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Past trends and future forecasts of U.S. energy supply and demand are analyzed by fuel type and end-use. Four major interrelated areas of the energy dilemma, i.e., technological, economic, environmental, and governmental or political are examined. Short-, intermediate-, and long-term ‘solutions’ are reviewed. One aspect of an idealized national energy policy is proposed which would direct various fuels to their most beneficial or ‘superior’ end uses. This policy would direct natural gas to residential and commercial usage, petroleum to transportation and chemical feedstock utilization, and coal and nuclear energy to electric generation and industrial applications. The role of conservation of resources and the impact of possible changes in the American lifestyle are examined Four recommendations are proposed: (1) major programs of energy and fuels conservation should be undertaken; (2) the suggested aspect of a national energy policy should be implemented, reducing fuels applications in ‘inferior’...

On the basis of the estimated contributions of these differing methods of the utilization of solar energy, their total energy delivery impact on the projected U.S. energy economy (9) can be evaluated (Fig. 5). Despite this late energy impact, the actual sales of solar energy utilization equipment will be significant at an early date. Potential sales in photovoltaic arrays alone could exceed $400 million by 1980, in order to meet the projected capacity buildup (10). Ultimately, the total energy utilization equipment industry should attain an annual sales volume of several tens of billion dollars in the United States, comparable to that of several other energy related industries. Varying amounts of technology development are required to assure the technical and economic feasibility of the different solar energy utilization methods. Several of these developments are far enough along that the paths can be analyzed from the present time to the time of demonstration of technical and economic feasibility, and from there to production and marketing readiness. After that point, a period of market introduction will follow, which will differ in duration according to the type of market addressed. It may be noted that the present rush to find relief from the current energy problem, or to be an early leader in entering a new market, can entail shortcuts in sound engineering practice, particularly in the areas of design for durability and easy maintenance, or of proper application engineering. The result can be loss of customer acceptance, as has been experienced in the past with various products, including solar water heaters. Since this could cause considerable delay in achieving the expected total energy impact, it will be important to spend adequate time at this stage for thorough development. Two other aspects are worth mentioning. The first is concerned with the economic impacts. Upon reflection on this point, one will observe that largescale solar energy utilization will not cause a greater impact than other new energy sources, based on the reasoning that a self-consistent set of conditions will have to be fulfilled in order to achieve such large-scale use. Without cost competitiveness, other energy resources would fill the requirements, or, if their resource and cost structure also would create severe problems, the economic forecasts simply cannot be fulfilled. We also should not think of a "solar-only" energy future. First, there is still enough coal to last for several hundred years. Second, there should be enough fissionable fuel available to operate breeder reactors for a similar time span, and geothermal energy could satisfy some requirements for a long time. And finally, there may be fusion. It would be unlikely that any one of the available options should play a really dominant role. Rather, we should expect to be using an energy mix, just as we do now, with each energy source supplying the requirements which it can satisfy in the most suitable way, and solar energy should play an important role in this long-range future.

Domestic demands account for about 40 per cent of total energy supplies in Sweden. This article reviews research by the Building Technology Division of the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology over many years into the thermal behaviour of houses. It highlights the importance of effective insulation and of solar heat gains in particular situations, entailing modifications to conventional design calculations.

THE ENERGY SHORTAGE IN THE U. S. WAS PREDICTABLE TWO YEARS AGO WHEN THE DOMESTIC SUPPLY OF FUELS BEGAN TO FALL SHARPLY BEHIND THE RISING TOTAL DEMAND FOR ENERGY. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS AND CRUDE OIL REACHED AN ALL-TIME HIGH IN 1972 AND HAS BEEN FALLING SINCE. GRAPHS ARE PRESENTED WHICH ILLUSTRATE THE U. S. DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS AND THE AVAILABILITY OF LIMITED QUANTITIES OF SYNTHETIC GAS AND OIL AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER. IN ANY ATTEMPT TO FIND SOLUTIONS TO FIND SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM, THE NEED IS INDICATED FOR AN OVERALL TAXONOMY OF ENERGY. THIS MUST CONSIST OF A LISTING OF THE OPTIONS IN A LOGICAL HIERACHY, SO THAT NATIONAL DEBATE LEADS TO PUBLIC ILLUMINATION AND EVENTUALLY TO SATISFACTORY CHOICES. THE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS TO TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IS REVIEWED AND THE PROCESS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DISCUSSION IS CONSIDERED. THE COMPARISON OF VARIOUS NUCLEAR METHODS FOR GENERATING NUCLEAR POWER IS CONSIDERED AS AN EXAMPLE. IMBALANCES IN THE FISSION PROGRAM ARE DETAILED. THE SERIOUS IMBALANCE IN THE BREEDER-REACTOR PROGRAM (WITH ITS BUDGET OF $320 MILLION) IS DISCUSSED. SIMILAR ASSESSMENTS ARE MADE WITH RESPECT TO ELECTRIC POWER AND SOLAR ENERGY. THE ALLOCATION OF PRIMARY ENERGY RESOURCES AMONG USERS IS CONSIDERED IN DETAIL. POSSIBLE INTERNATINAL IMPACTS ARE REVIEWED. ENERGY PROVISION VERSUS ENERGY UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION IS NEXT DISCUSSED AND SEVERAL SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR AMELIORATING FUTURE ENERGY DIFFICULTIES.

