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This study provides, for the first time, data that furnish an estimate of present and future manpower needs for cardiologists in the fields of patient care, teaching and research within the United States. The data collected provide a description of the current practice of cardiology and identify deficiencies in existing training programs in cardiology. Further, this study projects the future activities of cardiologists, and thus will aid in planning training and experience for them. The data collected should be of value to individuals, hospitals, universities, governmental agencies and voluntary health agencies that are concerned with providing administrative, financial and educational support for training programs in cardiology and that require cardiologists for patient care, teaching and research activities.

PLANNING OF ANY KIND looks to the future. Financial planning embraces the fiscal aspects of education, but its ultimate objective is not simply financial economy, adequate support, and wise expenditure of funds; the objective is more particularly an educational program adapted to changing educational needs. Financial planning overlaps such areas as educational support, budgetary procedure, and costs.

IT HAS long been known that great differences exist in the financial ability of the several states to support an adequate program of education. The most exhaustive and detailed treatment of this subject that has yet been made is that of Norton and Lawler (16). Data were collected for each of the 115,000 local administrative units of the United States with respect to its educational load and its financial ability. This study presents a graphic inventory of the financing of education for the United States and for each of the states. It contains 192 charts and nearly 100 tables. From these one can get a vivid picture of: (a) inequalities of educational support in the United States; (b) differences in support of public education within the several states; (c) cost of a reasonable minimum state and national program of education; (d) relation of level of support to ability to finance education; (e) relative effort made by the states to support education; and (f) the relation of the level of school support to such matters as school attendance and functional literacy. Federal aid to education is urged as the only reasonable way to correct the educational inequalities growing out of financial inequalities. Norton (13, 14) and Norton and Davies (15) have prepared articles based in the main upon the findings of their investigation for the cooperative study of public-school expenditures. They present pertinent facts with respect to inequality of educational opportunity, among them the differences in education and health revealed by draft boards, and argue forcefully for federal aid.