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This report discusses in detail findings and observations made during more than 4 years of study on three experimental multi-component man-made reefs, and one "production" model reef, in Santa Monica Bay, California (August 1960–January 1965). The multi-component replication reefs were each constructed of 333 tons of quarry rock, one streetcar, 14 automobile bodies, and 44 concrete shelters. The "production" model reef was 1000 tons of quarry rock. The study was designed to investigate various aspects of man-made reef ecosystems and to determine the optimum material for reef construction in southern California.Observations made and sampling conducted at each reef included: (i) enumeration (by estimate) of the fishes, invertebrates, and plants, (ii) sediment analysis, (iii) water temperature, (iv) water clarity, and (v) encrusting growths on each reef material.Quarry rock was determined to be the preferred reef building material (based upon cost and ease of handling), even though the concrete shelters attracted the largest number of fishes. Further, quarry rock disturbed the bottom sediments less than the other three materials.True succession, not seasonal progression, was recorded for the various encrusting organisms. During the first year, a barnacle-hydroid phase was closely followed by mollusk-polychaete, ascidian-sponge, and finally encrusting ectoproct stages. Subsequent stages involve aggregate anemones, gorgonians, and stony corals.More than 200 invertebrates (protozoans to tunicates) were recorded during this study. Notations concerning each species occurrence, growth, importance on the reef, ecological niche, and known predatorprey relationships are presented.Fish populations around each reef, and material, were assessed by: (i) species enumeration, (ii) estimates of size ranges, (iii) feeding habits, and (iv) general behavioral traits. Underwater tagging techniques were developed and employed to determine fish movements. In all, 78 species (35 families and 60 genera) were recorded. Embiotocid perches and serranids were dominant during the first two years of reef life. In time they decreased in dominance while resident species (e.g., cottids, gobies, damselfish, etc.) increased.Observed fishes were classified as reef associated or non-reef associated, based upon their requirements or association to our reefs: a reef biotype being required to satisfy one or more life processes of a reef oriented species. We further subdivided the reef associated species into semi-resident (which periodically leave the reef) and resident forms (which consistently remain on the reef).Fishing success on the reefs was two to three times that recorded for nearby natural reef areas. In some instances, due to the fish concentrating effect of these structures, angler success may be even higher.Man-made reefs can turn "non-productive" areas of the nearshore into "productive" fishing areas. Initially, these structures attract fishes from surrounding areas. With time (about 5 years in our area) a natural situation is reached and the plant and animal populations exhibit fluctuations typical of reef ecosystems.

It has long been known that greater numbers and kinds of fishes inhabit rocky coasts, reefs, and banks than smooth, unbroken sandy or muddy bottoms, and that shipwrecks provide excellent fishing in otherwise non-productive areas. On this basis, various state and private agencies have placed old automobile bodies and other objects in areas generally barren of sportfish. Reports have indicated greatly increased sportfish yields in these areas, but to our knowledge, no full-scale scientific evaluation of artificial reefs has been made. The Japanese have done some work in this field, but their results are unpublished. With these facts in mind, the California Department of Fish and Game instituted a study of artificial reefs in April 1958. Many flat, sandy or muddy areas occur along the southern California coast, often near small-boat harbors. While large party, charter, and private boats can travel long distances to offshore islands and productive headlands, these fishing grounds are beyond the range of small-boat fishermen. The chief value of artificial reefs is to provide owners of small boats with good fishing near a harbor. With California's population increasing at a tremendous rate each year and recreation needs multiplying at an unprecedented pace, coastal fishing assumes an ever more important role. Pollution of these same waters, especially by industrial wastes, is constantly decreasing the yield of once productive areas. Kelp beds, of great importance in the ecology of the region, have diminished or virtually disappeared in the path of these pollutants, with consequent decreases in suitable fish habitat. In addition, several successive years of above average water temperatures drastically reduced vast areas of kelp beds along our shores. Sea urchin predation on the reduced beds has been widely observed by divers. To determine the true value of artificial reefs, we carried out routine diving so we could observe and obtain as much information as possible on the numbers and kinds of fishes occurring around artificial habitat. Kelp growth, numbers and species of invertebrates, animal behavior, and many other observations also have been made. The theory of attraction of fishes to solid objects (thigmotropism) is discussed by Breder and Nigrelli (1938), and probably explains some of the success of artificial reefs in attracting and holding fishes. Observations made during the Department's Kelp Investigations Program at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Quarterly Progress Reports), and our observations of fishes following a young giant kelp plant, Macrocystis pyrifera, drifting across a semi-barren sand bottom, and of fishes attracted to artificial reefs and offshore oil installations definitely support this theory. Breder and Nigrelli (1938) described thigmotropism as the "desire" of fishes to be close to a solid object. The attraction of fishes to each other (schooling behavior) also becomes a necessary explanation of reef success. Finally, availability of shelter and food help explain the attractiveness of artificial habitat. As part of our investigation of man-made marine environment, we also undertook a study to evaluate the effects of offshore oil drilling installations.

This is the third in a continuing series of marine environment surveys conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game in cooperation with the State's Regional Water Quality Control Boards.During February and March, 1965, Department scuba diving biologists made an ecological investigation off the western shore of Point Loma, San Diego County (into water depths of 100 feet). Data from this study, conducted for the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, are to be used in evaluating the effects of a submarine outfall discharge on the marine life in the area.Twenty diving and four intertidal stations were occupied along four transects run perpendicular to shore. A modified transect-quadrat method of survey was employed to sample the biota both quantitatively and qualitatively. In addition, three orange-peel grab samples were taken near the outfall terminus (200-foot depth) primarily to determine sludge build-up.The animal and plant assemblages were both lush and varied. The recorded species, numbers and diversities appeared typical for this general area, water depth, and bottom type. Bathymetrically, the greatest species diversity occurred in the 60- to 80-foot depths—the least in the 20. Geographically, species diversity was greatest in the central portions of the study area, and the least diverse in the northern. This correlated with the height of the bottom relief.Although it is difficult to make comparisons with prior studies, because of different sampling techniques, the area's general biotic assemblages appeared similar, and except for the occurrence of Capitella capitata (a "pollution-tolerant" polychaete worm) at the outfall terminus, no adverse changes, directly attributable to outfall operations, were apparent in 1965. Five plants and 14 animals are deemed particularly hardy; these index species should be closely monitored in future studies to detect changes in their abundance relative to associated species.Similar ecological studies should be carried out at least annually to record biotic changes which may be relative to the outfall's operation.