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The article offers information on the victory of Finance Minister Valery Giscard d'Estaing against Socialist Francois Maurice Mitterand in France. It mentions that garnered a presidential runoff during the presidential elections in the last week of May 1974, with 50.8% majority votes. It states that during his speech, he mentions that he will not fail his supporters by imposing social and economic reform in the country. It states that d'Estaing also intends to become a more relaxed president to reduce social tension.

American business is in bad shape, and a fundamental shift in national priorities is called for if it is to regain its financial health. Overburdened with debt and beset with uncertainties, it faces immense capital needs that it cannot hope to meet under our current tax structure and political climate. The author outlines the magnitude of the problem and presents a set of proposals for its solution, but he warns that business must get its story across to its constituencies, voters, the press, academia, and Congress, if it is to remain dynamic and productive. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article explores the economic reform programs by Venezuela President Carlos Andres Perez to avoid waste of oil wealth as of July 1974. Topics include the growth in the country's oil revenue in 1974, wage-price control and workers and consumer protection laws. Also mentioned are restrictions to foreign direct investments and opposition from Venezuelan businessmen who fear the growing gap in income distribution and prohibiting employers from laying off employees. INSET: A Mixed Blessing.

Focuses on the contribution of intellectuals in Democratic politics. Opinion that the Democratic Party in the 1920's was a dreary alliance of Northern city bosses and Southern Bourbons; Remark that majority of the Democratic Senators are not intellectuals; Focus on New Deal intellectuals who dabbled and squabbled, and even connived, with respect to the choice of candidates for Governor, Senator, and even the President; Illustrations of shortfall of creative liberalism in U.S.; Idea that foreign economic policy should be the dominant concern of American liberalism today; Comment on the high rate of economic growth; Criticism to the economist John Kenneth Galbraith's new book "The Affluent Society."

Focuses on the criticism of the back-to-the-land theory, a part of the economic policies in the U.S. Hopelessness surrounding the back-to-land culture; Pressure of excessive population on agricultural lands; Experience of the author as a farmer; Economic condition of pitiable nature among small farmers; Requirement of large farms and lessening of pressure upon farms; Increase in the farm population of the U.S.; Condition of the lands where people returning from cities are trying to farm.

Focuses on the Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union and discusses the extent to which the Plan will actually be completed. Objectives of the Five Year Plan; Question raised by the examination of the Five Year Plan; Explanation of the system of planned economy; Reference to the discrepancy between the agricultural provisions of the Plan and the actual development of agriculture; Collectivization of 20 percent of the sown acres in the last year of the Piatiletka, provided by the Plan; Reasons behind the claim of the success of the Plan by Bolsheviks; Consideration of the problem of training millions of unskilled men and women for the manning of the new factories; Effect of the undisciplined impetuosity of the workers on progress in the country.

Despite all the hostile criticism of the idealists who met at Chicago to formulate a domestic policy and a program for honest political and economic reform, the effort to create a third party has not been wasted. The beginning seems at the moment unpropitious, but at least it was a beginning. There is a gain, too, in the national coming together of industrial workers and farmers, even though the first approach is made by comparatively small groups of each. Moreover, every ocular demonstration of the extent of the prevailing unrest helps.

States that almost all civilian control has been removed from Greece's militarist leaving the decision to arms alone. Opinion that the real power of the government has been slipped into the hands of Alexander Papagos, commander-in-chief of the armed forces; Claim that the funds earmarked for reconstruction have been transferred to the war budget; Informs that government's platform has been reduced to the single plank of military action; Failure of the U.S. economic program for Greece; View that the Greek economy will remain rooted in sand until there is an economic revolution.

Focuses on the civil rights of African American in the U.S. Improvement in the economic circumstances of the African American generation; Information on the extension of the rights of the American citizenship of the African Americans; Discussion of race, economics and education of the African Americans in Southern legislatures or on the floor of Congress; Comments on the fate of Populist movement for social and economic reforms; Comments on the civil liberties and American democracy.

Analyzes the economic program of Great Britain's Labor Government. Importance given by the program to the policy of nationalization; Companies which have been taken over by the government; Arguments in favor of the government's claim that nationalization forms part of a reasoned and planned economic policy; Need for the government to encourage private business to the limit in the export trades upon which British solvency depends; Efforts made by the government to prepare against deflation; Significance of the nationalization of the Bank of England; Information on two types of permanent prefabricated for urban and rural use; Steps taken by the government to bring to fruition some of the major portions of its social-service program.

The article focuses on the post war condition of France, and the new social contexts within which the French government have had to operate. The nation has been facing a trying economic and financial situation since the end of war. It has been suggested that three tasked had to be carried out on simultaneously, reconstruction, modernization of industry, and rearmament. In addition, France has for years been waging an exhausting war in Indo-China. An increase in the resources devoted to any one of these objectives obviously reduces the means available for achieving the others. The facets that have been underlined are, the nationalization program of 1945-46, a broad system for national security, and the split in the labor world which has divided the pro-Communist unions.

