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Stone-Age Houses on Knardrup Gallows HillKnardrup Gallows Hill lies immediately to the north of the village of the same name, and is today cut through by the road which leads to Ganløse. The hill is a big bank of yellow sand, deposited as part of an end-moraine at the time when the icecap withdrew slowly towards the east from Denmark. In prehistoric times the bank was surrounded by water on three. sides, and access was only possible from the north. Long before men began their activities on Gallows Hill itself, primitive hunters established in the Mullerup period a settlement not far from the foot of the hill, on an island in Borup Lake (fig. 1). Gallows Hill has been a place well suited for settlement. Surrounded as it was by water on almost all sides there has been easy access to drinking water and to the supplementing of diet by fishing, while from the point of view of defence it has been an ideal site for a settlement.An archeological cartographic survey of the neighbouring Mølleå valley from the western end of Farum Lake as far as Buresø, and the investigation carried out in that connection by the National Museum into discoveries from the area, gave the first indication that discoveries of archeological interest had been made on Knardrup Gallows Hill. Further investigation revealed that a former schoolteacher at Ganløse school, named Nemming, had several times excavated on the hill. These excavations had led to the uncovering of house sites and of a large number of rubbish pits. Apart from a few ornamented potsherds of Early Neolithic date all results of these excavations were unfortunately lost. There could, however, be little doubt that an investigation of Gallows Hill was to be desired in view of these previous results. This investigation was carried out in the period May 1949 - late Autumn 1950 and covered three objectives: 1) the excavation of an oval black patch in the field near the southern edge of the gravel pit, which proved to be a hearth with rubbish

A New Earth-Grave from the Early Neolithic Period 'Konens Høj' is the name of a natural sandbank which juts out in the flat meadowland west of Stubbe Lake in southern Djursland. The meadows were in Atlantic times part of a fjord, of which Stubbe Lake is the only remnant. In 1962, an exploratory trench revealed a Stone Age settlement layer here, and in 1963-1965 Kulturhistorisk Museum, Randers, uncovered an area of 350 sq.m in and around the settlement layer, collecting large quantities of potsherds and flint of the Early Neolithic, which still await study.The result of a C14-dating of a sample from a charcoal layer on the site is, however, available. This analysis (National Museum C14 Laboratory, K-923) yields a date 3310 ± 100 B.C. This is thus the earliest dated Neolithic settlement in Denmark. In the course of the investigation, a grave was uncovered (fig. 1) lying in a planed area which had been excavated in the settlement layer down to virgin soil.The floor of the grave was an almost horizontal, rectangular paving of limestone cobbles of varying size on virgin sand, measuring 3.50 m X 0.80 m and lying slightly off E-W. On each side of the paving, two parallel rows of stones had been laid with varying regularity, and at each end of the paving a pile of stones was found. At the east end of the grave a depression could be seen, and when the paving was removed, an oval pit was revealed under this depression and at the west end of the grave. The pits were situated with their long axes across the grave, this length corresponding to the width of the grave floor. The east pit extended about 1.20 m under the grave floor, while the west pit had a depth of only about 1 m (fig. 2 a-b). In each case flat stones had been wedged down from both sides, and a clear displacement away from the grave could be observed at the bottom of the pit. These pits can only be understood as foundations for vertical wooden gables which closed the inner grave at both ends, and it seems reasonab

The Årupgård HoardIn October 1958, in the course of gravel digging at Årupgård near Horsens in Jutland, the pieces of a pottery vessel containing amber beads and copper ornaments were found. The potsherds could be reconstructed, to form an undecorated lugged vase with 5 lugs placed low on the body (Fig. 2). Similar lugged vases are known in Denmark, from settlement sites and peat-bog deposits, but they vary greatly in size, ornamentation and number of lugs 1)-12). Apart from a single lugged vase from Rügen 13) no similar vases are known outside Denmark. The Årupgård vase must have been produced by non-megalithic funnelbeaker people of Jutland in Early Neolithic Period C or in the beginning of the Middle Neolithic 18) 19).The amber in the hoard consists of 271 beads and 177 fragments. They can be divided into unformed lumps with the appearance of natural amber, and cylindrical and conical beads where the amber has been shaped to these forms. Their appearance is shown in Table 1 and Figs. 3-6. All types of beads here represented are known from Early Neolithic times in Denmark 21). To judge by the marks of wear the beads have formed parts of necklaces. 57 amber hoards from this prehistoric period are known on Danish soil, containing greatly varying numbers of beads 23).The copper objects comprise 2 spiral finger-rings, 2 long spiral cylinders, 3 small spiral cylinders and one cylinder of copper sheeting (Fig. 7). In the latter was found pollen susceptible to analysis (p. 17). With its large proportion of Plantago lanceolata this pollen shows that the wearer of the copper ornament spent his (or her) time mainly in a landscape of common-land type.While the pottery vessel and the amber beads must have been produced in Denmark the copper ornaments must have been imported. Of objects of copper about fifty axes are known from unassociated finds on Danish soil 38). At Bygholm, only 4 kms. from Årupgård, the wellknown Bygholm hoard was discovered in 1924 (Fig. 8). At Søby Heat