At the outset of this new year, electric power engineers are still confronted by a forecast of increased electric energy requirements that, apparently, have not been modified by the tightening fuel/energy bind.

This article discusses the feasibility of an energy policy based mainly on increased efficiency in the use of energy, with minimal change of present life-style. Data are included on present and projected energy consumption in four major areas -- industrial, residential, commercial, and transportation. Increased effeciency in the industrial sector appears possible through the use of new production processes, recycling, utilization of waste materials, and careful energy accounting in order to reduce total manufacturing energy or to trade off increased manufacturing energy for improved operating efficiency. In the residential and commercial sectors the use of products and applicances which are more energy efficient, such as better heat insulation and space heating by a means other than electric heating, offer ways of energy conservation. In the transportation sector increased efficiency is seen possible in freight transport and the operation of automobiles. Also, it appers that large energy investments now in transportation could save future energy costs, dependent, of course, on what decisions are made now for energy deployment. This article concludes by examining how a program for efficient energy utilization could be implemented, what steps would encourage such practice, and what some of the side-effects and synergies would be.

The energy shortage in the United States will be of many years duration. In the past, commercial buildings have not been designed to minimize the consumption of electricity and fuels. Because of the energy shortage and the resulting rise in costs of energy, it is imperative that conservation measures be implemented. Little information is available on how energy is consumed in buildings. Computer models which analyze the total energy balance of a building provide valuable guidance in planning conservation strategies. Obstacles to innovations and improvement in construction technology are examined. Some general methods are described for reducing energy consumption in the existing stock of commercial buildings. Areas where improvements can be made in future designs are identified.

The present energy crisis has called attention to a fundamental problem of electric railway systems. While the design of railway equipment or plant leads to energy specifications for each, the two must be joined according to some plan of train operation to provide energy relationships for input to the systems analysis process (energy input). This joining of plant and equipment for the development of energy input generally has not been done. Several applications of energy input exist. They include the identification of means to reduce overall energy consumption as well as peak usage reflected in “demand charges” and the design specifications for new or modified systems. A sound methodology exists for energy analysis of electric railway systems. The underlying theory is discussed, and the application of the technique is presented. The theory and application include principles of physics, judgement of railway operations and computer simulation.

In the UK, the energy industries are the largest consumers of energy, using 30% of the present total. New sources of energy are likely to be even more demanding of fuels. In this article, the second in the series on Energy Budgets, the authors analyse the energy supply industries in the UK and examine implications for the future. They recommend that more attention be paid to materials recycling and to the development of renewable energy sources to avoid continuing inflation of energy use.

A wide range of possible measures for the conservation of energy in buildings are reviewed. The survey is made in the context of the American situation and covers energy use in space heating and co...

Concepts of environment are presented and the limitations on the achievement of environmental control imposed by classical methods are examined. The particular aspects of environmental engineering and control examined are: (1) The role of the digital computer in manipulation of the environment, (2) the related techniques that have helped improve the generality and credibility of solutions to environmental problems,(3) the educational (especially self-educational) responses that engineers have made in order to use these techniques effectively, and (4) the promise held by these improved and powerful techniques.

The ability of the planet Earth to sustain its ever-increasing population is discussed in terms of both food and energy. The pressure of rapidly increasing population puts demands upon the world's fuel reserves which are so tremendous that we must look for other sources of energy. The author reviews various ways by which solar energy has been used in the past. Methods of heating and cooling dwellings are discussed, and it is pointed out that one-third of our annual energy consumption is used for these purposes. It is in this field that solar energy is likely to make its most important contribution in the near future. Means of producing power by steam and other engines are described, and the need for “good old Yankee ingenuity” is stressed. Pumping water for irrigation and distillation of sea water are other fields in which solar energy has long been used and where new “break-throughs” are needed. Photoelectricity and photosynthesis also hold much promise. The development of methods by which fuels for automobiles can be produced from water, air, and sunlight is a field in which research would be most profitable. Much research is needed to bring these developments to the point of feasibility, but the rewards will be rich, and the solar energy is there for the taking.

