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This paper indicates the market for a van-type electric vehicle, provides the physical description, and presents the electrical principle of operation of a frequency modulated and pulsewidth modulated power system applied to a 27-kW three-phase squirrelcage age induction motor. This ac drive system, which represents the third generation in design, has been placed in a Dodge B-300 high production van of 2700 kg gross vehicle weight. The electrical energy is stored in 24 6-V 220-Ah batteries providing 144 V. Design speeds of the electronics for the vehicle are up to 90 km/h. Computer developed power factor and efficiency curves are given for the motor for the entire range of operating speeds. Electrical charge in the batteries may be replaced either by quick interchange of batteries a or through utilization of a 12-kg on-board charger with an electrical demand of 6 kW from a 220-V single-phase main. Finally, the paper discusses the economics of the ac drive LinearVan.

The paper presents a new control strategy and design for auxiliary energy source (AES) used in battery hybrid electric vehicle (BHEV) based on the acceleration power. The control strategy takes actual speed and acceleration of the vehicle and system losses into account for regulating the energy and power supply to the propulsion load. The design of AES and its dynamic control design are demonstrated. Cascade control is availed in this work in order to control the terminal voltage and current of supercapacitors (SCs). The benefits of AES in which recapture of regenerative braking energy are examined by the numerical simulation and verified by a small scale experiment. The comparison of energy consumption and DC bus voltage regulation between pure battery and battery with supercapacitors (BSCs) propulsion system declares the theoretical results and confirms the benefits of the proposed method.

Advances made in recent years in the field of fuel cells indicate that the latter will probably be used on an industrial scale in the relatively near future. The following report tries to define the economic outlook for dissolved-fuel (principally methanol and hydrazine) cells on the basis of the experimental findings obtained in the research and development laboratories of the Institut Francais du Petrole [1–5]. The search for large markets for cells results in the consideration of electric vehicle traction as an objective capable of justifying the extensive research and development which have been undertaken. For ease of storage and handling, liquid fuels must be used. After hydrocarbons, not considered at present because of their low reactivity, methanol offers advantageous economic characteristics for this kind of utilization. The following report contains a brief description of these cells, their composition, and the fuels which can be used as well as a study of performances and costs over various periods of time. We have attempted to confirm the abovementioned expectation about electric traction and to set forth various application possibilities by estimating corresponding outlet potentials and by determining the means of research needed to achieve them.

During the past ten years the Army has invested a sizable effort into new systems configurations and development programs to improve ground vehicle mobility. United States Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center (USAMERDC), Fort Belvoir, Va., has been particularly interested in an improved vehicle mobility for off-highway vehicles, amphibians, and engineer equipment through electrical propulsion. Such drive systems incorporating individual wheel controls provide improved mobility over all types of terrain, simplified supply logistics, and permit a more functional vehicle design and construction. Past experience in industry and in the government has shown that the dc motor propulsion drive is inherently simple to install and to maintain. The dc motor is somewhat heavier than comparable ac motors due to motor speed limitations; however, the dc machine, particularly the series field motor, requires relatively simple power controls since the power is processed by the motor's own commutator. Commercial dc traction motors have an inherent high-torque starting characteristic which is mandatory for engineer-type vehicle propulsion applications. In the midspeed range however, presently available dc motor propulsion drives under consideration for the Anny have unsatisfactory acceleration performance when compared to conventional mechanical drive systems comprised of a spark or compression ignition engine and a multispeed transmission. In this context, the paper discusses this Center's experimental solid-state controller and the method employed to improve the acceleration or peak power propulsion profile of an electric vehicle drive using dc series field motors.

The energy and power requirements of a class of on-the-road electric vehicles are developed, and acceleration and speed characteristics of such vehicles in urban traffic are discussed. Curves of average speed under different conditions of traffic are presented, as are curves of average power required during acceleration, average power required during cruising, and peak power required. A dc drive system for propulsion of such a vehicle and an ac drive system appropriate for such an application are described. The two kinds of system are then compared, on an economic as well as a technical basis. A procedure for designing an electric vehicle is outlined, pertinent fields in which research and development are needed are listed, and a reference list on electric vehicles is included.

