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Between the two world wars the built-up area of Greater London almost doubled in size. Although a distinct 'suburban trend' became increasingly obvious between 1860 and 1913, the physical dimensions of London's interwar suburban development were far greater than anything previously experienced. In spite of lower residential densities between the wars, a comparison of housebuilding levels before and after The Great War clearly reveals the scale of interwar residential development activity. Thus, in each year between 1871 and 1913 an average of 14,177 dwellings were built within the Metropolitan Police District, 1 while between 1920 and 1937 the annual average. was 41,839. In view of the unparalleled level of housebuilding activity between the wars, it seems extraordinary that the interwar speculative housebuilder and estate developer should have generally escaped the detailed attention of students interested in the history of our urban areas. The 'aim of the present study is to correct, at least in part, this deficiency. The interwar speculative housebuilder and his activities within the Greater London outer suburban area therefore provide the central theme for this work.

The Historia Francorum oui ceperunt Iherusalem is an eyewitness account of the First Crusade, written by a Provencal priest, Raymond of Aguilers, who accompanied the Count of Toulouse on the Crusade. As such it is an important primary source for the History of the First Crusade. Only ten manuscripts of the work of Raymond of Aguilers have survived, and the main purpose of this thesis has been, by collating these manuscripts, to restore the original text as written by Raymond of Aguilers. The evidence and reasoning which have led the present editor to construct the text herein contained, are to be found in the Critical Introduction. The work of Raymond of Aguilers has twice been previously edited: by Jaques Bongars in his collection of Crusader sources, the Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanover 1611); by various editors of the Academie Royale des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres in their collection of Crusader sources, the Recueil des Historiens des Croisades; Historiens Occidentaux, (Paris, 1856). These editions are both, however, unsatisfactory, and the present text is the first to be constructed using all the known manuscripts of the work of Raymond of Aguilers. The Historia Francorum has always raised considerable difficulties of interpretation when it has been used as a source for the First Crusade. Recent work has tended to reduce these difficulties. In the Historical Introduction the editor has tried to give an account of the latest research, and to offer his suggestions as to how the Historia Francorum may best be used. The Historical Introduction has another purpose; in preparing the text it has been found necessary to take some account of the purposes and outloot of Raymond of Aguilers. Various matters of special interest, such as Raymond of Aguilers use of other eyewitness accounts of the First Crusade, have been dealt with in the Appendices.

This study of the economic and social structure of Central Greece is largely based on the writings of Michael Choniates, who was appointed Metropolitan of Athens in 1182. For twenty three years he lived in one of the oldest cities in the region. From his residence on the Akropolis he observed provincial society, recording many aspects of twelfth century life which are little known from other sources. As Metropolitan he was sometimes forced to travel in the diocese of Ellas; for example, to visit an unruly bishop in Euboia; and he appears to have known the area from first-hand experience. He corresponded intensively with other prelates, monastic leaders and civilian officials throughout Greece, as well as reporting on the situation at length to his friends in Constantinople and elsewhere. In addition, he composed Homilies, Orations, 'Katecheseis', Memoranda and official addresses of welcome.

During the past three or four months, May to July 1918, there has been a great pandemic of so-called influenza which, starting in Spain, has spread over the whole of Europe and even other parts of the world. It has caused considerable wastage in our own Army and those of our Allies and has, therefore, been the object of much study amongst the medical services.

The events which took place in Jamaica at the end of December 1831 and the ensuing months proved to be the death throes of official slavery in the British Colonies. As a system of colonisation it had persisted too long, and had degraded humanity in the name of the economy. But it cannot be said that freedom came with the Act of emancipation passed in 1834, an Act hurried along by the events of 1832. Though 'freedom' had official sanction, and technically there were no slaves in the British Colonies after that date, it did not come into full operation until 1838; even then it could not eliminate that attitude towards the Negro which believed that he was de jure the property of the planter, an attitude which persisted for many years - some no doubt would argue that it persisted well into the twentieth century. Freedom is a delicate and precious possession and, therefore, must be treated with great care; it cannot be ordered into being, neither can it be left to the caprice of homo sapiens, for they soon distort its meaning, as we shall see in the account of events which took place in Jamaica after 1834. In the events leading up to 1831-1832, and the work of establishing the Negroes as citizens of Jamaica after that date, the Baptists played a not unimportant part, which appears generally to have failed to gain recognition. It is the purpose of this present study to attempt, in a small way, to rectify this neglect. It is a study of British Baptist involvement in Jamaica between the years 1783, when two ex-American Negro slaves arrived in the island, and 1865 when the tragedy of Morant Bay occurred, for which the Baptists were made the scapegoats, as in the case of the 1832 insurrection. It is hoped to show haw deeply many of the Baptist missionaries were involved in the work of creating a foundation for a Jamaican nation. As this is primarily a study of denominational involvement, it may appear somewhat biased. There is no intention of suggesting that Baptists alone played a vital role in these events; that would be untrue, nevertheless, it is an attempt to prove that Baptists played a significant role in the development of the island and, therefore, deserve more attention than has hitherto been given to them.

