methods to evaluate the conflict between the two cultural system. The generic approach provides the foundation that each cultural system could be viewed as distinct rhetorical genres. The value conflict of each genre could be distinguished by five axiological perspective which include the ideal nature of economic, political, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and philosophical systems are discussed. The conflict between the establishment and counter culture could be solved through consensus or compromise of differences.

The article focuses on the works associated with the ideology of cultural nationalism. After historian Rajnarain Bose's death, his autobiography appeared in print with a dedication by his famous grandson, Aurobindo Ghosh. That same year historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed both the book and the man in an article which he entitled "Raj Narain Bose the Grandfather of Nationalism in India." Though the article was in large part one of those national eulogies not inappropriate during the swadeshi era, Sarkar's critical insight and general treatment of the theme were remarkably effective in defining Bose's place in recent Bengali history. The main idea about Bose's nationalism, which Sarkar stressed, was the constructive manner in which he sought to wed the love of one's country to universal progress. According to Sarkar, in Bose's work on nationalism there appeared one central belief: that before a nation could participate in universal progress it had to become a nation, and before it became a nation its people had to acquire self-respect for the language, the history, and the true foundations upon which their society and culture were founded.

The article attempts to define the sociocultural identity of the Muslims and Hindus of rural Kashmir. It examines the images that Muslims and Hindus have both of themselves and of each other. The people of Kashmir partake of the common cultural heritage of the subcontinent of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. At the same time they have their own distinctive cultural traits, social structures, and historical experience. Muslims occupy a position of overwhelming importance in the population of Kashmir. While, the native Hindus of Kashmir all belong to the Brahman varna, and are divided into two endogamous subcastes. The problem of mutual identification among the Muslims of rural Kashmir does not arise very often. Within a village all adults know each other. Even when one encounters total strangers, there are several visible signs which identify them as one's co-religionists or otherwise. Identification of people in terms of the Muslims Pandit dichotomy is not difficult in the rural areas except perhaps when the stranger is from a town, or is an urbanized villager.

Two key words come quickly to mind when one thinks of social progress: the word "development" and the word "help." These concepts seem to pervade the literature regarding conditions in the non-Western world and among the disadvantaged in general. They appear to underlie a large proportion of the planning and programs related to those areas and peoples. It would be useful to examine these concepts from time to time, given the enormous influence they have and given that they are used, individually or together, to justify all sorts of action and sanction a number of questionable traditions and practices. Or, instead of development, one could speak of an increasing realization of one's cultural identity — which may or may not involve the usually expected industrialization, technical training, creation of a nation state. Moral norms refer to those things which one takes for granted, never doubts and on which one bases one's perception of the world. If one's description of reality, one's story of reality, is not considered self-evident to others in the dialogue, one is deeply threatened.

The article presents a list of research papers published in the March 1971 issue of the journal "The International Migration Review." One of the research papers are "Ausreisefreiheit" by D.D. Hartman which analyses the juridical and humanitarian problems which stem from the principle of freedom to temporarily or definitely leave one's country. Another paper includes "Italians and Australians in the Ovens Valley Area," by D.E. Phillips which presents a community study of a rural area of Victoria with particular reference to the position of Italian migrants within the community. The community of the Ovens Valley is described with respect to economic, structural, demographic and ecological aspects. A discussion of the link between structural assimilation and acculturation is carried out in behavioural terms. The paper "Current Status of Former Jewish Refugees in Melbourne" analyzes the correct status of Jewish refugees in Melbourne, 10 to 30 years after their arrival in Australia. The analysis of the Jewish refugees take into account their economic and social integration, educational achievements, perception of anti-semitism, social relations, identification as Jews and attitudes to politics.

This paper examines specific cultural and social features that Samoan and American Indian migrants bring to a West Coast metropolitan area. A survey of motivations for relocation, history, demography, and social and cultural characteristics of the two groups is presented. The interrelationship of these features is considered, as welt as the ways in which they interact with the realities and demands of the receiving environment. The paper suggests that the comparison of similar as well as differing characteristics that immigrant groups bring to their urbanization experience offers an opportunity to examine the ways that specific cultural features contribute to differential adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article present information on a study which attempts to reveal graphically the exponential increase of man's cultural output. This study is carried out by taking a sample of the creative contributions which are regarded by specialists within each separate field of endeavor as of outstanding importance, and ascertaining the number of these outstanding works that were produced during successive periods of time. This study reveals a simplest presentation of data in the form of a frequency distribution showing the number of works produced within each time interval. The graph used in the study plots production for each time interval as a percentage of the maximum production rate, which the author calls 100 percent. Thus, every curve in the graphs that accompany this study has a peak at 100 percent. These graphs reveal the ever-accelerating rate at which several cultural areas have been developing during recent centuries. It suggests that man's discoveries and inventions will probably continue to appear during the centuries that lie immediately ahead, at an even more rapid rate than they have been accumulating during the recent past.

