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The premium for a deferred disability pension payable continually during maximum n years may be expressed by means of the well known fundamental symbolic letters as in recent times, the exact value (1) is often approximated 1 by the expression

The State has tackled this problem in a number of ways, e.g., by an elaborate system of protection of labour, including the use of safety propaganda, warning notices and safety regulations, and by imposing administrative duties on employers to ensure safety in industrial premises.' Criminal responsibility is also incurred by employers who fail to satisfy the regulations, e.g., an official whose violation of safety rules could have had serious consequences may be deprived of liberty for up to a year, or up to three years if actual personal injuries resulted, or five years if several persons were killed or injured.2 Disability pension payments are made to injured workers and to the dependants of workers killed in accidents, expressed in terms of wages.3 Workers are also protected from dismissal for a period of two months while incapacitated by injuries, and must be found more suitable work if any is available.4 The parallel existence of civil remedies against the employing enterprise is justified for the following reasons, in the opinion of Russian lawyers

In Sweden, all inhabitants over 16 years of age are covered by compulsory insurance and registered by the public insurance funds. Earlier investigations of Swedish National Health Insurance materials have shown that mental disorder is a common cause of disability pension and long term sickness benefit. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the magnitude of disability in persons with a history of psychiatric contact. — The material consisted of a geographically defined subsample of a randomized series of psychiatric patients. The local National Health Insurance records were used for estimating the rate of sickness. The amount of sickness benefit given to 194 patients (74 men and 120 women) treated at a department of psychiatry in 1962 was studied during the subsequent four years. Controls matched for sex, age and domicile were obtained from the local branches of the National Health Insurance Service. Disability pension was granted to 9 men and 15 women in the patient group, and to 4 men and 1 women in the control group. The average number of sickness benefit days per year was 4.9 times larger for male patients and 3.4 times larger for female patients, than for the corresponding controls. The higher sickness reporting in men was due to both psychiatric and physical illness. In women only sickness reporting because of psychiatric illness was significantly increased.

Fifty patients aged 11 to 78 years with untreated idiopathic scoliosis were studied. An increased frequency of respiratory impairment was found, especially in patients with a severe degree of scoliosis. Seven patients under 60 years were unable to work and all had thoracic curves exceeding 100°. None of the patients between 20 and 65 years of age was engaged in hard work and 22% had a disability pension, all because of respiratory impairment. A tendency to increased shortness of breath was noted with increasing curves as well as age. Dynamic and static spirometry was performed and airway closure was studied with the xenon-133 bolus technique. With increasing degrees of scoliosis there was a reduction in all lung volumes. Seventeen of 40 patients showed evidence of airway closure at lung volumes greater than functional residual capacity; 6 of these patients were under 40 years of age, and all had thoracic scoliosis exceeding 90°.

The content of this paper is a description of the valuation of the fund and the analysis of the development of that fund in a computation system constructed with special regard to a group pension business, which includes old age pension, sickness and disability pension, widow-and-orphans pension, death and endowment benefit and waiver of premium in case of sickness or disability. In that business more risks are involved than that for death, and for that reason the system of calculation must be more general than would be necessary if it were to be applied to life assurance only. As will be seen from the following description, however, it is presented in a form quite applicable to life assurance too.

Norwegian mortality data (underlying and contributory cause) from 1951–65 have been compiled for multiple sclerosis, paralysis agitans, and pernicious anemia. Disability pension data as of Jan. 1, 1966, have been adduced for the first two diseases and municipality rates computed. For amyotrophic lateral sclerosis underlying cause mortality is presented. Place of birth has been ascertained for those who died with multiple sclerosis. The emphasis is on the geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis and pernicious anemia. The findings of the present study broadly confirm those of previous studies of the two conditions. They have a similar, but apparently not identical, pattern. It is suggested that a test be made of the hypothesis that properties of the soil is involved in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Six pairs of one high-risk and one low-risk municipality are proposed for investigation. Multiple sclerosis mortality has been declining during the period 1951–68. Paralysis agitans showed no distinct geographic pattern, although the county mortality variations were similar to those of multiple sclerosis. The mortality from paralysis agitans has not shown any decreasing tendency, and there is no convincing negative association with lung cancer.