In order. to examine the impact of Greco-Roman art and architecture on Jewish Palestine from the early Hellenistic period until the Second Revolt an exhaustive corpus of material is presented. The earliest monuments are the palaces of Hyrcanus at Araq el-Emir, and the Tomb of the Bene Hezir, the Pyramid of Zachariah and the Tomb of Jason at Jerusalem. Nearly all other tombs, and the whole body of the ossuaries and sarcophagi can be confidently dated to the Herodian period. Arguments for dating used in the thesis are drawn from literature, onomastics, palaeography, general historical circumstances, pottery, coins, tomb-forms and architecture. A great deal of attention is applied to this important preliminary research. In addition comparisons are made with the tombs of a Sidonian colony of the 3rd -2nd centuries BC at Marisa (Beit Jibrin) and with the later Jewish catacombs at Beth Shearim. The other material for the corpus is provided by the Jewish coins of the period, and by the remains of Herod's palace-fortresses at Masada and Herodion, of a winter pleasure-palace of Herod or Archelaus at Jericho, of a Herodian theatre and fortified walls at Caesarea and of possible Herodian remains at Se baste. Exhaustive reference is made to the valuable passages of the Jewish historian Josephus which describe the building activities of Herod. There emerges a clear picture of the acceptance of Greek architectural forms and decor, but the rejection in the Herodian period of all living representations. The older architectural traditions of the area, derived from Egypt, Persia and Phoenicia, are found to exert a continuing influ­ence in the earlier remains, but to be totally rejected in favour of Greco-Roman forms in the Herodian period. At the same time the ossuaries continue long-established popular traditions in the area, which were reinforced by Greco-Roman minor arts. As the Herodian period progresses a greater feeling of confidence emerges, which finds its expression in orientalising tendencies that disrupt Greek forms which may never have been properly understood. Alexandria is looked to as the pre-eminent influence in mediating late Hellenistic forms and styles to Palestine. The earliest forms are good Hellenistic ones. The disruption sets in in the Herodian period, when vegetal decor derived from late Hellenistic art is reformed according to the assertive orientalising tendencies of Jewish craftsmen. The tympanum of the Tomb of the Judges and the lower frieze of the Tomb of Helena may be regarded as the orientalising of the forms adopted from Alexandria on the tympanum of Jehosaphat c. 40 BC. Two 'Neo­Attic' sarcophagi are found; the rest exhibit the same developed Jewish vegetal style as the tomb-facades. The ossuaries mainly concern themselves with geometric traditions of decor, or highly stylised representations connected with the .After Life or the Temple. Coins form a contrast to the rest of' the material in being a means of propaganda - those of the Hasmonaeans and Herodians assert the strength and prosperity of the Jewish state, but those of the Revolts dissociate the Jews from their Hellenistic environment, and assert the demand for the independence of the Temple-State. The buildings of Herod reflect totally hellenised taste in a provincial late Hellenistic style - mosaics, 'Incrustation' stucco, plans of palaces, etc. And in Herod's buildings distinctively Roman influence is clear the Roman form of baths and of the theatre, and at Jericho opus reticulatuo and quadratum work with concrete bonding-techniques; The two polychrome mosaics of the Western palace of Masada are fine products of late Hellenistic form, but here too the dominance of the special Jewish vegetal style, developed from the late Hellenistic acanthus-and-scroll motif, is once more asserted in Herodian Jewish art.

This account of British interest in Egypt in the late 18th century, whilst not attempting to be exhaustive, aims to suggest the many-sided importance and interrelation of British interest in Egypt during 1775-1798. Topics include: British interest engendered by the Levant company; antiquarian research; British conceptions of Arab life and literature; British travellers’ impressions of Egypt (political and commercial interest); the Indian factor; the importance of Egypt on an envisaged new route to India; international competition for trade via Egypt; the decline of British interest in Egypt; and the growth of British policy towards the Ottoman Empire.