This article focuses on the adaptation of the culture of the San Bias Cuna Indians, a tribe of 20,000, who now inhabit about 30 coral islands lying along the Caribbean coast of eastern Panama. Because the word acculturation has been given several different meanings by various writers it is point out by the author that here it is used to refer to the phenomena resulting from the more or less continuous contact of two or more cultures. It refers, then, to diffusion on a rather large scale between the cultures immediately involved; its logical conclusion is assimilation, though in actuality the latter state is not always reached but instead the societies involved arrive at a point of adjustment and thereafter retain their cultural uniqueness. Recent history contains many examples of such contacts between European groups and pre-literate cultures. These have, because of the presence of historic documentation from the European side of the picture, received considerable attention from anthropologists in recent years.

Three generations of Japanese Americans (Issei, Nisei, and Sansei) of Seattle, Washington, were studied by a newly devised Ethnic Identity Questionnaire with generation make this a feasible instrument for testing this specific ethnicity. There was a gradual erosion of ethnicity as acculturation has proceeded. Sex was not a significant factor in ethnic identification, but age, education, occupational prestige, and religion did appear to have some relevance. The results also indicate a considerable residue of ethnic identity in the third generation Sansei and considerable acculturation of the Issei. Ethnic identification as a factor in the current behavior, values, attitudes, and personality of the Japanese Americans is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have shown that, for a limited sample, the sexual behavior of a new immigrant population tends to approach that of the receiving population. That sexual acculturation follows the pattern of acculturation in other fields provoked our interest since the norms guiding the former are considerably less socially visible. We have accounted for the learning, in part, through the concept of "inferential visibility." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the acculturation of attitude and personality among Katangese women. The study presented in this article was designed to show whether or not the process of acculturation affects the attitude of the milieu towards women in the same manner as it affects their personality. Two towns in Katanga, Elisabethville with a population of 130,000 Congolese who have settled permanently there since the thirties, was compared with Kolwezi, a younger and less advanced city with a population of 30,000 settled there since the last war. The attitude towards women was examined by means of a sentence completion test in a group of 137 subjects, divided into six groups of men, women, and adolescents. The test was administered collectively in Swahili, without an interpreter. In the instructions, emphasis was placed on making sure that each item was properly understood, rather than on speed. The samples were drawn from the most advanced sections of the populations of the two cities and were equated in terms of marital and professional status.

The principal investigators of acculturation have been anthropologists. They study the old society as it presumably existed before contact with an outside or new society; the conditions of the contact; and the effects of the contact. Psychological theory and techniques can be of assistance in connection with the third phase. The assistance can be most efficiently rendered by concentrating upon the problem of explaining why some people in a society learn and others reject new modes of behavior. A pilot study conducted in three African societies (The Ganda in Uganda, the Luo in Kenya, and the Zulus in South Africa) has been summarized in order to demonstrate some of the fruitful hypotheses which can be formulated and some of the difficulties which are encountered when an effort is made to determine whether there are very general psychological predispositions associated with contact. The contact variables used in this report are education and leadership. Samples of adult males from each society were drawn as carefully as conditions permitted. Through an interpreter each informant was given a two-hour schedule which consisted of direct and projective questions and a small battery of tests. The results are presented in terms of trends. The education variable is more discriminating than the leadership one. Eight of the nine hypotheses tend to be verified in one or more of the societies. The principal reasons for failing to obtain more dramatic results are offered in order to suggest how future psychological research in the area of acculturation can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on culture contact in China. The study of contemporary culture contact is concerned with the behavior of individuals and groups in any culture, toward manufactured products, customs, social institutions, ideas, and people that come from an alien culture. In his attempt to understand changes in Oriental society resulting from the impinging of such new features upon it, the investigator of these reactions believes in scrutinizing and analyzing the changes while they are going on, instead of leaving it to posterity to draw inferences on the basis of fragmentary sources and half-hidden trails. Much of the data, seems to relate to futile ventures of all sorts which spring up and die down, with little chance of leaving records for the future historian. Yet the ventures which fail, are as significant for an understanding of the process of culture contact and change as are the ventures that succeed. In general, this field of interest and study, though theoretically preempted by certain anthropologists, is being actually attacked only in the usual more or less routine-statistical, descriptive and historical, anecdotal, and preliminary manner by various practical organizations and students of contemporary history.

The article presents a replication of the sociological study conducted by Alan Richardson on the factors that influenced the assimilation of British immigrants in Australia. It mentions that the recent study differs from the research conducted by Richardson since it uses another group of immigrants, the Dutch, as subjects of the study. It discusses the methods used as well as the result of the present study which aims to assess the factors that affects the acculturation of Dutch male immigrants in a community in Western Australia. Furthermore, it compares the result obtained in both study to evaluate which group has achieved a higher level of satisfaction while living in the said foreign community.

