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A set of parameter equations is developed to define any highway or bridge spiral offering a transition between a tangent and a circle or between two circles of different radii. These equations are then used in sets of procedures to help solve intersections of spirals with straight, circular, or spiral lines. Such procedures are also available for projecting a point on a spiral or drawing a line tangent to a spiral and passing through an external point. These are applicable not only to main spirals but also to parallel or offset spirals (spirals equidistant from a main spiral). The procedures may be programmed in machine language such as FORTRAN or COGO for use in electronic computers.

A case of interstitial cystitis which was ultimately treated by total cystectomy is presented. Examination of the rare bladder specimen revealed thickening and contraction of the bladder, submucosal ulcerations and involvement of the bladder wall, with bands of collagenous connective tissue extending into the perivesical adipose tissue. Increased numbers of mast cells and a chronic lymphocytic infiltrate were present in the submucosa. The immunologic aspects of the disease are discussed and the literature reviewed.

The distribution and excretion of Sr85 and Ca45 administered simultaneously and intravenously were studied in patients with thyroid and parathyroid disorders, osteoporosis, and Paget's disease. In all cases and at all times the body retention of Ca45 was more than Sr85 retention by a factor of 1.1 to 5.7. Differential renal clearance of the two isotopes accounted for 1.9 to 8.1 times more Sr85 than Ca45 in the urine. The amounts of each isotope in the feces were sizable, generally equal, and varied little in the different diseases studied, except in Paget' s disease. Calcium pools and compartment sizes as determined by either isotope proved to be sensitive indices of skeletal function. The largest values were found in Paget's disease and thyrotoxicosis and the lowest in myxedema. One patient with thyroid cancer metastatic to bone showed no evidence of increased calcium turnover by any of the criteria employed. A patient with hyperparathyroidism but no clinical evidence of bone disease showed no evidence of abnormal calcium or strontium dynamics. In one patient with Paget's disease cortisone failed to suppress completely the activity of the disease as measured by Ca45 dynamics. There was no unusual pattern of labeled isotope excretion in patientsmore » with osteoporosis. Prolonged estrogen therapy in one patient with osteoporosis of the postmenopausal type effected no change in skeletal kinetics as measured by the metabolism of Ca45 or Sr85 but did effect a change in the serum to urine Ca45 specific activity ratio. The observation that Ca45 specific activities were consistently greater in serum than in urine and the variation of serum to urine ratios in different disease states is discussed as representing either a true phenomenon or a systematic analytical error. Strontium-85 qualitatively parallels Ca45 as an index of skeletal function in metabolic bone diseases.« less

Sixty-eight patients treated by surgery and cobalt teletherapy for carcinoma of the breast were closely followed up with the purpose of detecting irradiation pneumonitis. Twenty-one patients presented radiological signs of pneumonitis and four of them symptoms of irradiation pneumonitis. However, the above symptoms and signs were mild, regressed easily and were of no further significance or discomfort to the patients. We believe that the lung sequelae following our therapeutic scheme of cobalt teletherapy are not severe, and do not contra-indicate this method of treatment. © 1964 E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.