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The overall composition of the essential oil of a botanically described Mentha aquatica (2 n = 96) has been determined. Limonene, caryophyllene and germacrene-D are the major hydrocarbons and bicyclogermacrene and viridiflorol, an oxygenated compound, are present in substantial amounts. The presence of small amounts of menthones, mentholes and menthyl acetates is indicated.

Die qualitative und quantitative Zusammensetzung des atherischen Ols von O. gratissimum L. (thymolhaltige Varietat) wurde ge und spektroskopisch untersucht. Die Olzusammensetzung der in Deutschland kultivierten und getrockneten Pflanzen stimmt mit der in der Elfenbeinkuste geernteten Trockenpflanzen uberein. Zwischen Frisch- und Trockenmaterial des gleichen Standortes (Freiburg) treten quantitative Unterschiede in der Olzusammensetzung auf. Es konnte festgestellt werden, das im Keimlingsol von O. gratissimum L. Methyleugenol als Hauptkomponente fungiert, wahrend Thymol fehlt. Die volksmedizinische Verwendung der Pflanze wird an Hand des atherischen Ols diskutiert. The Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil of O. gratissimum L. (thymol variety) was determined by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The oil composition of the plant grown and dried in Germany is comparable with the oil of plants harvested on the Ivory Coast, while quantitative differences between fresh and dried material harvested from the same location were observed. Furthermore it was established that the main component of seedlings-oil of O. gratissimum L. is methyleugenol while thymol is absent. The use of the plant in African native medicine is discussed.

The resin and essential oil contents of hops (Humulus lupulus L., var., Pride of Ringwood) together with cone weight were studied over a period of 4 weeks prior to and 1 week subsequent to the estimated time of normal harvesting. The petrol ether- and methanol-soluble fractions of the hop cone showed no significant change during this period. Essential oil and α-acid contents increased gradually over the sampling period, whilst cone weight increased up to the estimated time of normal harvesting and decreased thereafter. The results indicate that, with the particular variety studied, harvesting could have been conducted over a 4-week period without significantly affecting α-acid or hop cone yield. The advantages of harvesting high-yielding hops over a 4-week period rather than planting an earlier maturing but lower-yielding variety are discussed.

The essential oil of the giant cordgrass, Spartina cynosuroides , was isolated in 0.02”/ yield by steam distillation. Analysis by GLC-MS showed the

The basic fraction contained in the essential oil of the Japanese Flue Cured Tobacco Leaf (before redrying) was investigated and 2,3′-dipyridyl was isolated and identified. While, on the other hand...

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Nepeta are widely distributed worldwide and in different parts of Iran where seventy-nine species were registered. The essential oil of these aromatic plants, which accumulates and secrets by trichomes, has been used in medicinal and industrial products. In addition, these epidermal structures can be used as taxonomic traits. We examined the morphology and density of leaves trichomes of twelve Nepeta species using the light and scanning electron microscopes. Three types of indumentum are found in these species, which composed of two main types of glandular: peltate and capitate, and nonglandular; branched and unbranched trichomes. The number of the observed hairs differed between the studied species and analyses of variant test (ANOVA) showed significant variations among some of them. CA-joined plot proved that trichomes could be used as distinguishing characteristic. Therefore, we suggested that the type of indumentum and the most abundant glandular and non-glandular trichomes have high taxonomic value in species identification within the genus. El género Nepeta se distribuye ampliamente en todo el mundo y, más concretamente, en distintas partes de Irán donde se registran setenta y nueve especies. El aceite esencial de estas plantas aromáticas se acumula en tricomas y ha sido utilizado en productos industriales y también medicinales. Además, los tricomas se utilizan como un carácter diferencial taxonómico. Hemos analizado la morfología y densidad de tricomas de las hojas de doce especies de Nepeta usando el microscopio óptico y el electrónico de barrido. Se han identificado tres tipos de indumento: se glandular (peltado y capitado), y eglandular; además los tricomas pueden ser ramificados o no. El número de pelos observados difirió entre las especies estudiadas y los análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) mostraron variaciones significativas entre algunos de ellos. El análisis CA sustentó el carácter diferencial de los tricomas en las distintas especies estudiadas.