This article focuses on various current international socio-political developments and issues. It first reports that amendments to the Wilson tariff bill reported by the Senate Finance Committee will be disappointing to most tariff-reformers. The McKinley tariff organs, and especially the protectionist trade journals, such as the American Manufacturer of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, have been predicting with confidence that the bill would not pass at all. In fact, the efforts of the protected classes generally have been directed towards the defeat of the bill and not to its amendment. The article further discusses issues of protectionism and socialism in context of raising duty on foreign wheat by the French Chamber of Deputies.

The article looks at the reciprocal effects of the New Deal to both the construction industry and U.S. government as of August 25, 1934. The objectives of the U.S. administration are said to be the creation of employment in the construction industry through public works projects, stimulation of private construction and coordination through codification under the National Recovery Administration (NRA). It also notes New Deal activities in housing, finance in the building industry and the codes.

If there was any doubt as to where the Administration stood on the issue of tax reform, it was dispelled during the President's nationally televised news conference. Apparently in response to outcries from his conservative constituency that taxes were too high, President Richard M. Nixon made it clear that he would not ask U.S. Congress for a tax increase, still less for a program of meaningful in adopt a measure calling for the federal government to share part of its already overcommitted revenues with the states and cities.

The article offers information the changes in the U.S. economy in 1953. It states that instead of more spending, the government policy turns to be economizing in which budget reduction for arms will be made. It says that while plant expansion of defense industries has relaxed, manufacturers of chemicals, automobiles, and household appliances are moving forward. Meanwhile, American economic change has also been influenced by the striking growth of personal income.

The article provides information about the gradual growth of Nigeria, the sleeping giant of Africa. Nigeria is considered as the most populous country in Africa which has about 40 million population in 1963. This country ranks among the largest African nations in territory which has a total land area of 356,500 square miles and 250 different tribes. Moreover, Nigerian Federal Ministry of Finance Chief Festus Sam Okotie-Eboh has made an announcement concerning their noble objectives and on the embarkment of Nigeria's first national Development Plan which will take effect April 1, 1962.

The article provides information about the gradual economic growth of India, the second most populous and seventh in land areas in Asia. India is confident that industrialization and radical reconstruction of society can be attained without reliance on class hatred or invocation of violence and coercion. It has a total land area of 721 million acres in which one-fifth of it is under forest and two-fifth under cultivation and has a population of about 450 million in 1963. Moreover, the economy of India depends much on its crop products.

The article focuses on the program of financial reform made by economist Jacques Rueff under the administration of President Charles de Gaulle in France. Rueff recommended changes in the national budget and reduction of spending in an attempt to address the problem of inflation. It is noted that the program resulted to the transformation of the nation's ailing economy, stabilization of prices, and an increase in exchange reserves.

The article analyzes the changes in the British economic policy after 10 years of postwar adjustments. Great Britain has entered a new phase of postwar efforts to establish itself as a growing economic power. As reported, Britain's postwar rate of growth has been substantially higher than what the country experienced in the first 45 years of the 20th century. British industries are going faster towards modernization despite the credit pressure.

The article presents some economic and political updates. It focuses on the discussion of atomic power bill, which entrusts to the care of a nine-man commission the absolute control of the development of nuclear energy and related research activities. Recently the bill is being pushed with indecent haste through the U.S. Congress. In the House Military Affairs Committee the hearings lasted only one day. Another update says that the tax bill adopted by the U.S. House has apparently been drawn with an eye to the 1946 elections rather than to the economic welfare of the country. By increasing the exemption on the normal tax the bill will free several million taxpayers and voters, of the necessity of paying any income tax at all in 1946.

The article reports that the Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) was regarded as a big failure in the U.S. It mentions that the committee is expected to make a report on its study of the concentration of economic power in the American sector and its effect on the decline in competition before it is expected to come to an end. It affirms that it was regarded as a dud by businessmen who hoped that its establishment could contribute fundamental legislative reforms.

The author discusses the potential development of economic policies and reforms in East European countries such as Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary as of August 1967. Topics include international trade, tourism in Germany, socialism, the potential importing of consumer goods from the U.S., and renovations in the city of Prague, Czechoslovakia.

On October 4, 1965, Soviet Union's Council of Ministers approved the new charter for Industrialists. This was the final, step in the sweeping economic reforms. The new charter shows definite indications of a desire to strengthen local initiative in these matters. The aim of this section is to give the director fewer and more general planning directives, and to let him work out the executive details himself. The plant director confirms the contracts entered into with building organizations in the case of capital construction and repairs, and with research institutes when improvements in technology are concerned.

The Alliance for Progress in Latin America, born a little more than four years ago, has undergone an ugly transformation and has entered a "hard' stage peopled by characters out of the Pentagon, CIA and the Marine Corps. Passwords now are military aid, counter-insurgency, civic action and armed intervention. The Brazilian coup and the occupation of Santo Domingo are the two better known, but by no means the only incidents of this hard stage. In 1960, Cuba demonstrated only too clearly that pressures for social and economic reform in Latin America were formidable. The defensive response of many frightened American nations was the Alliance for Progress.

