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1. 1. Succinic dehydrogenase was estimated quantitatively in the pectoral muscles of a few representative types of birds exhibiting various modes of flight and a bat for comparison. 2. 2. In all the birds and the bat the pectoralis major muscle showed higher activity than the pectoralis minor which shows that the two, the former muscle is metabolically much more active and highly evolved. 3. 3. The pectoralis major muscle of the rosy pastor, sparrow, bat, parakeet and pigeon showed higher concentrations of succinic dehydrogenase as compared to the other birds studied whereas the fowl, a non-flier, showed the least enzyme concentration. 4. 4. In the birds studied a reciprocal relationship was found between the enzyme activity of the pectoralis major muscle and the body weight, fibre diameter and weight of the pectoralis major muscle.'

Nageotte gained success in making silver fibers artificially on a slide glass by addying a proper amount of NaCI to an albumin sol, Collagen A which he had obtained after treating tendons of a rat's tail with a dilute solution of glacial acetic acid. No cells were participant of this creation. After-experiments could confirm the result of his experiment, but the suc-cess rate was found extremely low. In my early tests when I adopted- the same method of his, it was only in one specimen out of about one hundred that I could see somewhat good result. In addition, these fibers were slenderer in shape, smaller in number and poorer in dyeing acceptability as compared with those in vivo. Thereupon, I examined into the essential factors of the artificial forma-xion of fibers and in consequence got a strong confirmation to the under-mentioned facts. The formation of these fibers is conditioned by the same general factors which allow the sol to change into gel when the albumin coagulation is brought about. These factors are the thickness and the pH of Collagen A, the kind and the thickness of salt that the sol is treated with, and the temperature at the time of coagulation. When experiments are carried on with these five factors in their satisfactory conditions, fibers are sure to appear on the slide-glass. And what is more, the fibers formed are abund-ant and have the perfect uniformity in their dyeing acceptability and from with those silver fibers found in an organic body (shown in the photos). Following is an abridged description of my practical experiments. Before carrying out an experiment on a slide glass, I inquired in the neces-sary conditions of the coagulation of Collagen A in test tubes. I pour 0.1 cc. of a salt solution of different degrees of thickness into some ten tubes respectively where 0.9cc. of Collagen A has been placed. Having been given a good deal of shaking, the fluid is kept at a certain constant temperature (20-30°C). After 10-30minutes, I examine all the tubes to find some in which a whitish turbildity is clearly visible with my naked eye. I repeat this experiment on slide glasses instead of in tubes with the same process and under the same conditions. Only this time the salt solution needs to be as thick or thicker than that used in the foregoing test in tubes. Fibers are to come out without fail. This method can, with the most successful result, be applied practically to any other salt than NaCl. Moreover, the fibers formed are splendid enough to be com-pared with those in vivo and we can produce them whenever we will. These fibers produced in our laboratories take on a great variety of form and acceptability of dyes. But they may be classified into three major classes. The fibers of type A assume a membraneous form and are dyed well with aniline blue or acid fuchsin, but colored light black or reddish purple with silver. Those of type B form a lattice-like network and those of type C are like threads, which gather together, taking the form of a textile fabric of felt. Both the last two types are rich in argyrophilis and colored jet-black with silver. They are dyed comparatively well with aniline blue, but not so well with acid fuchsin. As has been mentioned above, there are various forms of fibers pro- duced, but as their forming conditions are clearly known in respective cases, we can experimentally make generate whichever sort of fibers of our own free will. When we use a salt solution of coagulation value, that is, of the lowest thickness enough to make Collagen A begin to coagulate, fibers belonging to type A are the most cases, and according as the solution increases in thickness, there appear those of type B and then those of type c.

The hospital admission rates for symptomatic colonic diverticulitis (International Code No. 572.1) in the populations served by the main teaching hospitals in Fiji, Singapore, Nigeria and North East Scotland have been estimated. In non-Europeans the condition is very rare occurring in about only one person in a million per year. It is some forty times commoner in Europeans living in the Tropics, and about eighty times more common in Scotland. It is considered that the difference is due principally to the greater age and low-residue diet of the European populations.

