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Seismic reflection and refraction data are described from four locations in the eastern Mediterranean. Over the Mediterranean Ridge the profiles reveal a great thickness of material in the velocity range 3.6 – 5.5 km/sec. The crust is very disturbed and so penetration is limited, but at the foot of the Nile Cone an unreversed line gives a depth to the mantle of 27 km. This suggests that the crust in the eastern Mediterranean is more likely to be continental than oceanic in structure.

The effect of dietary copper on selected metabolic systems requiring pyridoxal phosphate was investigated by comparing certain urinary excretory products of pair-fed copper-deficient and copper-adequate rats. Kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid, two tryptophan metabolites, were in lower concentrations in the urines of the copper-deficient animals in the pretryptophan-load period. Following a tryptophan load, these metabolites increased markedly in the urines of both groups, but the in crements were much larger for the copper-deficient animals. The increases in kynurenic acid were greater than those of xanthurenic acid in both groups, but the increase was disproportionately higher in the copper-deficient rats. The excretion of taurine and urea by the copper-deficient rats was significantly less. At the dilution used, several amino acids were found in significant amounts in the urines of the copper-deficient animals, whereas only taurine was detected in the urines of those fed copper. Several possible explanations of these findings are discussed. J. Nutr. 103: 1764-1771, 1973. INDEXING KEYWORDS urinary amino acids •ure copper deficiency •urinary tryptophan metabolites

An infant with Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS), a disorder of embryonic development characterized by hemangiomas and hypertrophy of lower extremities, had bilateral nephroblastomatosis diagnosed at 1 year of age. Although the natural course of these tumors is uncertain, lesions of this kind have been suggested as the source of Wilms' tumor. In addition, foci of primitive cells suggested malignant potential. The more extensively involved kidney was removed and the contralateral lesion was treated by irradiation, actinomycin D, and vincristine, resulting in disappearance of the lesions 6 months later. The association of nephroblastic tumors with soft tissue growth disorders is extended to include KTS, and the possible relationship of nephroblastomatosis to Wilms' tumor is discussed.

Four angiographically avascular renal tumors (3 hypernephromas and 1 hypernephroma developing in association with a renal cyst) are reported.In all cases, retraction of the cortex on the side of the tumor was noted. The retraction was probably due to the peripheral location of the tumor and the production of atrophy of normal renal parenchyma adjacent to the tumor. The "dimple sign" has been coined by us to describe the retraction of the cortex.The dimple sign is not related to the avascular character of the tumor by angiography, and could also be seen in socalled vascular tumors.We suggest that in the presence of a dimple sign, malignancy must be excluded.

This paper describes a series of two ship refraction experiments carried out in the Bay of Biscay in May 1970 to determine the crustal structure to the southeast of Gascony sea mount. The results show that the seismic structure is similar to that found on Line B further to the northwest, but that the mantle is deeper. The structure is oceanic showing that it is unlikely that this area of the Bay of Biscay has been formed by downfaulting of continental crust.

The low-temperature oxidation of propane is examined in a stirred-flow system which avoids most of the difficulties encountered with static vassel experiments. Unlimited numbers of cool flames can be observed, the system showing limit cycle behavior, hysteresis, and multistability, as well as damped oscillations and nonoscillatory slow reactions. The heat-release rate is measured as a function of temperature, exhibiting a near discontinuity and a region of negative temperature coefficient, closely associated with the region of oscillation.

The Semenov theory of thermal explosion without fuel consumption cannot be derived correctly from the exact equations describing the problem, i.e. the equations with fuel consumption. The limiting process used to derive the former from the latter (ϵ → 0, B → ∞) is shown to involve an infinite stretching of the dimensionless time coordinate. A correct limiting process is given which provides different equations from the Semenov theory.

Data collected in the southern part of Porcupine Seabight and on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain are presented. An interpretation of the magnetic data provides a date of opening for the North Atlantic at 50°N. When this is combined with seismic reflection, seismic refraction and gravity results, it can be shown that a rotation of Porcupine Bank, as a mechanism for the formation of Porcupine Seabight, may not have taken place.