The article discusses three postwar tax plans that are being considered in the United States. One plan is from the Research Committee for Economic Development (CED). Another is sponsored by the National Planning Association and prepared by Beardsley Ruml and H. Chr. Sonne. The third is called the Twin Cities Plan. Two of the plans are based almost exclusively on personal income taxes with corporate taxes, excise, and sales taxes taking a lesser role. These two plans also would promote a policy of long-run deficit financing. In the Twin Cities Plan, nearly half of the revenue would come from excise and sales taxes. Topics include the elimination of double taxation on dividend income, corporate tax avoidance, and revenue yields from the three plans.

The article focuses on the new economic policy of the Dutch East Indies which came about when the colony experienced the devastating effects of the great depression. Providing a brief profile of the Dutch East Indies, the author probes into the effects of the depression to the colony. Externally, it robbed the colony of the funds with which to pay its foreign obligations and to pay for the imports upon which it had begun to depend. Internally, there was an alarming increase in unemployment, and the purchasing power of those employed declined sharply. The author elaborates on the actions taken by the Dutch that paved the way for a new economic policy.

This article presents a brief history of the security-investment system in Europe and the U.S., and discusses its relation to the economic structure as a whole. According to the author, the investment system is the economic mechanism which converts liquid capital into some form of tangible or intangible property. The system originated in Europe during the early 19th century from both economic as well as noneconomic factors. In the U.S., the system grew substantially after the Civil War and into the 1920s, but dropped suddenly in the early 1930s. The author gives several reasons for the sharp decline and discusses reform of the system through federal legislation.

The article discusses the use of economic sanctioning in international relations. In particular the League of Nations is highlighted for its use of economic sanctions to prevent armed conflict. Economic sanctions were first provided for internationally through the Covenant of the League of Nations. The League of Nations is an international organization established in 1919 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference following World War I. The League of Nations is attempting to effect an amicable settlement between China and Japan. Japan is considered particularly vulnerable because of its dependence on foreign imports.

The article discusses proposed solutions for economic recovery in the U.S. in the post 1929 Depression era. The U.S. government is proposing a $5 million credit-pool plan to refinance the frozen assets of banks and issue bonds eligible as collateral for federal deposits. Critics say a better plan would be to finance short-term assets permanently through long-term bonds. They point to an already established system present in the U.S. Federal Land Bank's origination. The plan provides for a limited mutual guarantee through low capital liability rates.

The article discusses Europe's return to the gold standard after abandoning it during the outbreak of World War I. The world-wide breakdown of the gold standard and the accompanying rise in the inflation of European currency is discussed. The different methods used by European countries in order to stabilize their currency are discussed, including repudiation and devaluation. The differences between the gold standard of post-war days from that of pre-war times in many European countries is detailed.

The article examines the annual reports obtained of all the joint stock companies of Rio Grande do Sul, a province of Brazil. The article shows that the country's industrialization capacity has been somewhat underestimated, and that Brazil is transitioning from an agricultural state to an industrial state with its attendant economic and social development. The importance of foreign capital to the economic development of Brazil is stressed, and foreign investments from North America, Europe and Argentina are discussed. Statistics related to Brazil's capital growth are presented.

The article focuses on the outlook for the Soviet Five-year Plan, which is an outgrowth of the New Economic Policy (NEP) adopted at Vladimir Ilich Lenin's instigation in March, 1921. The essential aims of the NEP from its inception are the industrialization of Russia and the subjection of the whole national economy to a coherent and unified evolutionary plan. The industrial progress realized under the Five-year Plan is examined, including details related to the burden of industrial expansion on the national budget and the inadequacies of the labor supply, labor efficiency and the quality of output.

The article discusses the important role played by bicycle in the evolution of modern technology, including the evolution of ball bearing, the pneumatic tire, tubular construction, the automobile and the airplane. It explores the substantial social and economic changes brought by bicycle. It examines how the simple device as the bicycle have such a major effect on the acceleration of technology.

The article focuses on several socio-political issues. It is a question to be considered that, whether the currency reform plan introduced by U.S. Secretary of Treasury, Lyman J. Gage would be the more feasible in case the U.S. Congress should prove deaf to all suggestions of reform, thus compelling its advocates to go before the wider forum of the people. English publishers have been for some weeks agitating and organizing to put an end to the practice or selling books at a discount from the list price.

The article discusses the possible impact of the appointment of James J. Needham as chairman of the new York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on the exchange's reform efforts. There are those who believe that Needham's experience in the stock market, his accounting background and his close ties with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) chairman William J. Casey will benefit the NYSE. But there are other who criticize his lack of stature and political clout and the possibility that his high salary may affect his critical nature.

The article offers information on the celebration of Iran's ancient ceremonial center of Persepolis, Iran by king Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. The celebration includes several renowned guests such as reigning Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, nine Kings, and 16 Presidents. It mentions about the regal arrangements of the celebration which include air-conditioned and furnished venue, 160-acre oasis studded with three huge royal "tents", and Ceralene Limoges china and Porthault linens, decorated by Jansen of Paris. It further reports on developmental activities of Iran such as building of modern roads, establishment of steel and aluminum plants, and improving communications facilities. It also discusses Iran's political, safety, and economic policies.