The principles, construction and applications of a versatile flat-film X-Ray diffraction camera are described. The design eliminates difficulties due to fluctuations of the target current and variations in the photographic processing. It also allows quantitative corrections for sample absorption, air scattering, Compton scattering and other background effects.

Maki, Leroy R. (University of Wyoming, Laramie), and Kay Picard . Normal intestinal flora of cattle fed high-roughage rations. J. Bacteriol. 89: 1244–1249. 1965.—Intestinal bacteria were isolated from 15 cattle. Approximately 600 isolates were studied, and their presence and numbers in the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon were noted. Bacteria most frequently isolated from all parts of the intestinal tract included Escherichia coli, Streptococcus bovis , and species of Bacillus . Several groups of gram-positive rods could not be classified according to Bergey's Manual . Direct counts of intestinal contents indicated that 1 to 10% of the bacteria present were recovered.

The addition of cellulose to the diet increases protein needs as measured by gains in the fat-free body of ad libitum and pair-fed growing rats. This was attributed to loss of metabolic fecal nitrogen induced by dietary cellulose addition. It was demonstrated that 30% cellulose addition to the diet caused a need for about 1.85% additional dietary crude casein. Rats fed very low protein rations had a larger portion of their gain as fat because their intake of energy was high in relation to protein intake. This excess energy therefore limited an increase in food intake by which the animal might obtain more protein from these low protein rations. When cellulose replaced the energy portion of the diet (sucrose), food intake increased because the animal no longer needed to dispose of the excess energy as body fat or heat. Therefore, protein in low protein rations influences food intake indirectly through its ratio to available dietary energy.

1. An der entmineralisierten Tibia von Jungratten haben wir elektronenmikroskopisch die Fibrillenstruktur des Knochengewebes untersucht. 2. Die bisher ubliche Unterscheidung zwischen einem geflechtartigen und einem lamellaren Knochengewebe kann nicht aufrechterhalten werden. Die Faserstruktur des Knochengewebes bleibt demzufolge von der Bildung an bis zur endgultigen Ausgestaltung zum sog. lamellaren Knochen in ihrem Bauprinzip gleich. Die Osteogenese ist demzufolge nicht nur Bildung der Gewebekomponenten, sondern auch Bildung einer bestimmten Struktur. Die Entstehung solcher „Systeme hoherer geometrischer Ordnung“ (P. Weiss) wird erortert. 3. Bei der lamellaren Ordnung liegt innerhalb einer Schicht eine spitzwinklige Verflechtung von uberwiegend steil verlaufenden Fibrillen zu einem engen Maschenwerk vor. An Querschnitten durch die Tibia sind bogenformige flach orientierte Fasersysteme zu beobachten, die als Bewehrung die langsverlaufenden Fasern umschnuren. An den Seiten einer Lamelle wird der Verflechtungswinkel der Fibrillen groser; Fibrillen und Fibrulenbundel treten in eine Zwischenschicht ein, die zu gleichen Teilen aus quer- und schraggeschnittenen Fibrillen aufgebaut ist. Lamellen als „Systeme hoherer geometrischer Ordnung“ konnen grosere Fasermassen miteinander austauschen oder sich in wechselnder Form ohne Fibrillenaustausch verbinden. 4. Um Gefaskanale und intertrabekulare Spalten ist die Fibrillenlagerung sehr dicht. Die Knochenhohlchen besitzen in ihrer Wand eine unterschiedlich aufgebaute Eigenfaserung. Die Knochenkanalchen haben nur zum Teil eine solche Eigenfaserung der Wand. 5. In der Umgebung von manchen Osteozyten tritt ein weitmaschiges Netz aus dunnen Fibrillen auf, die etwa in gleicher Menge steil und flach orientiert sind. Die entsprechenden Osteozyten sind reich an Zellorganellen. Wir nehmen an, das diese Fibrillen durch eine „intraossale“ Osteogenese entstehen. 6. Bei der Ratte treten nur vereinzelt v. Korffsche Fasern auf. Wir haben zum Vergleich den nicht entmineralisierten Metacarpus eines Rinderfetus untersucht. Die Fibrillen der v. Korffsehen Fasern sind bis auf eine Strecke von 5–10 μ in das Knochengewebe eingelassen und erhalten erst in der Tiefe dieser Einpflanzung einen Mineraluberzug. Wir glauben, aus diesem Befund schliesen zu konnen, das die Kollagenfibrillen nicht unmittelbar fur eine Kristallkernbildung verantwortlich sind.