The Årupgård HoardIn October 1958, in the course of gravel digging at Årupgård near Horsens in Jutland, the pieces of a pottery vessel containing amber beads and copper ornaments were found. The potsherds could be reconstructed, to form an undecorated lugged vase with 5 lugs placed low on the body (Fig. 2). Similar lugged vases are known in Denmark, from settlement sites and peat-bog deposits, but they vary greatly in size, ornamentation and number of lugs 1)-12). Apart from a single lugged vase from Rügen 13) no similar vases are known outside Denmark. The Årupgård vase must have been produced by non-megalithic funnelbeaker people of Jutland in Early Neolithic Period C or in the beginning of the Middle Neolithic 18) 19).The amber in the hoard consists of 271 beads and 177 fragments. They can be divided into unformed lumps with the appearance of natural amber, and cylindrical and conical beads where the amber has been shaped to these forms. Their appearance is shown in Table 1 and Figs. 3-6. All types of beads here represented are known from Early Neolithic times in Denmark 21). To judge by the marks of wear the beads have formed parts of necklaces. 57 amber hoards from this prehistoric period are known on Danish soil, containing greatly varying numbers of beads 23).The copper objects comprise 2 spiral finger-rings, 2 long spiral cylinders, 3 small spiral cylinders and one cylinder of copper sheeting (Fig. 7). In the latter was found pollen susceptible to analysis (p. 17). With its large proportion of Plantago lanceolata this pollen shows that the wearer of the copper ornament spent his (or her) time mainly in a landscape of common-land type.While the pottery vessel and the amber beads must have been produced in Denmark the copper ornaments must have been imported. Of objects of copper about fifty axes are known from unassociated finds on Danish soil 38). At Bygholm, only 4 kms. from Årupgård, the wellknown Bygholm hoard was discovered in 1924 (Fig. 8). At Søby Heat

Stone-Age Houses on Knardrup Gallows HillKnardrup Gallows Hill lies immediately to the north of the village of the same name, and is today cut through by the road which leads to Ganløse. The hill is a big bank of yellow sand, deposited as part of an end-moraine at the time when the icecap withdrew slowly towards the east from Denmark. In prehistoric times the bank was surrounded by water on three. sides, and access was only possible from the north. Long before men began their activities on Gallows Hill itself, primitive hunters established in the Mullerup period a settlement not far from the foot of the hill, on an island in Borup Lake (fig. 1). Gallows Hill has been a place well suited for settlement. Surrounded as it was by water on almost all sides there has been easy access to drinking water and to the supplementing of diet by fishing, while from the point of view of defence it has been an ideal site for a settlement.An archeological cartographic survey of the neighbouring Mølleå valley from the western end of Farum Lake as far as Buresø, and the investigation carried out in that connection by the National Museum into discoveries from the area, gave the first indication that discoveries of archeological interest had been made on Knardrup Gallows Hill. Further investigation revealed that a former schoolteacher at Ganløse school, named Nemming, had several times excavated on the hill. These excavations had led to the uncovering of house sites and of a large number of rubbish pits. Apart from a few ornamented potsherds of Early Neolithic date all results of these excavations were unfortunately lost. There could, however, be little doubt that an investigation of Gallows Hill was to be desired in view of these previous results. This investigation was carried out in the period May 1949 - late Autumn 1950 and covered three objectives: 1) the excavation of an oval black patch in the field near the southern edge of the gravel pit, which proved to be a hearth with rubbish