In discussing the transition from bronze to iron in Anatolia, Dr. Stefan Przeworski incidentally identifies Homeric conditions with the stage in the historical development of metallurgy which he calls Chalcosideric. Professor Nilsson and Miss Lorimer have argued briefly but effectively that the poems contain elements from different periods; but belief in an historical ‘Homeric Society’ dies hard and justifies a more detailed examination of all the references to metals in the poems.Przeworski's transitional age began about 1300 B.C. in Anatolia and about a century later in Greece; in both it ended about 700 B.C. Before it began, bronze was the useful material for all industrial purposes, and the rare uses of iron were ornamental or magical. After it ended, iron was the normal industrial material, and the more malleable bronze was used for fine work or elaborate modelling. The characteristics of the intermediate period are: 1. Imitation of Late Bronze Age types in iron. 2. Simultaneous appearance of bronze and iron objects of the same purpose and type. 3. Inlay of bronze objects with iron. 4. Combination in the same weapon or tool of iron working and bronze ornamental parts. 5. Addition of iron working parts to bronze objects such as cult-wagons and utensils. 6. Use of bronze rivets on iron weapons and tools. 7. Repair of bronze objects with iron parts (Przeworski 175–6.) Most of these characteristics are so technical that they are unlikely to be reflected in poetry. Moreover, so many bronze objects were in common use at all periods, including the full Iron Age, that the most significant evidence may be taken to be the relative value of the metals, the relative frequency of bronze and iron weapons and tools, and the degree of familiarity shown with the methods of the forge as distinct from the foundry.

The emergence of one-party political systems among the new nations of Africa, now an unmistakable trend, has been disconcerting to social scientists for at least two reasons: first, this trend was not clearly foreseen during the period leading to independence; and, second, now that it is clearly discernible students of Africa are uncertain as to how the trend should be interpreted and evaluated. This question was discussed in a recent article by D. E. Apter from the viewpoint of political science. The present paper deals with the same problem, but from an anthropological viewpoint. It considers only the new nations in Africa south of the Sahara; these were also Apter's main concern, though he includes in his discussion some of the new nations in other parts of the world as well.

It has been shown in a general way that the problem of stability in an explosive system with reactant consumption can be solved by well known mathematical techniques, hitherto unapplied in this area. General criteria which must be satisfied by empirical solutions to this problem, particularly with respect to the Semenov limit e → 0 are examined. The requirement of continuity of the critical parameters is shown to rule out the θ ¯ + λ ¯ inflection criterion. The methods presented above are not restricted to the simple system described by equations (1) and (2), but in principle can be used to calculate the region of stability, and hence criticality, in more complex systems such as autocatalytic reactions, including intermediates, and chain thermal explosions. The requirement of continuity of the solutions as e → 0 (which is absolutely essential if all the work with e = 0 is not to be discarded) implies that the solution is adiscontinuous function of the parameter a for sufficiently small e. The discontinuity will occur at the critical value of a for a given e and we will only be able to prove stability in regions not including this discontinuity, which may well disappear for sufficiently large e (see Appendix).

A method is developed for treating the error in the energy of a variation function as a perturbation, the variation function serving to describe the ``unperturbed state.'' An effective potential is defined from the variation function, and comparison of this with the correct potential for the helium atom gives useful information about the behavior of the variation functions as the electronic separation approaches zero. In the second section, iterative methods of improving a variational wave function without increasing the number of parameters are discussed and the conditions under which they will be applicable are examined.

Summary Under the conditions of these experiments, fluid cultures of H. pertussis have proved less virulent for mice than B-G. cultures. As on B-G. medium (Gray 1946) mouse virulence in fluid medium decreases with increasing physiological age, though less rapidly than on B-G. medium. Vaccines made from fluid cultures have proved less potent for mice than B-G. vaccines. When cultures of more than 72 hours' incubation are used for vaccine production, they are of little value as immunising agents. When fluid cultures are agitated continuously during the incubation, the yield is greatly increased. Marked alterations occur, however, in viable counts, in virulence and in immunising potency. The effects on potency are inconstant and not yet completely understood. The ratio of viable to total counts in standardised suspensions from solid or fluid cultures bears no constant relationship to either virulence by the intranasal route, or to immunsiing potency. An observation, intriguing in the light of current concepts of growth dynamics, was the common occurrence of lower viable counts at 48 hours than at either 24 hours or 72 hours in suspensions standardised to the same density. There appears to be little to choose between phenol, formalin, merthiolate and mild heat in producing H. pertussis vaccine. There is no evidence of autolytic loss of antigenic potency over a period of three months' storage in phenolised vaccine. No more efficient vaccine for mice, under the experimental conditions employed, has yet been evolved than one prepared from a 24 hr culture on B-G. medium of H. pertussis phase I.

The theory of thermal explosions is formulated in such a way that the consumption of fuel is included fully even in the zeroth approximation when time stretching is avoided. The critical conditions are identical with those derived in the Semenov theory which ignores the consumption of fuel. The temperature-time trajectories of the system show a discontinuity at the critical condition in spite of the fact that, due to fuel consumption, explosive and nonexplosive trajectories both return to ambient temperature.

