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A list of declassified documents from the Manhattan Project is presented including "The Complete Analysis of Fluorine Gas," by R. H. Kimball and L. E. Tufts, "Orbits of Particles in the Racetrack," by R. Serber and the "The Titrimetric Determination of Thorium," by C. V. Banks and H. Diehl.

After immersion for 30 seconds in stannous fluoride, tin and fluorine were detected in enamel. When the enamel was immersed for a longer time, it was etched by stannous fluoride treatment. A second tin-rich zone formed on the enamel surface after prolonged exposure and possibly consisted of Sn3F3PO4 and a hydrated tin compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of tropical soils growing toxic plant species which contain organically combined fluorine have been studied with a view to establishing the relationship between plant and soil in terms of fluorine. The analyses of the soils for total fluorine and water-soluble fluoride showed that there was no correlation with the levels of total and organically-combined fluorine in the leaves of the plant species. Some of the most toxic plants grew in soils having low levels of mineral fluorine. Examination by electrodialysis, gas-liquid chromatography and infra-red spectroscopy, supported by chemical analysis, has revealed the presence in significant amounts of what appears to be fluoroacetate in several of the soils supporting species known to contain toxic fluorinated fatty acids. The origin of the naturally-occurring fluoroacetate in these soils is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tissues of numerous species of toxic plants from Africa, Australia and South America have been analysed for organic and inorganic fluorine. The presence of organically combined fluorine was established in most of the species but was very variable in concentration. The stems and roots of the African Dichapetalaceae generally contained much more fluorine than did the leaves and the reversed situation was found in the same tissues of the Australian Gustrolobium and Oxylobium species and in the Brazilian Palicourea marcgravii. The seeds of most of the specimens analysed contained large amounts of organic fluorine but was absent in those of Acacia georginae. None of the plant species examined grew in soils which were high in fluorominerals; on the contrary some of the plants grew in soils containing exceptionally low levels of fluorine. A waxy exudate on the outside of the toxic leaves of A. georginae contained significant amounts of organic fluorine and is believed to be part of an excretory mechanism. Only a small proportion of the exudate was identified as fluoroacetate and there appear to be other fluorinated organic compounds present. A crystal formation which contains fluorine was observed in the bark of the roots and stems of Dichapetalaceae and is thought to he also associated with a detoxication process. The crystals appear to be a complex mixture containing calcium oxalate, chloride, fluorine, magnesium and silica. The analytical findings suggest that in the plants in which carbon-fluorine compounds have been established, the site of the synthesis of organic fluorine may vary with the species and that metabolism to inorganic fluoride may take place continuously and simultaneously with the organic bio-synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the utilization of calcium fluoride in control of dental caries in mentally deficient children at the Polk State School. The fluoride investigations may be divided into two classes including those concerned with toxicity of fluorine and those concerned with dental caries control. It was stated that cumulative effects of fluorine on the organs and tissues occupy major attention so far as public health hazard is concerned. It was observed that the untreated children had about twice as many cavities at the end of the experiment as at the beginning.

The article presents a summary of sessions of the Washington, D. C. section of the International Association for Dental Research held on April 16, 1947. Presentations include "Prevention of the Dry Socket," by Harold W. Krogh, "The Theory of Curing Acrylic Resins for Dentures," by H. J. Caul, and "Ingestion of Fluorine and Dental Caries," by F. J. McClure.

The article discusses chronic cadmium poisoning and examines how cadmium affects dental caries development in rats. Details are provided about teeth discoloration caused by cadmium and the similarities between cadmium and fluorine are described. The effect of cadmium chloride in rat food and water on the teeth of rats is also explored.

This article reports on micro-method research on fluorides in dentistry. The article discusses analysis and distillation of fluorides and fluorine for determination. Information is provided on micro-quantitative determination techniques, distillation, and the use of indigo carmine in indicators as well.