THE RELATION of electrical engineers to management functions, while it may vary in detail, is the same in principle as the relation of other technically trained men to management functions.

The United States is already in a critical energy supply and demand situation. We cannot meet our present energy demand. There is no way that we can meet the fantastic energy demand between now and the year 2000 without a yearly increase in the energy imported from overseas. It chills one's blood to know that we spent over $3 billion in 1971 for imported energy. We have been driven into this corner by senseless, inflexible, governmental regulations. We are unable to work ourselves out of this corner because of the demands of extreme environmentalists. If we are to continue to have increasing governmental control, we engineers must provide reliable technical guidance to offset the over-zealous hysteria that finally comes to the attention of our law makers. Engineers are the ones with the background to help. You must make yourself heard--you must meet with and serve on boards an committees where your voices can be heard before decisions are made.

The basic postulate is that to be chosen as an energy source solar energy must be cheaper than alternatives. But further, where the solar energy system is a secondary power source, it must compete on the basis of the “incremental” cost of the primary energy. Reliability, environmental pollution and limitations of weight and area of the system are seen as other constraints on the choice of system. However, fuel convervation is dismissed as an irrelevant factor. The implications for developing countries are considered.

An estimate has been made that $1 billion a year will be spent on new transit facilities for the next 10 yr. Civil engineers will be needed to design these facilities. Although turnkey projects have received some promotion, most major transit projects will follow conventional practices of design/bid. A corollary to these anticipated transit projects will be the need for specialized engineering competence in connection with the design of power supplies, signals, controls, communications, fare collection and cars. Numerous problems, both institutional and technical, will need solving on any new transit project. Many of these problems result from changing procurement practices--from private to public procurement. Other problems occur from the use of new materials, procedures, and technologies. The theme of this note is the need for engineering competence.

This article emphasizes the importance of a supply of energy for the improvement of living conditions in, and general development of, underdeveloped areas. The costs of importing energy, whether in electrical form or as fuels, is usually expensive for such areas because of their remoteness from bulk supplies with consequent high costs for transport. It is suggested that, to supply power to isolated communities scattered over a wide area and with a consequent low density of population, local sources of energy should be used. The most widely distributed local resources are wind, solar radiation, and organic waste materials. The methods of using these by means of equipment now under development are described, and the probable costs involved are also estimated. As a conclusion, the article outlines a possible scheme for the combination of local energy resources to supply all the energy needs of a community in an underdeveloped area.

It may be desirable to damp extreme fluctuations in concentration in a feed stream to a sanitary engineering process. Methods of analysis and design of completely-mixed basins to accomplish this damping are presented and illustrated for a sample of data having numerous fluctuations. Similar predictions of basin performance are found using two quite different methods of analysis. Possibilities for analysis of cases which do not conform to the basic assumptions usually required are discussed. Even more powerful analytical methods than those presented are suggested if a wider class of problems must be solved.

Energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound like wind, solar, geothermal is simply regarded as renewable energy. The renewable energy made available through established sources and technology is considered as non-conventional one, if otherwise, conventional. Speaking strictly the forms of alternative energy or renewable energy are environmentally favorable and no negative impacts and economically viable. Alternative energy sources are necessary to explored in context to solve the present problem of energy crisis in Nepal. Being rich in natural resources Nepal posses' high potential of development of energy generation station. Key Words: Energy crisis, Hydropower, Alternate energy, Consumption DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2534 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp130-135

One of the consequences of the energy crisis has been a heightened interest in the amounts of energy we use for industrial processes. A conspicuous one is the manufacture of automobiles. How much f...

The formulation of a US energy policy which is consistent with other national policies in the economic, environmental, R&D, and national security areas is a difficult, but necessary, process. Heavily-funded development of the plutonium breeder reactor exemplifies the type of policy inconsistencies pervading the present embryonic energy policy. In this article Dr Smernoff presents a reasonably consistent long-run energy policy in which nuclear fission plays a minor role, clean-burning fossil fuels are decreasing in importance, and geothermal/solar energy sources are becoming dominant in an increasingly post-industrial society.

In a recent paper, Hammond demonstrated a use of the evolutionary power spectral density, which was originally introduced by Priestley, for slowly varying random processes appearing in engineering applications. The purpose herein is to show that the form of input-output relationships derived by Hammond under certain assumed asymptotic forms of the responses is also valid without such restrictions, and that it can be derived in a much more straightforward fashion.