A New Earth-Grave from the Early Neolithic Period 'Konens Høj' is the name of a natural sandbank which juts out in the flat meadowland west of Stubbe Lake in southern Djursland. The meadows were in Atlantic times part of a fjord, of which Stubbe Lake is the only remnant. In 1962, an exploratory trench revealed a Stone Age settlement layer here, and in 1963-1965 Kulturhistorisk Museum, Randers, uncovered an area of 350 sq.m in and around the settlement layer, collecting large quantities of potsherds and flint of the Early Neolithic, which still await study.The result of a C14-dating of a sample from a charcoal layer on the site is, however, available. This analysis (National Museum C14 Laboratory, K-923) yields a date 3310 ± 100 B.C. This is thus the earliest dated Neolithic settlement in Denmark. In the course of the investigation, a grave was uncovered (fig. 1) lying in a planed area which had been excavated in the settlement layer down to virgin soil.The floor of the grave was an almost horizontal, rectangular paving of limestone cobbles of varying size on virgin sand, measuring 3.50 m X 0.80 m and lying slightly off E-W. On each side of the paving, two parallel rows of stones had been laid with varying regularity, and at each end of the paving a pile of stones was found. At the east end of the grave a depression could be seen, and when the paving was removed, an oval pit was revealed under this depression and at the west end of the grave. The pits were situated with their long axes across the grave, this length corresponding to the width of the grave floor. The east pit extended about 1.20 m under the grave floor, while the west pit had a depth of only about 1 m (fig. 2 a-b). In each case flat stones had been wedged down from both sides, and a clear displacement away from the grave could be observed at the bottom of the pit. These pits can only be understood as foundations for vertical wooden gables which closed the inner grave at both ends, and it seems reasonab

Stone-Age Houses on Knardrup Gallows HillKnardrup Gallows Hill lies immediately to the north of the village of the same name, and is today cut through by the road which leads to Ganløse. The hill is a big bank of yellow sand, deposited as part of an end-moraine at the time when the icecap withdrew slowly towards the east from Denmark. In prehistoric times the bank was surrounded by water on three. sides, and access was only possible from the north. Long before men began their activities on Gallows Hill itself, primitive hunters established in the Mullerup period a settlement not far from the foot of the hill, on an island in Borup Lake (fig. 1). Gallows Hill has been a place well suited for settlement. Surrounded as it was by water on almost all sides there has been easy access to drinking water and to the supplementing of diet by fishing, while from the point of view of defence it has been an ideal site for a settlement.An archeological cartographic survey of the neighbouring Mølleå valley from the western end of Farum Lake as far as Buresø, and the investigation carried out in that connection by the National Museum into discoveries from the area, gave the first indication that discoveries of archeological interest had been made on Knardrup Gallows Hill. Further investigation revealed that a former schoolteacher at Ganløse school, named Nemming, had several times excavated on the hill. These excavations had led to the uncovering of house sites and of a large number of rubbish pits. Apart from a few ornamented potsherds of Early Neolithic date all results of these excavations were unfortunately lost. There could, however, be little doubt that an investigation of Gallows Hill was to be desired in view of these previous results. This investigation was carried out in the period May 1949 - late Autumn 1950 and covered three objectives: 1) the excavation of an oval black patch in the field near the southern edge of the gravel pit, which proved to be a hearth with rubbish

A New Earth-Grave from the Early Neolithic Period 'Konens Høj' is the name of a natural sandbank which juts out in the flat meadowland west of Stubbe Lake in southern Djursland. The meadows were in Atlantic times part of a fjord, of which Stubbe Lake is the only remnant. In 1962, an exploratory trench revealed a Stone Age settlement layer here, and in 1963-1965 Kulturhistorisk Museum, Randers, uncovered an area of 350 sq.m in and around the settlement layer, collecting large quantities of potsherds and flint of the Early Neolithic, which still await study.The result of a C14-dating of a sample from a charcoal layer on the site is, however, available. This analysis (National Museum C14 Laboratory, K-923) yields a date 3310 ± 100 B.C. This is thus the earliest dated Neolithic settlement in Denmark. In the course of the investigation, a grave was uncovered (fig. 1) lying in a planed area which had been excavated in the settlement layer down to virgin soil.The floor of the grave was an almost horizontal, rectangular paving of limestone cobbles of varying size on virgin sand, measuring 3.50 m X 0.80 m and lying slightly off E-W. On each side of the paving, two parallel rows of stones had been laid with varying regularity, and at each end of the paving a pile of stones was found. At the east end of the grave a depression could be seen, and when the paving was removed, an oval pit was revealed under this depression and at the west end of the grave. The pits were situated with their long axes across the grave, this length corresponding to the width of the grave floor. The east pit extended about 1.20 m under the grave floor, while the west pit had a depth of only about 1 m (fig. 2 a-b). In each case flat stones had been wedged down from both sides, and a clear displacement away from the grave could be observed at the bottom of the pit. These pits can only be understood as foundations for vertical wooden gables which closed the inner grave at both ends, and it seems reasonab