ONE of the first to conduct extensive studies of energy utilization with chickens was Fraps (1946) who showed that available energy was related to the fiber content of feedstuffs. Heuser et al. (1945) and Bird and Whitson (1946) reported that rations containing fibrous ingredients such as oats and wheat by-products were the least efficient for egg production. Scott, Matterson and Singsen (1947) showed that an efficient broiler ration, if properly supplemented, could be formulated with high levels of corn. The acceptance of high-efficiency starter diets stimulated the development of similar diets for adult stock. Quisenberry, Sherwood and German (1949) and Singsen, Matterson and Kozeff (1950) in comparing a conventional ration with a high corn ration found that the latter produced more eggs per unit of feed consumed. Bearse, Berg and Miller (1950) reported that the energy content of growing and laying rations had no effect on egg weight or hatchability… .

The structure of the flight muscle of a dragonfly (Aeshna sp.) has been studied with the light and electron microscopes, and the organization of this specialized tubular muscle is described. This tissue is characterized by the great development of the sarcosomes, which are slab-like and are arranged within the fiber opposite each sarcomere of the radially oriented lamellar myofibrils. A well developed and highly ordered sarcoplasmic reticulum is present, consisting of perforated curtain-like cisternae extending across the face of each fibril, together with tubular invaginations of the fiber plasma membrane situated within indentations in the sarcosomes and traversing the fibril surface midway between the Z and M levels. The structure of these fibers, and notably the organization of the reticulum, is compared with that of other types of muscle, and the possible role of the two components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the contraction physiology of the dragonfly muscle fiber is discussed.

LAYING rations of high energy content were reported to support higher rates of egg production as early as 1945 by Heuser et al., and an inverse relationship between dietary fiber level and egg production efficiency was observed by Bird and Whitson (1946). Lillie et al. (1952) noted that the feeding of a laying diet supplemented with lard produced a marked improvement in feed conversion of layers. McDaniel et al. (1957) reported a 12.2% improvement in feed conversion through an increase in productive energy level from 962–1,050 Calories per pound in a 17% protein diet. During the cold weather months only, Hill, Anderson and Dansky (1956) noted an improvement in the rate of egg production at the higher energy levels studied. No difference in rate of production was obtained during the other portions of the year. Feed requirement per dozen eggs was lowered 12% by a 100 Calorie increase in…

THE reports of Morris et al. (1932), Sheehy (1939), Fuller et al. (1940), Heuser et al. (1945), Carrick and Roberts (1947) and Insko and Culton (1949) generally agree that dietary fiber above the 10% level depresses the growth of chickens. On the other hand Wilcke and Hammond (1940) and Davis and Briggs (1947, 1948) reported improved gains when cellulose was added to nutritionally adequate, fiber-free, purified chick diets. Further studies by Panda and Combs (1950), Hill and Dansky (1954), and Fisher and Weiss (1956) indicated that crude fiber level did not affect growth except as it affected the productive energy content of the ration; i.e., efficiency of utilization was not sacrificed when fiber was added, simultaneously with fat, to highenergy diets. The interrelationship between fat and fiber reported by Richardson et al. (1956, 1958) is a possible explanation for the disagreement of earlier observations as well as the effect observed…

It is obvious that high-level concentrate feeding usually results in increases in milk production, mainly due to greater intake of energy. However, attention is called to the fact that unlimited grain feeding does not always increase production and may, in fact, be detrimental to the cow. It is postulated that feeding at too high a level of concentrates may force the animal into a fattening type of metabolism which may be antagonistic to a metabolism geared to produce milk efficiently. High levels of dietary concentrates tend to depress milk fat percentage, to increase milk protein, to depress digestion of dietary fiber, and to alter the proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids. Limited evidence is presented that dietary fiber levels below 13–14% of the dry matter consumed may be detrimental to the lactating animal. Data are presented which indicate that maximum nutrient intake is reached when concentrates make up 50 to 60% of the total dry matter consumed. There is a need for much more information on the long-term effects of high proportions of dietary concentrates or low levels of fiber.