The outbreak of malaria at Lake Vera in Nevada County, California, in 1952 (Brunetti et al., 1953; Brunetti, 1953; Gray, 1953, 1953a; Fontaine, 1953) made it imperative that control measures be taken to prevent a recurrence of the disease in the following year. Not only was it desirable that the health of nearly 1,800 persons be protected, but the Oakland, Piedmont, Vallejo and Sacramento Councils of the Camp Fire Girls had a considerable investment in equipment and facilities at the four camps which would be jeopardized by a recurrence of the outbreak. In the absence of an effective local health department in this county and because of the wide area of the State from which the occupants of the four camps came, the State Department of Public Health initiated the epidemiological studies and the necessary control work.

A method for calculating the Coulomb interaction between the electrons to the second order of approximation, due to Kessler, is examined and shown to require modification. This removes the discrepancy between the value obtained by Kessler and that obtained by Hylleraas and Midtdal using a variational method, although only very limited accuracy is obtainable.

Personal names in ordinary use between the fall of Knossos and the fall of Mycenae could have got into the tradition of heroic poetry in three ways. They could have persisted in common use (as some certainly did); or they could have existed as a stock of ‘names suitable for heroes’ on which the poets drew at will; or they could have come down attached to stories or incidents or professions, with the probability that some of them are historical. An analysis of all the personal names in the tablets is a task for someone better qualified to judge the probabilities of identification, but there may be some value in a preliminary study of the fifty-eight names listed by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick as ‘Names which can be exactly paralleled in Homer’. For the cautious restraint shown throughout their great book is as good a guarantee of accurate interpretation as could be found. The names are fairly evenly divided between Iliadand Odyssey—17 in both, 29 in the Iliad only and 12 in the Odyssey only—and of these Ilos or Iros must be omitted. The number seems too small to show significant tendencies, and it is the more surprising that they are found to cluster round certain localities or heroes. Names found in the tablets are printed in italics.

1. The question of a possible eclipse phase during the first week of experimental mouse tuberculosis has been examined.2. Using fluorescence microscopy to examine sections and to perform counts of stainable bacilli for comparison with counts of culturable bacilli in the lungs it was found that bacilli multiplied very slowly during the first 5 days, and rapidly from about the sixth day onwards.3. At all times there was close agreement between stainable and culturable bacilli in the lungs.4. During the lag phase, the bacilli occurred as widely scattered, often weakly acid-fast cells that were difficult to defect by Ziehl–Neelsen staining.5. Active removal of bacilli by phagocytes is believed not to be important at this stage.6. After 5 or 6 days, clusters of bacilli, rapidly increasing in number and size and strongly acid fast, were readily detected in the lungs.

Despite their relatively recent introduction business games seem to have made a real contribution in the area of management development. Further progress should be made in measuring and validating ...

In a study on the biology of various Gyrinidae[2][1] at the Douglas Lake Biological Station during the summer of 1929, a fairly large series of hymenopterous parasites were reared from the pupae of species of Gyrinus . Most of these parasites proved to be Hemiteles hungerfordi Cushman, which was first reared by Hungerford from these hosts in 1927. However, several individuals were quite distinct from this or any other species described as parasitic on these beetles, and upon careful examination three other species were recognized, one of which has been determined by Dr. R. A. Cushman as Bathythrix pimplae Howard, and the other two as undescribed species of Hemiteles . Inasmuch as Bathythrix is considered by some authors as a subgenus of Hemiteles (see Vireck, Conn. Nat. Rist. Surv. Bul. 22), it will be so considered here for the sake of simplicity. Descriptions of these two species follow: [1]: #fn-1

1. Non-specific stimulation of mice by a detergent lackingin vitroantibacterial activity, Triton WR 1339, produces a steady state in the course of experimental tuberculosis at about the same level as specific immunization, and does so independently of delayed allergy.2. This effect is achieved in a much shorter time than is required by the normal immunological processes and the relative duration of enhanced resistance in each case is yet to be worked out.3. Triton fails to enhance an existing, specifically acquired immunity.4. There is no evidence so far that the mechanism involved is the same in both instances. If it were found to be the same, then the present concept of a specific cellular immunity would need to be revised.

This marine gravity and magnetic survey made in 1966 was designed to study the structural relationship between Porcupine Bank, Porcupine Bight and the continental shelf west of Ireland. The gravity results show that the continental margin which forms the western edge of Porcupine Bank is in isostatic equilibrium in accordance with Airy's hypothesis. Porcupine Bight, however, is characterised by a large positive Free-Air anomaly which is thought to be caused by high density material within the crust, or by a relatively thin crust. The magnetic results show large amplitude, long wavelength anomalies over the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, high frequency anomalies over the northern end of Porcupine Bank and a large negative anomaly over Porcupine Bight. The possibility of lateral movement of Porcupine Bank relative to the main continent is discussed with reference to observed geological and geophysical features in western Ireland.