The essential oils of the fresh and the cold-stored tea leaves were examined by gas liquid partition chromatography.It was found that cis-βγ-bexenyl acetate and cis-βγ-hexenol which gave flavor of fresh young tea leaves decreased while some unknown carbonyl compounds increased during storage. It was thought that the change of these components in the essential oil influenced the off-flavor of tea made from stored tea leaves.The increasing of the unknown carbonyl compounds had a negative correlation to the oxidative degradation of ascorbic acid in tea leaves. Therefore, it was thought that these carbonyl compounds were formed by the oxidation of the essential oil during storage.

Recent investigations into the processing of oriental mustard seed for production of livestock feed and of lipid-containing erucic acid have stimulated interest in the composition of the by-product essential oil. The development of a method for analysis of this oil by gas-liquid chromatography has led to the demonstration of an equilibrium reaction between the two main constituents. A similarity in composition and response to heat is shown between the natural essential oil and oils prepared synthetically. These observed similarities should lead to a better understanding of the enzymatic reaction responsible for release of this oil from the seed.

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ESSENTIAL oils are mostly the products of tropical and sub-tropical countries. Africa, climatically, would appear to be very well suited to the industry, but till quite recent years the only African country exporting essential oils was Algeria, where the distillation of Geranium Oil has long been an important local industry. After the War, however, a few enterprising settlers in the British East African Dependencies began distilling experimentally and laid the foundations of an industry to which a number of farmers, searching for new economic crops in their struggle against hard times, are being drawn.

1. The essential oil of the kumquot was isolated from the epicarp of the ripe fruit by steam distillation. 2. The whole oil was examined by means of gas—liquid chromatography and a number of the components present were tentatively identified. 3. The whole oil was deterpenated and the terpene and terpenoid fractions were examined individually by gas—liquid chromatography. 4. The data for gas—liquid chromatographic examinations are presented in the form of corrected relative retention volumes ( VoR/ VoR) employing two stationary liquid phases, LAC-2-R446 and LAC-4-R777. 5. The oil was found to contain large amounts of d-limonene, some α-pinene, myrcene, terpene esters, aldehydes, a ketone, and some free alcohols. 6. The physical constants for the oil, i.e., refractive index, optical rotation, etc., are presented.

In this paper it is reported that the distribution of oil glands of the leaves and the state of accumulation of the oil drops in the oil glands before and after the coming out of spikes of Perilla species and the cause of lowering of the percentage of oil after the coming out of spikes. 1) The number of oil glands per unit area of the leaves significantly decreases in the direction from the first leaf in the top portion to the 8th leaf with the growth of leaves, which shows a tendency similar to the variation in the rate of oil yield. 2) As a result of the examination of the distribution of oil glands on the whole rear surface of the leaf it has been found that the top portion of the leaf is less in the distribution of oil glands and the neighborhood of the midrib of the basal portion of the leaf is high in the distribution. This tendency is especially significant in young leaves. 3) As the cause of lowering of the rate of oil yield after the coming out of spikes in comparison with that before the coming out of spikes, the distribution density of oil glands (crown portion of each oil gland has formed a cup-like shape) which has small amount of accumulated essential oil may be counted. 4) Since the central portion of oil gland recesses and each forms a cup-like oil gland, in is considered that the essential oil accumulated in the cup-like oil gland has decreased. Judging from the fact that the oil drop in the cup-form oil gland is not dyed red even if it is dyed by sudan IV, it may also be considered that the lowering of the rate of oil yield is due to the change in property of the essential oil.

