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(1900). LXVII.—Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 6, No. 35, pp. 495-506.

Three native parasites, Occisor versutus Hutton and a Plagiomyia sp. (Dipt. Tachinidae), and Pterocormus lotatorius Fabricius (Hym. Ichneumonidae)‚ are recorded for the first time from the subterranean grass caterpillar Wiseana spp. (Lep. Hepialidae). O. versutus from a Wisearta sp., Plagiomyia sp. from Wiseana cervinata (Walk.) and a Wiseana sp., P. lotatorius from W. cervinata. This is the first published record of a host for these three species. Ctenophorocera usitata (Hutton), the most common tachinid parasite, was hyperparasitised in one area by Malvina punctata Cam. (Hym. Diapriidae, Proctotrupoidea)‚ a new record. A larger tachinid parasite, Hexamera aids (Walk.), occurred in small numbers. C. usitata, P. lotatorius, and H. alcis together accounted for 39% parasitism of W. cervinata in one area. Megaselia (Megaselia) rufipes (Meigen) (Dipt. Phoridae) was associated with pupae of W. cervinata after death, and after the moths or tachinid parasites had emerged. A gregarine parasite, identifie...

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The native parasitoid complexes associated with four key muscids, Musca domestica L., Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Fannia canicularis (L.), and F. femoralis Stein—and two predatory Diptera, Muscina stabulans (Fallen) and Ophyra leucostoma (Wiedemann)—are described and shown graphically for the major climatic zones of the southwestern United States. Three geographical groups of the parasitoid species identified were (1) those whose populations extended into most climatic zones below 2,000 meters (Muscidifurax species and Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis); (2) those whose populations were restricted to the warmer climatic areas (S. endius Walker and S. cameroni Perkins); and (3) those that were largely restricted to higher latitudes and colder winter climates (S. nigra Latreille and Aleochara spp.). Considerable yearly, seasonal, and climatic variations were shown in the abundance of both host and parasitoid demes. These factors, combined with others, probably account for the high degree of instability among demes. This instability may be important in determining the panmictic nature of most populations. Some parasitoids such as the Diapriidae and Staphylinidae (Aleochara spp.), which exist in small demes, appeared to be local species that may have adapted to invading Diptera. The Stilpnus species were specific to Fannia. Parasitoid species appear to be irreplaceable mortality factors in the natural control of populations of their dipterous hosts.

Blood-sucking horse flies and deer flies of the family Tabanidae are important pests of livestock and man in Hastings County, Ontario. In a survey made during 1951-56, immatures of 29 species were collected and reared to obtain information on their insect parasites and other biotic control agents in different habitats. Most of the tabanid specimens were found at five sites where populations were high. The periods of pupation and emergence of Chrysops and of the larger tabanids are shown. The most numerous biotic agents found were two egg parasites, Trichogramma minutum Riley and Telenomus emersoni Girault. Parasites of the larva were a tachinid, Phorostoma novaeangliae (West) and Bathymermis sp., a nematode parasite of Chrysops spp. There were two pupal parasites: Diglochis occidentalis (Ashm.) (Pteromalidae) and Trichopria sp., probably tabanivora Fouts (Diapriidae). There is evidence that both these parasites attack the mature larva of the host.

In this second paper on the North American Proctotrupidœ, I have taken up the sub-family Platygasterinœ, comprising, for the most part, small black species, all parasitic in larvæxs belonging to the Dipterous families Cecidomyiidœ and Tipulidœ.It will be seen that I have recognized in our fauna species in all of the described genera but Iphetrachelus Haliday, and one new genus parasitic on Cecidomyious hickory galls.

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Bionomic and phylogenetic research on the Tabanidae is hampered by an inadequate knowledge of their immature stages, the larvae and (or) pupae of only 154 of the approximately 2000 world species being known. The present study is an attempt to partially rectify this situation in North America where it is almost as acute as elsewhere.By means of hand-searching or using a specially designed sieve and multiple Berlese funnel, larvae were obtained from 219 wetland habitats of various types in Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and New Jersey. Many of the larvae were then reared to the adult stage to provide conclusive species identification. During the rearings larval and pupal exuviae were retained and preserved. These together with accurately associated whole preserved larvae and the immatures of several species obtained from other sources were the basis for detailed general descriptions of tabanid larvae and pupae, keys and diagnostic descriptions of these stages as well as descriptive comments on the habitats of the 36 species of Chrysops, 1 Merycomyia, 19 Tabanus, 7 Atylotus, and 18 Hybomitra which are included in the paper. The larvae and pupae of 43 species are described for the first time.In discussing the phylogenetic implications of these larvae and pupae several evolutionary trends and the high degree of concordance between these stages and the adults is pointed out, which lends considerable support to the present classification based solely on adults. The non-alignment of the immatures of some species suggests their improper placement. However, this cannot be proved until the immature stages of many more species covering a broader spectrum of the family are known.Parasitism involving Carinosillus tabanivorus (Hall) (Tachinidae), Villa lateralis Say (Bombyliidae), Diglochis occidentalis Ashm. (Pteromalidae), and Trichopria sp. (Diapriidae) accounted for approximately two per cent of the mortality of reared specimens.

(1921). I.—Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—V. Oligocene Hymenoptera from the Isle of Wight. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 7, No. 37, pp. 1-25.

L'Auteur decrit un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espece de Diapriide (Proctotrupoidea). Le materiel a ete recolte en Ethiopie. Le nouveau genre est dedie au Dr. CharlesFerriere.

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Trichopria popei (Muesebeck) and T. atrichomelinae Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) are gregarious, internal parasitoids of the pupae of some Sciomyzidae (Diptera). In nature T. popei parasitizes aquatic Sciomyzidae, and T. atrichomelinae attacks a terrestrial species, yet both wasps readily parasitize aquatic and terrestrial hosts in the laboratory. At 24°C T. popei emerged 19 days after oviposition and T. atrichomelinae required 2b days. The average numbers of wasps that emerged from a host parasitized by one female in laboratory rearings were 10.0±0.5 (mean ± standard error) from 35 hosts for T. popei and 5.7±0.4 from 24 puparia for T. atrichomelinae. Superparasitized puparia produced up to 38 T. popei and 29 T. atrichomelinae. The mean fecundity was 27±5 for thirteen T. popei and 14±2 for nine T. atrichomelinae. Other aspects of their biology also are discussed. The egg and the three larval stadia are illustrated and described.

The diapausing pupae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and its major parasite, Psilus sp., were exposed to different temperatures for various lengths of time to determine their susceptibility to extreme cold temperatures. Both the fruit fly and the parasite showed a high degree of tolerance to sub-freezing temperatures. They survived almost all tested (16–48 days) exposures at −4°C, and certain shorter (16–36 days in non-soil and 16–48 days in soil) exposures at −10°C. The exposure of both these groups of insects to −16°C resulted in high mortality (82–100%) and a drastic reduction in adult emergence. Data indicate that temperature fluctuation during winter months might give a reasonable predictive indication of the size of the cherry fruit fly population for the following summer.

Four females of Phaenopria popei oviposited into a one-day-old puparium of Dictya sp. Adult progeny emerged 18 days later at 19-25 °C. Host flies include Dictya, Elgiva, and Sepedon, and probably Tetanocera (all Sciomyzidae).

A new species of diapriid, Neurogalesus militis, is described from Australia and is compared with N. rubripes Dodd and N. dissimilis Dodd. It was found as a parasite of the pasture soldier fly, Inopus rubriceps (Macquart), a serious pest of sugarcane in parts of eastern Australia.

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