Both electrophysiological test and sensory test revealed that the gustatory effect of substance which show taste sour, as acetic acid and citric acid, or taste salty, such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride, was remarkably reinforced by inhibition of cholinesterase on the tongue. Where as almost no changes were observed for bitter taste or sweet taste or sugar. From these results it could be concluded that cholinesterase which is found at the gustatory nerve ending may play some important roles in the gustatory mechanism of sour and salty taste.

単冠白色レグホーン種および交雑種(ロードアイランドレッド,種♀×単冠白色レグホーン種♂)を用い,飼料中にセンイを添加した場合におけるヒナの肝臓および血漿中のビタミンAおよびカロチノイド含量の変化を調査した.その結果,飼料中にセルローズ末,処理モミガラ末あるいはM. C.を添加することにより,肝臓中のビタミンAならびにβカロチン含量はかなり低下するが,キサントフィル含量には影響がほとんどみとめられなかつた.また血漿中のどタミンA含量の低下は顕著ではなかつた.おわりに終始指導と鞭韃を賜わつた日本大学教授斉藤道雄博士に対し深謝の意を表する.本研究の要旨は昭和36年4月,日本畜産学会昭和36年度大会(京都)および昭和37年4月,日本畜産学会昭和37年度大会(東京)において発表した.

SummaryGum acacia, Spangles, and Solka-floc have been compared as bulk agents for the guinea pig by employing normal, high-fat, and lactose diets. The average growth rate of the groups receiving Solka-floc was slightly better in all cases. Guinea pigs grew very well on diets containing 12% corn oil (7.7 g day) and at a rate of 4.9 g/day with 24% corn oil diets using Solka-floc as the bulk. Guinea pigs fed diets with lactose as the sole carbohydrate grew at a rate of about 2.0 g/day. Substitution of sucrose for half of the lactose incresed growth to over twice the rate obtained with lactose alone.

Seventy-five lactating cows were in three experiments to determine the effect of dietary fiber content on ration intake, milk and milk fat production, ration digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and ruminal volatile fatty acids. With corn or barley silage as the source of forage, four treatment groups consumed rations averaging 11.8, 14.5, 17.5, and 20.6% crude fiber and 14.3, 17.5, 20.0, and 23.9% acid detergent fiber dry basis. Fiber intake was controlled by the amount and fiber content of concentrate offered or by silages with different grain content. With corn silage, dry matter intake was not altered by dietary fiber, but dry matter intake was lower when additional fiber was fed with barlev silage. Linear regressions best described effects of dietary fiber on milk production and milk fat content. Milk production declined .39 and .36kg and milk fat test increased .072 and .067% for each percentage increase in crude and acid detergent fiber. Ration digestibility, determined by lignin ratio, was less for barley silage than corn silage. Narrowing acetate: propionate ratios were evident when dietary fiber was lowered. From these experiments with silage based rations, either crude or acid-detergent fiber content of forage adequately describes feeds to serve as a basis for practically balancing rations for lactating cows.

Three methods of staining myelin sheaths by the Weigert-Pal method in paraffin sections are compared. Hyomandibular nerves and spinal cord of the ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) and tibial and peroneal nerves of the white rat were used. Fixation and mordanting comprised: 10% neutral formol, 48 hr.; 2.5% potassium bichromate at 37 °C., 12 days; gliabeze, 2 days. The tissue was washed for 24 hr., and stained for 24 hr. either in bulk, or while in paraffin sections, or on the slide after coating with celloidin. Kulschitzky's haematoxylin, freshly prepared and artificially ripened, was used for staining. Differentiation was carried out by Pal's method. Bulk staining gave most satisfactory results, with the other methods as second and third alternatives, respectively. Treating the sections with safranin and dehydrating in dioxan was found to give a satisfactory counterstain.

THE rapid shortening of an earthworm is co-ordinated by giant fibres located in the nerve cord1,2. Though the transmission characteristics and anatomy of these giant internuncials are established, their afferent and efferent connexions are unknown3–5.