The article discusses observations on induced dental caries in rats. A study was conducted on rats with induced caries which were fed water from both Galesburg, Illinois and Quincy, Illinois due to a supposed inhibiting factor in human dental caries. The rats, before and after birth, were given the Illinois drinking water and 2 ppm fluorine water as well as a cariogenic diet. The rats given water from Quincy had a higher incidence of dental caries.

The article discusses the role of dietary fluoride in dental caries prevention and examines the place of fluorine in saliva. Details are provided about an experiment which explored the amount of intravenously injected fluorine present in the submaxillary saliva of cats. Information about a similar experiment which explored the amount of chlorine in saliva is also included.

The article discusses a study on the impact of fluorine on mouth bacteria. Sodium fluoride was tested on streptococci and lactobacilli bacteria. It was found that fluorine was very effective in reducing acid production of these bacteria, but it was not as effective in reducing populations. Dentin and dental enamel treated with fluorine also caused a reduction in acid production.

A conference paper is presented on the fluorine content in dental enamel and dentin. Researchers analyzed the teeth of numerous individuals and divided the dentin from the enamel. They found that fluorine levels of enamel and dentin in teeth with mottled enamel were significantly higher than in ordinary, healthy teeth.

The article discusses dental research which examines the permeability of placenta to sodium fluoride. Details are provided about the dental condition known as mottled enamel and the role of fluorine in mottled enamel production. In the study, the effect of sodium fluoride on the fluorine concentration in dog fetuses is explored.

The article discusses dental research which examines the effect of diet on teeth and explores the dental condition known as mottled enamel. Details are provided about the role of fluorine in mottled enamel creation. The relationship between fluorine and other substances in the human diet is described and the effect of these substances on dentition is investigated.

The article presents a spectroscopic study on the fluorine in teeth, bones, and organs in relation to the presence of fluorine in drinking water. The teeth of test subjects from Colorado Springs, Colorado, were compared to the teeth of test subjects from New York City. The percentage of fluorine found in various bones are reviewed.

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This paper deals with the preparation and testing of fluorine-containing siloxane copolymers which can serve as effective soil release agents and also provide resistance to oil borne stains. In this soil release feature these new copolymers are superior to siloxanes traditionally used in textile finishing for water repellency and improvement of fabric hand; traditional siloxane finishes can, in fact, increase the difficulty of oily soil removal during aqueous laundering (Ref. 1). Typical copolymers were prepared from a fluoroalkyl silane such as (CF3)2CFO(CH2)2SiCl, and a silane containing polyethylene oxide units—i.e., CH3O(CH2CH2O)8SiCl3. By adjustment of the ratio of fluoroalkylsilane/hydrophilic silane, polymers can be prepared with widely differing solution and surface properties. The degree of oil repellency obtainable with the siloxane copolymers depends on factors other than the amount of fluoroalkylsilane used in copolymerization. Of the variety of compositions tested, a siloxane copolymer prepared from equal volumes of (CF3)2CFO(CH2)3SiCl3 and CH3O- (CH2CH2O)17(CH2)3SiCl3, gave the best properties in terms of stain release, oil repellency and avoiding soil redeposition during laundering. These materials could provide a route to low cost fluorinated soil release finishes since the fluorinated group is derived from hexafluoroacetone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of precipitation of phosphate in an inorganic solution and in saliva was studied under various conditions by a method previously described using 32P as a tracer. The results with inorganic solution showed that an increase in calcium had a greater effect on the precipitation rate than an increase in phosphate concentration. The pH had its most significant effect near 8.0. Magnesium and fluorine had no effect at the concentrations tested. Pyrophosphate at a concentration above 0.125 mM caused precipitation of calcium pyrophosphate and decreased the rate of orthophosphate precipitation when the solution contained 2 mM calcium but not when this was 1 mM. An increase in viscosity of the solution to the level of saliva had an insignificant effect. In saliva an increase in calcium or phosphate of pH caused a rise in precipitation rate. This was observed at concentrations of calcium or phosphate exceeding 0.25 mM for both. The addition of CO2 had no significant effect, as was the case for ammonia, urease and pronase. Pyrophosphate at higher concentration (0.4 mM) caused a reduction in precipitation rate. The presence of dental or artificial plaque material of filtration of saliva caused an increase in the precipitation rate In the Discussion efforts are made to explain most of the findings. It is pointed out that the estimation of salivary calcium and phosphate should be a valuable diagnostic test and that salivary calcium and phosphate may be related to the general calcium phosphate balance of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Etched enamel surfaces were treated topically with combinations of acid phosphate fluoride and stannous fluoride solutions, and then exposed to constantly recirculated neutral calcium phosphate solutions. The calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ion reactions with the variously treated surfaces were compared. Results showed concurrent dissolution of calcium fluoride and diffusion of hydrogen fluoride from the surfaces, and indicated concurrent deposition of apatitic mineral into the surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female rats were given 25 ppm fluoride as various fluoride compounds during gestation or 25 ppm fluoride as NaF during gestation and a pregestational period. Offspring were killed at birth and analyzed for fluoride. Fluoride compounds given during gestation resulted in comparable amounts of fluoride in the offspring, but a greater amount was observed in pups whose mothers received ZrOGeF6. Pregestational fluoride exposure increased the amount of transplacental fluoride transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides abstracts to papers that were presented at a meeting of the Japanese Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) in Tokyo, Japan on December 4 and 5, 1971 which include a study on fluorine content of teeth, another about X-ray diffraction techniques in dental caries, and another about various treatments for dental caries.