The neutral fraction of the essential oils from three kinds of black tea (same samples as described in the previous paper,1) i.e., Assam, Shan and Benihomare) was separated into carbonyl and carbonyl-free fractions and analysed by gas chromatography. On the basis of relative retentions and aroma of effluents with the references of the chromatographic data obtained by the previous works,2–4) the major alcohols were found to be cis-2-pentenol, n-hexanol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, three isomers of linalooloxide, linalool, nerol, geraniol, benzylalcohol, and phenylethylalcohol. In the carbonyl fraction, phenylacetaldehyde was newly identified, and besides it, the presence of iso- and n-butyr-, iso- and n-valer- aldehyde, methylethylketone, trans-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde were recognized. There were no differences in the components among three kinds of black tea, but the relative quantity of each component in the essential oil was different among three varieties.

Die qualitative und quantitative Zusammensetzung des genuinen atherischen Ols von Melissa officinalis L. wurde chromatographisch bestimmt; die durch Umlagerung von Citronellal entstandenen Artefakte wurden identifiziert. Die Beobachtung des Ols wahrend der Ontogenese zeigt starke Verschiebungen in der quantitativen Zusammensetzung, wobei Substanzen mit geringerem Hydrierungsgrad in jungeren Pflanzenteilen vorherrschen. The Essential Oil of Melissa officinalis L. The quantitative and qualitative composition of the genuine essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. was determined by chromatography; the artefacts which arose by a rearrangement of citronellal were also identified. The observation of the oil during ontogenesis shows a marked variation in the quantitative composition, and the compounds with a lower level of reduction prevail in the younger plant parts.

The essential oil of Dacrydium biforme has been fractionated in an efficient column and is shown to contain at least 15 constituents. Eight of these have been identified with known compounds, namely, myrcene, β-terpinene, (+)-longifolene, (+)-aromadendrene, (-)-metrosiderene, (+)-δ-cadinene, (+)-phyllocladene, and α-camphorene. Other constituents include oxygenated terpenes, and a solid sesquiterpene alcohol.

The essential oils from fresh and stored tea leaves at low temperature were examined by means of gas liquid partition chromatography, and it was found that cis-βγ-hexenylacetate, and the fraction containing alcohols and carbonyl compounds of short retention time decreased while some unknown compounds increased during storage. However, the decrease of cis-βγ-hexenol was little during storage.In order to know more detail of these changes, a relative quantitative analysis of the major components of the essential oil from fresh and stored leaves was carried out.

Analytical data show that the Peel of Citrus maxima (Burm f.) Merrill contain 0.15% of essential oil, 90% of which d-limonene, the rest being 0.6% d-penene, 1% cadinene, 2.5% terpene alcohols, 3% sesquiterpene alcohols, and 0.2% of undetermined substance of an ester fragrancy.

A new α,β-unsaturated sesquiterpene ketone, chiloscyphone, was isolated as a major component from the essential oil of the liverwort, Chiloscyphus polyanthus. This paper deals with the structure and stereochemistry of the ketone.

The composition of the essential oils produced by Nepeta cataria, N. citriodora and N. mussini was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with open tubular columns. All of the Nepeta species studied produced nepetalactone, epinepetalactone, and caryophyllene. Only N. cataria formed camphor while only N. citriodora produced citronellol, geraniol, citral, and neral. The species studied may be easily recognized by the major constituent of their essential oils. Over 77 per cent of the essential oil of N. cataria was nepetalactone while 70 per cent of the essential oil of N. mussini was epinepetalactone. The major volatile constituent of N. citriodora was citronellol. The nepetalactone: epinepetalactone ratio in N. cataria is almost reversed in N. mussini. Many minor components remain to be identified in each of the oils.

Foliage of Thujaoccidentalis yielded 0.269% of an essential oil containing l-thujone, d-isothujone, l-fenchone, l-bornyl acetate, dl-limonene, d-sabinene, l-β-pinene, d-terpinen-4-ol, dl-α-pinene, l-camphor, l-camphene, myrcene, l-α-thujene, and an unidentified ester.

The lower boiling point fraction (b.p. ca. 130°/15 mm) of the essential oil of Chamaecyparis taiwanensis was thoroughly studied. p-Cresol, α-Thujaplicine and one new tropolonoid were newly identified as the additional components. 1-Rhodinic acid, Hinokitiol and Terpin hydrate were also identified in this fraction.