The work is devoted to the urgent issue of the invention and development of foreign and domestic electric vehicles, which is one of the possible directions in solving the issue of environmental conservation. Almost 80% of the global automotive market is heading for a ban on gasoline and the switch to electric cars and hybrids. However, this movement was, until recently, leisurely, if not slow. The popularity of electric vehicles in the world is due to the fact that they have several advantages compared to cars with an internal combustion engine. The principle of operation of an electric vehicle is based on the fact that the movement is provided by the operation of an engine that uses electric energy for its work. The electric motor plays the same role as the internal combustion engine, in addition, in the electric car, it is possible to install several engines that are able to distribute energy more efficiently and more rationally. Batteries play the function of a fuel tank, which supplies the engine with the energy necessary to ensure the movement of the car. For Ukraine, innovation is very important for the development of our country. Constant demand makes it clear that the future of electric cars. Ukrainians are paying more and more attention to such passenger cars, or hybrid ones. Every year the number of registered electric vehicles becomes more and more. The article highlights the main stages of the development of electric vehicles and presents the main problems of these vehicles, which indicate that they tend to be constantly improved.

Optimal space flight conditions for vehicles using multiple propulsion systems, noting performance of solar electric vehicle in Jupiter probe

This paper gives an overview of typical components, their performance, size, shape, weight, and relationships to each other, and how they fit together in electric vehicle applications. Vehicle designs covered are golf cars, personnel carriers, people carriers, riding and walk-behind lawn mowers, 2-and 3-wheeled bikes, outboard motors, and floor care sweepers and scrubbers.

The design of electric traction motors for electric vehicle applications requires intimate knowledge of the vehicle mission and performance requirements and a systems approach involving integration of the motor into the entire electrical power system. Motor characteristics are reviewed, speed control possiblities are discussed, and factors to be considered in the application and selection of traction motors are explained in detail.

A study has been made of the design of d-c commutator motors for high performance drives in electric vehicles. Details are given of the power/speed characteristic which the motor must provide, and of the influence on the design of quantities such as motor speed, efficiency, winding details, and weight. An outline is given of a computer program which optimizes the motor design for electric vehicle duty, and an example is given of a 40 kW traction motor which powers an electric delivery vehicle.

AN ANALYSIS IS MADE OF THE POWER REQUIREMENTS OF AN ELECTRIC URBAN AND SUBURBAN VEHICLE HAVING PERFORMANCE STANDARDS BASED ON THE CALIFORNIA DRIVING CYCLE AND A RANGE OF 150 MILES WITH REGENERATIVE BRAKING. TO SATISFY THESE REQUIREMENTS, A HYBRID SYSTEM COMPRISING A LITHIUM/NICKEL-FLUORIDE NON-AQUEOUS BATTERY FOR TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND A BIPOLAR NICKEL/CADMIUM BOOSTER BATTERY FOR ACCELERATION AND HILL-CLIMBING IS PROPOSED. THE BATTERY SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED, AND SOME PERFORMANCE DATA ARE GIVEN. /AUTHOR/

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The paper describes a simple device for recording the state of charge of the batteries of an electric vehicle. The device monitors the complete duty cycle, and switches off the charger when the batteries are fully charged. The principle of operation is based on integrated charge, rather than on battery terminal voltage. 15 prototype gauges have been fitted to preproduction vehicles, and a limited number have already been fitted to production models.

The paper examines the economic factors which have led during recent years to a spectacular increase—in the United Kingdom more than elsewhere—in the number of electric battery road vehicles.It is shown that the cost of operation, which is examined in detail, has moved in favour of the electric vehicle as a result of the longer battery life and the greatly increased cost of labour and petrol.In view of the long life of battery vehicles, a slightly higher first cost for a model of high efficiency giving the best possible performance is economic over a long period, and a formula to compare and evaluate the performance of different models is explained in some detail. The choice of batteries for these vehicles is also discussed.The potential market for this special form of delivery transport is investigated in the light of the limitations of range and flexibility, and it is shown that, while these limitations exist, the mass-production methods of petrol vehicles can never be applicable to battery vehicles. It is suggested that a steady and increasing demand for new vehicles and replacements will call for a limited number of small efficient manufacturers able to give personal service and continuity.