The primary purpose of energy research is to help implement and advance energy policy. Energy research reveals new possibilities and new options that ought to influence energy policy. Project Independence, dominated by our commitment to energy self-sufficiency, is our shorter term energy policy, but is not the entire energy policy. Decisions are now being made concerning nuclear plant siting and conservation that go much beyond any immediate commitment to self-sufficiency. Both energy policy and energy research and development strategy are presently in transition, largely due to new governmental structures being created. Even when ERDA and FEA are in place, there will remain the matter of assuring that ERDA research policies are consistent with FEA energy policies and that FEA energy policies take adequate account of the new options created by ERDA's studies. Long-range modalities - solar, geothermal, fusion, fission breeders - are briefly discussed.

Opportunities abound to conserve energy. Losses, many of them avoidable or potentially capable of large reduction, occur all the way from energy resource extraction to ultimate use. Other presentations in this conference touch on ways to conserve energy by increased efficiencies in the energy cycle up to the point of use. Some of the greatest scientific challenges lie in this area. Another presentation in this conference (Mobile Powerplants) covers the important conservation impacts and technological challenges of more efficient engines. In this presentation we therefore focus on energy conservation, other than propulsion engine technology, at end‐use. About half of total U.S. energy is used for heating or cooling buildings or industrial processes. Therefore, any improvement in the technology of both high and low heat transfer materials and processes will help conserve energy. Associated engines (e.g., heat pumps, air conditioners) also offer opportunities for large improvement. Control systems for indust...

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the ways in which energy is used in the modern world. A person uses energy in many forms—electrical energy for home and office lighting, chemical energy to operate automobiles, and the energy represented in the products purchased. Four major categories of energy usage are residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation. Present-day society consumes energy at a fast pace. Almost every aspect of modern civilization is geared to the use of energy. The magnitude of the industrialized world's usage of energy can be appreciated by noting that half of the energy that has ever been used by man has been used during the past century. As a result, the business of providing energy has become one of the world's primary occupations. Billions of dollars have been expended in the wide search for fuel deposits in the earth as well as in the construction of hydroelectric dams, petroleum refining plants, and power generating stations.

Abstract This up-to-date study of the supply and demand of world energy resources is based on an analysis of the regional and global changes in the pattern of energy production and its consumption during the last two decades. Since World War II, nations of the world have aspired to achieve the common goal of a higher and higher standard of living. This desire for higher affluence coupled with a population explosion have more than doubled population explosion have more than doubled the rate of energy consumption during that period. Technological growth and its spread period. Technological growth and its spread around the world has also contributed to this demand for energy. Changes in the patterns of availability and relative prices of energy resources have affected patterns of interfuel substitution and continue to affect the demand for oil and gas. During the last few years environmental concern has become a major issue further affecting the consumption patterns of energy resources. Projections of the world energy requirements in years 1980 and 2000 are based on implicit correlations of one or more influencing factors such as population, GNP, personal income, technological innovations, and interfuel substitution. Regional supplies of energy resources are viewed in relation to their demand and their future influence on the world energy situation. The importance of disparities in petroleum source-markets are shown to be of petroleum source-markets are shown to be of utmost importance in formulating national energy policies. Finally, a "system" approach to global demand and supply of energy resources is suggested with a proposal for an International energy policy.

Problems encountered in expansion of electric power developments in Latin America; design and construction of Peixoto-Hydro-Electric Development, in Brazil; paper discusses special problems that have been experienced by utilities in those regions, describes number of specific plants illustrating problems and outlines some of background and planning.

During a session of the first Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, a panel discussion dealt with approaches to nonconventional energy conversion education. This short paper covers the contribution of this author. It is realized that these topics should be covered during university studies; however, the question of where in a curriculum, or when during a student's university career formal courses should be offered, has not yet been answered. The author suggests that only a small number of engineers are needed in this area, and that there is really no space in any undergraduate curriculum to give these topics the amount of time they require. Accordingly, the place for such studies is on the graduate level, at the very few universities which can expect to interest a sufficiently large number of students in order to develop and carry on a specialized program in an economical way.

Energy demand the world over is increasing, and one of the consequences of this increased demand is raging debate on energy resources, development, and usage. This article examines the various sources of energy supply (such as coal, hydro-electric power, petroleum products, etcj and the energy demand requirements in (I) the world, (2) the United States, and (3) Canada, and then discusses the long-range implications of such supply and demand requirements against energy—proven and potential. The author then discusses the problem of resource policy development in Canada today, and in so doing, covers such issues as resource availability; capital requirement; pricing; exporting of energy; etc. Finally, the author proposes framework for the achievement of national consensus on energy development and usage for Canada.

THERE appears to be nothing fundamentally different in what Prof. Frazier and I say, only the method of approach, his from the historical scientific and mine from what I conceive to be the modern educational, especially for electrical engineers.