Use of plant based drugs and chemicals for curing various ailments and personal adornment is as old as human civilization. Plants and plant-based medicaments are the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals we use today for our various ailments. The aim of the study was to find out the bioactive chemical constituents and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of traditionally used eight medicinal plants of Nepal. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed for the detection of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and reducing sugar. The highest yield of ethanolic extract was found in Azadiracta indica (29.08%). Ocimum santrum contained all the chemicals except flavonoids and reducing sugar however the Colquhounia coccinea lacked alkaloids and reducing sugar. The antimicrobial activities of these plants extract were also observed. The extract of Rhododendron setosum and the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus were most effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. But the extracts of Azadiracta indica and Elsholtzia fructicosa were found to be most effective against Klebsiella species. Key words: Phytochemical screening; plant extracts; zone of inhibition DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v4i1.2883 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.4, No.1, September 2008, pp 49-54

The volatile part of the essential oil of mandarine peel has been analysed. The crude, pressed oil was first divided into various fractions, mainly with the aid of physical methods. On distillation of these fractions the pure components could be isolated by preparative gas chromatography.

Es wird an einigen Beispielen die quantitative Bestimmung von Aldehyden und Ketonen in atherischen Olen und Parfumol-Kompositionen durch Auswertung der Papierchromatogramme gezeigt. Die Substanzen sind in einer fur viele Zwecke ausreichenden Genauigkeit bestimmbar. Paperchromatographic Analysis of Aldehydes and Ketones III: Quantitative Paperchromatographic Determination of Aldehydes and Ketones in Essential Oils and Perfume-Compositions The quantitative determination of aldehydes and ketones in essential oil and perfume-oil compositions by evaluation of paperchromatograms is shown in a few examples. The substances can be determined with an exactitude sufficient for many purposes.

Utilizing GLC, IR, combined GC-MS, the following constituents were identified in the essential oil of Psiadia salviifolia ; β-pinene, limonene, γ-terpinene, p -cymene, α-copaene, linalool, β-bourbonene, α-himachalene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, -γ-elemene, and a hydroxy derivative of calamenene. A new monoterpene hydrocarbon was also isolated which from MS and IR evidence was named as 7-methyl-3-methylene-octa-1,4-diene.

Essential oil from the rhizomes of two types of Curcuma longa, yellow and red originated in Bangladesh was analyzed by GC-MS. 54 compounds have been identified from the yellow type of which the major compounds are ar-tumerone (27.78%), tumerone (17.16%), culone (13.82%), 2-carene (4.78%), zingiberene (4.37%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (5.57%). The red type contained 39 compounds with carvacrol (21.14%), citral (13.91%), methyleugenol (7.31%), geraniol (6.99%), menthol (5.11%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.14%) as major constituents. Key words: Curcuma longa, GC-MS, Ar-tumerone, Carvacrol, Tumerone, Citral. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i2.970 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(2), 259-266, 2008

SUMMARY Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of the essential oil from California Valencia oranges revealed over 50 components. A preliminary separation of the intact oil into two major fractions, the terpenes and terpenoids, was made by liquid-solid chromatographic techniques. Examination of the terpene fraction by GLC revealed 15 constituents, of which a number were tentatively identified. The terpenoid fraction contained some 37 constituents, many of which were tentatively identified. These techniques increased resolution and permitted tentative identification of some 14 compounds not hitherto reported in Valencia orange oil. These compounds arc: 3-hepten-l- 01; n-octyl acetate; n-undecanal; hornyl acetate; isopulegol; n-decyl acetate; borneol; citronellol; neral; geranyl acetate; α -pinene; α -phellandrene; γ-terpinene; and p-cymene. The constituents were tentatively identified by calculating relative corrected retention volumes and comparing these with values for known compounds. Two stationary liquid phases used yielded data that lend credence to the tentative assignment of identities of the constituents isolated. In addition, infrared examination of some collected fractions made possible partial identification of the compounds.