The Årupgård HoardIn October 1958, in the course of gravel digging at Årupgård near Horsens in Jutland, the pieces of a pottery vessel containing amber beads and copper ornaments were found. The potsherds could be reconstructed, to form an undecorated lugged vase with 5 lugs placed low on the body (Fig. 2). Similar lugged vases are known in Denmark, from settlement sites and peat-bog deposits, but they vary greatly in size, ornamentation and number of lugs 1)-12). Apart from a single lugged vase from Rügen 13) no similar vases are known outside Denmark. The Årupgård vase must have been produced by non-megalithic funnelbeaker people of Jutland in Early Neolithic Period C or in the beginning of the Middle Neolithic 18) 19).The amber in the hoard consists of 271 beads and 177 fragments. They can be divided into unformed lumps with the appearance of natural amber, and cylindrical and conical beads where the amber has been shaped to these forms. Their appearance is shown in Table 1 and Figs. 3-6. All types of beads here represented are known from Early Neolithic times in Denmark 21). To judge by the marks of wear the beads have formed parts of necklaces. 57 amber hoards from this prehistoric period are known on Danish soil, containing greatly varying numbers of beads 23).The copper objects comprise 2 spiral finger-rings, 2 long spiral cylinders, 3 small spiral cylinders and one cylinder of copper sheeting (Fig. 7). In the latter was found pollen susceptible to analysis (p. 17). With its large proportion of Plantago lanceolata this pollen shows that the wearer of the copper ornament spent his (or her) time mainly in a landscape of common-land type.While the pottery vessel and the amber beads must have been produced in Denmark the copper ornaments must have been imported. Of objects of copper about fifty axes are known from unassociated finds on Danish soil 38). At Bygholm, only 4 kms. from Årupgård, the wellknown Bygholm hoard was discovered in 1924 (Fig. 8). At Søby Heat

A New Earth-Grave from the Early Neolithic Period 'Konens Høj' is the name of a natural sandbank which juts out in the flat meadowland west of Stubbe Lake in southern Djursland. The meadows were in Atlantic times part of a fjord, of which Stubbe Lake is the only remnant. In 1962, an exploratory trench revealed a Stone Age settlement layer here, and in 1963-1965 Kulturhistorisk Museum, Randers, uncovered an area of 350 sq.m in and around the settlement layer, collecting large quantities of potsherds and flint of the Early Neolithic, which still await study.The result of a C14-dating of a sample from a charcoal layer on the site is, however, available. This analysis (National Museum C14 Laboratory, K-923) yields a date 3310 ± 100 B.C. This is thus the earliest dated Neolithic settlement in Denmark. In the course of the investigation, a grave was uncovered (fig. 1) lying in a planed area which had been excavated in the settlement layer down to virgin soil.The floor of the grave was an almost horizontal, rectangular paving of limestone cobbles of varying size on virgin sand, measuring 3.50 m X 0.80 m and lying slightly off E-W. On each side of the paving, two parallel rows of stones had been laid with varying regularity, and at each end of the paving a pile of stones was found. At the east end of the grave a depression could be seen, and when the paving was removed, an oval pit was revealed under this depression and at the west end of the grave. The pits were situated with their long axes across the grave, this length corresponding to the width of the grave floor. The east pit extended about 1.20 m under the grave floor, while the west pit had a depth of only about 1 m (fig. 2 a-b). In each case flat stones had been wedged down from both sides, and a clear displacement away from the grave could be observed at the bottom of the pit. These pits can only be understood as foundations for vertical wooden gables which closed the inner grave at both ends, and it seems reasonab