The article presents abstracts on dental topics which include the articles "Caries-Activity of Osborne-Mendel and NIH Black Rats in Relation to Their Pattern of Intake of Cariogenic Diets," by K. G. König, R. H. Larson, and B. Guggenheim, "Fluorine Uptake of Human Enamel in vivo After Local Application of Amine Fluorides and After the Use of Amine Fluoride-Containing Dentifrices," by G. Ahrens, and "Observations on the Peracetic Acid-Aldehyde Fuchsin (Oxytalan) Positive Tissues Elements in Diphenylhydantion Sodium Gingival Hyperplasia," by A. Baratieri.

The various reports which have been presented so far at this meeting offer ample justification for testing in children the caries-preventive effects of phosphate additions to the diet. We were particularly interested in this possibility because it seemed to us that if it could be shown that the caries reduction produced by the use of fluorine could be supplemented by a phosphate effect in human subjects in the same way that it is in animals, an important advance could be made toward the complete control of dental decay. Practical aspects of reducing caries through modification of food rather than water supplies also appealed to us, for technically it would be easier to add a prophylactic agent to the few dozen sources of sugar and flour in the country than to have it incorporated into the many thousands of sources of the nation's water. Regardless of how effective phosphate may prove to be in the prevention of dental caries, it might be noted, in passing, that the principle of modification of food, rather than water, deserves more attention than it has so far received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationships between the amount of fluorine found in certain dental materials, the amount of fluorine taken up by powdered enamel, and the decrease in solubility. The changes brought about are generally made greater because of the larger surface area exposed and the lack of an organic matrix. It was believed that using intact enamel would make possible a more practical method for assessing the influence of the materials and predicting their clinical behavior.

The article investigates the role of flux in the union of solder with rustless alloys. An experiment is described and results are presented. Findings indicate that fluorine added to the flux remains deposited between the alloy and the solder upon completion of the joint. Additionally, deposits of fluoride salts in varying concentrations can be found at the interface.

The article investigates levels of urinary fluorine in women both during pregnancy and after delivery. Experimental procedures are described and results are presented. Fluorine level were observed to steadily decline during the eight months of pregnancy. Following delivery did not immediately revert to their customary adult levels.

The article investigates the fluorine levels in urine samples obtained from 59 children and 34 adults living in Israel. Collection and analytical procedures are described, and results are discussed. A key finding was that the proportion of ingested fluorine that is stored is substantial in children, but declines with age.