A new sesquiterpene hydrocarbon has been isolated from the essential oil of Pinus longifolia, Roxb. and is shown to be the first tetracarbocyclic sesquiterpene; structure II has been assigned to it.

The author investigated the influence of pruning on the vegetative growth of Japanese peppermint (Mentha arvensis, L., var. piperascens, MAE.) by pot-culture, and obtained the following results ; 1) The growth of plant-height is temporarily delayed. 2) The third leaf is promoted to develop and as a result the total number of leaves are increased. 3) The time of flowering trends to become more uniform, while is delayed slightly. 4) The irregularity of correlations is seen between the height of plant at the time of treatment and the respective height measured several times there after. 5) The irregularity of correlation is seen between the weight of the subterranean part and weight of the terrestrial part. 6) The dry-weight of leaves and stems are increased. 7) The content of essential oil is increased. 8) The content of menthol in the essential oil is increased.

ひば(Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb.et Zucc.)材精油のフェノール部にはカルバクロールの存在することが知られているが,その他の成分については明らかにされていない。青森産ひば心材精油から分離したフェノール部からカルバクロール(65%),m-イソプロピルフェノール(22%),4-イソプロピルサリチルアルデヒド(7%)の他に少量のo-イフプロピルフェノールとp-クレゾールを分離確認した。

Context: The essential oils are being tried as potential candidates for pest and disease management. Several essential oils of botanical origin have been reported for their repellant, toxic and developmental inhibitory activities. The ovicidal effect of essential oil is probably the major factor in the suppression of the development of adults from treated eggs. Objectives: To investigate the ovicidal effect of vapours of five essential oils viz., cardamom ( Elletaria cardamomum L.), cinnamon ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume), clove ( Sygium aromaticum L. Merrill. et. Perry), Eucalyptus spp. and neem ( Azadirectica indica A. juss) against the eggs of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Materials and Methods: Ten eggs (24 h old) of T. castaneum were placed in each petridish with wheat flour as food medium and without flour medium and then the petridish were kept inside 650 ml jars with screwed lids. Aliquots of 0.5 ml of each dose of essential oils were applied on filter paper attached to the lower side of the lids. The exposure periods were 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. After treatment periods, petridishes were taken out of the jars and the final mortality counts were made after 11 days. Mortality data were subjected to probit analysis. Results: The oils had high-fumigant activity against eggs and toxicity progressively increased with increase in exposure time and concentration. At the highest concentration of 5.769 mg/l air and exposure period of 24 h, cinnamon oil achieved 100% mortality in flour and without flour media. The vapours of essential oils from cardamom and clove resulted in 100% mortality of the eggs. Neem oil achieved mortalities as high as 51.66 and 50% mortality at the highest concentration and exposure period in with-flour and without flour medium respectively. At a concentration of 5.769 mg/ l air cardamom oil, the LT90 values were 50.80 and 62.78 h for with-flour and without flour medium respectively. Conclusion: The essential oils of cinnamon and clove, proved to be promising as control agents against stored-product insects, especially T. castaneum . Key words: Essential oil; Fumigant toxicity; Ovicidal activity; Tribolium castaneum DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7102 J. bio-sci. 17: 57-62, 2009

Ajwain is an essential herbal plant with many health and medicinal values. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of ajwain was carried out to determine total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins and tannin content. The phytochemical contents were in the order saponins > tannins > flavonoids > phenolics. Essential oil was extracted and chromatographed for the major constituent thymol which was further characterized with spectral techniques. Further, role of essential oil of ajwain seeds and its major compound thymol for antioxidant activity in respect of total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging potential were worked out. Out of thymol and ajwain oil, former was found to be more effective antioxidant at all tested concentrations. Inhibition concentrations (IC50) of oil, thymol and ascorbic acid were found to be 1.87, 1.46 and 0.01 mg mL-1, respectively. Results suggest that ajwain and thymol can be used as natural substitutes to synthetic antioxidants in preservation of various food products.