The Årupgård HoardIn October 1958, in the course of gravel digging at Årupgård near Horsens in Jutland, the pieces of a pottery vessel containing amber beads and copper ornaments were found. The potsherds could be reconstructed, to form an undecorated lugged vase with 5 lugs placed low on the body (Fig. 2). Similar lugged vases are known in Denmark, from settlement sites and peat-bog deposits, but they vary greatly in size, ornamentation and number of lugs 1)-12). Apart from a single lugged vase from Rügen 13) no similar vases are known outside Denmark. The Årupgård vase must have been produced by non-megalithic funnelbeaker people of Jutland in Early Neolithic Period C or in the beginning of the Middle Neolithic 18) 19).The amber in the hoard consists of 271 beads and 177 fragments. They can be divided into unformed lumps with the appearance of natural amber, and cylindrical and conical beads where the amber has been shaped to these forms. Their appearance is shown in Table 1 and Figs. 3-6. All types of beads here represented are known from Early Neolithic times in Denmark 21). To judge by the marks of wear the beads have formed parts of necklaces. 57 amber hoards from this prehistoric period are known on Danish soil, containing greatly varying numbers of beads 23).The copper objects comprise 2 spiral finger-rings, 2 long spiral cylinders, 3 small spiral cylinders and one cylinder of copper sheeting (Fig. 7). In the latter was found pollen susceptible to analysis (p. 17). With its large proportion of Plantago lanceolata this pollen shows that the wearer of the copper ornament spent his (or her) time mainly in a landscape of common-land type.While the pottery vessel and the amber beads must have been produced in Denmark the copper ornaments must have been imported. Of objects of copper about fifty axes are known from unassociated finds on Danish soil 38). At Bygholm, only 4 kms. from Årupgård, the wellknown Bygholm hoard was discovered in 1924 (Fig. 8). At Søby Heat

Stone-Age Houses on Knardrup Gallows HillKnardrup Gallows Hill lies immediately to the north of the village of the same name, and is today cut through by the road which leads to Ganløse. The hill is a big bank of yellow sand, deposited as part of an end-moraine at the time when the icecap withdrew slowly towards the east from Denmark. In prehistoric times the bank was surrounded by water on three. sides, and access was only possible from the north. Long before men began their activities on Gallows Hill itself, primitive hunters established in the Mullerup period a settlement not far from the foot of the hill, on an island in Borup Lake (fig. 1). Gallows Hill has been a place well suited for settlement. Surrounded as it was by water on almost all sides there has been easy access to drinking water and to the supplementing of diet by fishing, while from the point of view of defence it has been an ideal site for a settlement.An archeological cartographic survey of the neighbouring Mølleå valley from the western end of Farum Lake as far as Buresø, and the investigation carried out in that connection by the National Museum into discoveries from the area, gave the first indication that discoveries of archeological interest had been made on Knardrup Gallows Hill. Further investigation revealed that a former schoolteacher at Ganløse school, named Nemming, had several times excavated on the hill. These excavations had led to the uncovering of house sites and of a large number of rubbish pits. Apart from a few ornamented potsherds of Early Neolithic date all results of these excavations were unfortunately lost. There could, however, be little doubt that an investigation of Gallows Hill was to be desired in view of these previous results. This investigation was carried out in the period May 1949 - late Autumn 1950 and covered three objectives: 1) the excavation of an oval black patch in the field near the southern edge of the gravel pit, which proved to be a hearth with rubbish