The article presents a study of the fluorine content of the teeth of Israeli children. The relation between the fluorine content of the children's teeth and the fluorine content of the various drinking water supplies in Israel is mentioned, noting that a study on fluoridated Israeli drinking water is used as a basis for the study on the children's teeth.

The article discusses a study that looked at the metabolism of fluorine in rats. A synopsis of the study is presented. The study found that rats were impacted by fluorine only within the first few days of being exposed to large doses. The impact that the author feels that this research may have on other research studies is discussed.

The article discusses the removal of fluorine from sodium-fluoride and stannous-fluoride solutions by powdered human dental enamel. Topics include calculation of the amount of fluoride removed from the solutions, rate of removal, and pH level of the solutions. The conclusion is that more fluorine is removed with stannous fluoride solutions because of a higher ion concentration.

The article explores how dental caries and fluorine storage in the teeth of rats respond to the pH and state of oxidation of fluorides in drinking water. Details about the in vitro work performed on fluoride compounds to determine protectiveness are provided. According to the article, stannous fluoride is more effective than sodium fluoride in reducing dental caries in children.

The article discusses the effect of desalivation on dental caries and fluorine storage in control rats and in castrated rats who received diethylstilbestrol or testosterone. Topics include studies that focused on the surgical removal of salivary glands, the removal of the parotid and submandibular glands, and salivary dysfunction in hamster dentition. Comparison data related to weight and lesions is provided

The article discusses a procedure for determining the amount of fluorine present in drinking waters which contain iron, manganese, aluminum, and chlorine. Details are provided about the fluoridation of water in the U.S. The Sanchis-Scott method is used by researchers to determine the amount of fluorine in water.

The article discusses an experiment aimed at determining the extent to which fluorine is transferable to teeth. Radioactive solution was applied to teeth extracted from subjects ranging in age from 13 to 70. Radioassays showed that most fluoride transferred to teeth is removed by rinsing, and the majority that isn't lodges in the crown's surface defects and discolored enamel.

The article focuses on the role fluorine plays in preventing dental caries. It states that fluorides are utilized either through the addition of sodium fluoride to nonfluorinated domestic water supplies or by the local application of sodium fluoride to the coronal surface of teeth. It mentions the theories concerning fluorine's action on tooth surfaces is that it replaces a less stable component of hydroxyapatite to form calcium fluoride or that it reduces lactobacilli in water supplies.

The article focuses on the relationship between fluorine levels in drinking water and fluorine in human teeth. It states that the level of fluorine in dentin and enamel of teeth was elevated when there was a 1.1 to 1.2 parts per million of fluorine in drinking water. It mentions that teeth suffered moderate to severe mottling when water fluorine levels were significantly elevated. It comments that added quantities of fluorine in enamel and dentin had a marked reduction in dental caries.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by McClure and Likins concerning the content of fluorine in tooth dentin and an article by Suess and Fosdick concerning the effect sodium fluoride had on dental enamel.

The article presents an analysis of the levels of certain chemicals, including fluorine, ash, and calcium, in human teeth. The effect of fluoride-containing drinking water upon the fluorine levels within dentin and tooth enamel is noted, as well as the alterations in calcification that are possible as a result of fluoride ingestion.

The article presents an examination of the presence of fluorine in saliva, with particular focus on its relationship to the oral lactobacillus count and the prevalence of dental caries. A reexamination of samples collected from a previous study involving the saliva of 12- to 14-year-old children is performed.

The article presents a study which examined the effects of diets designed to produce dental caries on the pre- and postnatal development of golden hamsters when administered at different developmental stages. The test subjects' diets are noted as having a high carbohydrate content. The fluorine content of the hamsters' diet is also mentioned.

The article presents a study which examined the distribution of fluorine and fluorides in communal water supplies within the United States and its effects on the level of incidence of dental caries. The author considers alternative sources of fluorides outside of U.S. water supplies including topical sodium fluoride applications.