The factory as a social institution has been developed to function effectively in Western society over the centuries. Technology is spreading to American Indian reservations and adjusting the factory system to Indian culture offers a promising way to increase personal rewards and the social advantages to the community. Possibly the most distinguishing feature of Indian society is the degree of independence allowed an individual. This is, however, practiced within the context of strong social consciousness. Indian society has a present time orientation, and material goods are not the major means to prestige and standing. Individual schedules, piece rates, monthly instead of daily production goals, and diffused ownership of the means of production are means by which factory organizations can be made more compatible with Indian society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses resistance to acculturation. A study of people healthy enough to be called self-actualizing revealed that they were not well adjusted. They got along with the culture in various ways, but of all of them it could be said that in a certain profound and meaningful sense they resisted acculturation and maintained a certain inner detachment from the culture in which they were immersed. On the whole the relationship of these healthy people with their much less healthy culture is a complex one. All these people fell well within the limits of apparent conventionality in choice of clothes, of language, of food, of ways of doing things in culture. And yet they were not really conventional, certainly not fashionable or smart or chic. The expressed inner attitude was that it was ordinarily of no great consequence which folkways were used, that one set of traffic rules was as good as any other set, that while they made life smoother they did not really matter enough to make a fuss about.

The data observed seem to point out the following main factors in the process of acculturation as applies to the community studied: (1) The minority status of an immigrant group. (2) Intensity of loyalty to the previous culture. (3) Emotional content of the various trait-complexes of the changing culture. (4) Degree to which an original trait-complex sets the group apart from the majority. The role played by a leader, or an ambitious individual, or a frustrated personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the relation between modern industrialism and cultural values. The author says that he must apologize for excursion in semantics since it probably reflects very recent and prolonged experience with a study of the importance of the m

This article presents information on the linguistic pluralism in the U.S. Despite the various acculturation problems, the speakers of other languages eventually learn to communicate in English, more through their own efforts than through what schools are doing to teach them the new language. The almost complete ignorance of most white middle-class teachers of English about the difference between their students' home culture and the school culture which they are enforcing creates more hostility than understanding, and the actual learning process is therefore quite insignificant. The author observes that the students' "cultural aesthetic" is an important element of their racial consciousness. The Black child is proud of it and is willing to defend it. If this identification with other members of his own race breaks down, so would his self-image. In a very similar way, the Puerto Rican child is proud of the set of cultural norms and values that identify him as an individual and relate him to his family, his friends, his customs, and his homeland, in other words, to everything that is meaningful to him.

Studies of Asian students in the United States indicate that they associate almost exclusively with their fellow nationals, and that their relationships with host country nationals rarely go beyond superficial pleasantries. A study was made of 40 American students in Taiwan to compare their experiences with those of Asians in the United States. Most had studied Mandarin prior to their departure for Taiwan, and most possessed M.A.s. Almost without exception, they were above average or very outstanding students, but more than half had academic careers that seemed quite protracted or interrupted, or were drifting without a firm career commitment. The Americans in Taiwan experienced a substantial increase in their identities as Americans. All turned ultimately to a circle of Americans. Within the group there was great criticism of the host country and increased reinforcement of American identity. Of eleven couples, not one established a warm, friendly relationship as a couple with a Chinese. Cross‐cultural contacts seem to involve many common experiences and a familiar range of resolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In March of 1957 Canada's Royal Commission on Broadcasting, the Fowler Commission completed more than a year of hearings and presented its report of some five hundred pages to the Governor General. The article presents information of the report of the Royal Commission on Broadcasting on its examination of television radio in Canada. Canadian broadcasting with its unique combination of private and public ownership was given a vote of confidence. Once again its objective, to encourage the development of an indigenous cultural identity, was held to be the primary one.

The article focuses on a study of the application of social learning principles in a field setting. Study subjects were 30 Papago native American children selected from a population of first grade children in the elementary schools of two reservation communities. Mothers of the subjects were assigned to one of three treatment groups, with the intervention training occurring at successive points in time for each subsample. Trainings were conducted through direct demonstration, role playing and corrective activities. The study showed the efficacy of parental applications of learning theory based procedures for intellectual socializatio. It also suggested that intellectual skills can be taught effectively to the children regardless of their level of acculturation or past academic achievement.

The article presents information about a study of the cultural adjustment of a Polish immigrant group in Buffalo, which has been in progress at the University of Buffalo for the past eighteen months. Professor Niles Carpenter, has made the study in collaboration with Daniel K. Katz, a graduate student at Syracuse University, with the assistance of a number of Polish-American teachers, students and social workers. The objective of the study has been the devising of a technique for measuring the attitudes and activities involved in the process of acculturation of a typical immigrant group. A preliminary study was made in 1926. A second study is being carried on at present.