The Årupgård HoardIn October 1958, in the course of gravel digging at Årupgård near Horsens in Jutland, the pieces of a pottery vessel containing amber beads and copper ornaments were found. The potsherds could be reconstructed, to form an undecorated lugged vase with 5 lugs placed low on the body (Fig. 2). Similar lugged vases are known in Denmark, from settlement sites and peat-bog deposits, but they vary greatly in size, ornamentation and number of lugs 1)-12). Apart from a single lugged vase from Rügen 13) no similar vases are known outside Denmark. The Årupgård vase must have been produced by non-megalithic funnelbeaker people of Jutland in Early Neolithic Period C or in the beginning of the Middle Neolithic 18) 19).The amber in the hoard consists of 271 beads and 177 fragments. They can be divided into unformed lumps with the appearance of natural amber, and cylindrical and conical beads where the amber has been shaped to these forms. Their appearance is shown in Table 1 and Figs. 3-6. All types of beads here represented are known from Early Neolithic times in Denmark 21). To judge by the marks of wear the beads have formed parts of necklaces. 57 amber hoards from this prehistoric period are known on Danish soil, containing greatly varying numbers of beads 23).The copper objects comprise 2 spiral finger-rings, 2 long spiral cylinders, 3 small spiral cylinders and one cylinder of copper sheeting (Fig. 7). In the latter was found pollen susceptible to analysis (p. 17). With its large proportion of Plantago lanceolata this pollen shows that the wearer of the copper ornament spent his (or her) time mainly in a landscape of common-land type.While the pottery vessel and the amber beads must have been produced in Denmark the copper ornaments must have been imported. Of objects of copper about fifty axes are known from unassociated finds on Danish soil 38). At Bygholm, only 4 kms. from Årupgård, the wellknown Bygholm hoard was discovered in 1924 (Fig. 8). At Søby Heat

A New Earth-Grave from the Early Neolithic Period 'Konens Høj' is the name of a natural sandbank which juts out in the flat meadowland west of Stubbe Lake in southern Djursland. The meadows were in Atlantic times part of a fjord, of which Stubbe Lake is the only remnant. In 1962, an exploratory trench revealed a Stone Age settlement layer here, and in 1963-1965 Kulturhistorisk Museum, Randers, uncovered an area of 350 sq.m in and around the settlement layer, collecting large quantities of potsherds and flint of the Early Neolithic, which still await study.The result of a C14-dating of a sample from a charcoal layer on the site is, however, available. This analysis (National Museum C14 Laboratory, K-923) yields a date 3310 ± 100 B.C. This is thus the earliest dated Neolithic settlement in Denmark. In the course of the investigation, a grave was uncovered (fig. 1) lying in a planed area which had been excavated in the settlement layer down to virgin soil.The floor of the grave was an almost horizontal, rectangular paving of limestone cobbles of varying size on virgin sand, measuring 3.50 m X 0.80 m and lying slightly off E-W. On each side of the paving, two parallel rows of stones had been laid with varying regularity, and at each end of the paving a pile of stones was found. At the east end of the grave a depression could be seen, and when the paving was removed, an oval pit was revealed under this depression and at the west end of the grave. The pits were situated with their long axes across the grave, this length corresponding to the width of the grave floor. The east pit extended about 1.20 m under the grave floor, while the west pit had a depth of only about 1 m (fig. 2 a-b). In each case flat stones had been wedged down from both sides, and a clear displacement away from the grave could be observed at the bottom of the pit. These pits can only be understood as foundations for vertical wooden gables which closed the inner grave at both ends, and it seems reasonab

Stone-Age Houses on Knardrup Gallows HillKnardrup Gallows Hill lies immediately to the north of the village of the same name, and is today cut through by the road which leads to Ganløse. The hill is a big bank of yellow sand, deposited as part of an end-moraine at the time when the icecap withdrew slowly towards the east from Denmark. In prehistoric times the bank was surrounded by water on three. sides, and access was only possible from the north. Long before men began their activities on Gallows Hill itself, primitive hunters established in the Mullerup period a settlement not far from the foot of the hill, on an island in Borup Lake (fig. 1). Gallows Hill has been a place well suited for settlement. Surrounded as it was by water on almost all sides there has been easy access to drinking water and to the supplementing of diet by fishing, while from the point of view of defence it has been an ideal site for a settlement.An archeological cartographic survey of the neighbouring Mølleå valley from the western end of Farum Lake as far as Buresø, and the investigation carried out in that connection by the National Museum into discoveries from the area, gave the first indication that discoveries of archeological interest had been made on Knardrup Gallows Hill. Further investigation revealed that a former schoolteacher at Ganløse school, named Nemming, had several times excavated on the hill. These excavations had led to the uncovering of house sites and of a large number of rubbish pits. Apart from a few ornamented potsherds of Early Neolithic date all results of these excavations were unfortunately lost. There could, however, be little doubt that an investigation of Gallows Hill was to be desired in view of these previous results. This investigation was carried out in the period May 1949 - late Autumn 1950 and covered three objectives: 1) the excavation of an oval black patch in the field near the southern edge of the gravel pit, which proved to be a hearth with rubbish