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This study examines the constraining factors for sustainable management of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in both community and private forests in Dang, Rolpa and Pyuthan Districts of mid-western Nepal. Four CFUGs were selected from each of the study districts, and NTFP inventory was done. A total of 259 households were randomly sampled for household data collection. Two Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held in each district and Key Informant survey was done to assess preliminary information and data. Two regression models were fi tted to investigate the causes of sustainable management of NTFPs. The report revealed that Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) cultivation initiated by local farmers in the past have indicated that farmers have planted some species of NTFPs (such as Cinnamon tamala, Swertia, Zanthoxylum, Sapindus) in their farmlands and other community forest lands in the study districts. A regression analysis of constraining factors explored in a household survey revealed that cultivation of NTFP species is significantly influenced by household labour force engaged in cultivation in agriculture on marginal lands and their affiliation with community based local institutions (R2 = 56%). While constraining factors for sustainable management of NTFP in government and community forests are distance from home to forest, food production; active labour force, training on forest management, and household labour force involved in agriculture (R2 = 66%). Recommendations are made for sustainable management of NTFPs in forest and private lands.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v4i0.5532The Initiation Vol.4 2011 14-27

The forest product industries are of major economic importance in the Pacific Northwest and particularly in the portion lying west of the Cascade Mountains, the area usually called the Douglas Fir Region by the forest products industry. Some interesting changes in the location of the processing plants are taking place which have economic and geographic significance. The number of plants proc essing the forest yield is declining, and the less numerous plants are concentrating in larger centers of production.

Sawn timber is the most important forest product of Japan. Its main consuming areas are the big cities, especially Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, which consume 30% of its national production. There are differences among these three large consuming cities: both Tokyo and Osaka have been the leading import centers of sawn timber since prewar time, Nagoya, in prewar days, was a place where round timber was made into loards, millers, and so on. They are mainly made of Sugi (Cryptemerica Japonica D. Don) and Hinoki (Chamaecryparis Obtusa S. et Z.). Since the end of the war, however, Nagoya has become an importing port of sawn timber, like Tokyo and Osaka.The object of this paper is as follows: 1) To clasify the areal supply and demand relationship of sawn timber between the Nagoya market and its surrounding production area, 2) To analyse the time and space factors affecting this relationship, and 3) To delimit the supply area of sawn timber to Nagoya.The results obtained are the following.1) Before World war II, Nagoya was one of the main production areas of sawn timber, large amount of which was exported to other large markets, namely to Tokyo and Osaka. Since the war, the demand at Nagoya for sawn timber has increased with its urban growth. Nagoya depends on the importation of sawn timber from other regions, and plays the role of a big market for such regions. Thus, in postwar time, the supply area of sawn timber at Nagoya has been newly established. This area constiutes of mainly Aichi, Gifu, and Mie prefefectures, and the parts nearest to Nagoya of both Nagano and Wakayama prefectures.2) Now, the demand of sawn timber at Nagoya is greater than the production. Between pre-and post-war times, the sawn timber production of Nagoya declined; three reasons for this decline are:a) Production cost of sawn timber at Nagoya became higher than surrounding producting places, because of the advanced cost of labour and saw material.b) Development of traffic facilities, especially improvement of road net works, concentrating on Nagoya.c) Change of the circulation system of sawn timber.Before the war, several factors had power to fix the price of sawn timber at the Nagoya market; they were buyers of round timber as well as owners of big sawn timber mills at Nagoya and supplied round timber to other smaller mills. In war time, government put sawn timber under state control, and curbed the power of price-making. Moreover, war disasters and inflation in early postwar years caused much damage to the factors system. Since 1955, four open timber markets have been established at Nagoya city. Now the price of sawn timber is reasonably settled at these markets. Such a change in the price-making system of sawn timber encourages lower cost-production areas outside the city to take advantage of inter-regional competition at the Nagoya market.3) Lower cost production areas outside of Nagoya city supplies sawn timber to the Tokyo and Osaka markets as well as to Nagoya. In prewar time, however, the principal markets of these areas were Tokyo in the east, and Osaka in the west. In these areas, even today, there are differences in the market regions to which local sawn timber is supplied; large scale mills with high productivity supply their products, mainly to Tokyo. On the contrary, small mills with low productivity supply Nagoya. Hamamatsu, Tenryu, Owase and Shingu, which consist mainly of large mills, supply Tokyo. Toyohashi and Matsuzaka, which consist mainly of small mills, send their timber to Nagoya. These differences could be explained by the fact that the market price in Nagoya is lower than Tokyo, and, because the distance to Nagoya is shorter than to Tokyo, which affects transportation costs.

A study was carried out to analyze the existing social discrimination among Community Forest User Group (CFUG) members. Two CFUGs representing heterogeneous ethnic groups in Syangja district were selected to examine the participation of CFUG members in Community Forestry (CF) activities, benefit sharing and fund mobilization system. PRA/RRA tools like questionnaire survey, wealth ranking, key informant survey, triangulation, and informal discussion were employed to generate primary data. Statistical parameters such as percentage, mean, ANOVA, and contingency coefficient were used to interpret this data. The perception of local people was measured on the five point Likert scale, and Chi-square test was applied to interpret this result. The participation of the poor, disadvantaged group and women were minimal in CF activities but their presence was more at the time of forest product distribution. Timber had been distributed less to the poor and disadvantaged group (DAG) households than to others. More than 65% CFUG members were unaware about CFUG fund. Their overall perceptions of CF management were not positive. The result clearly demonstrated discrimination between the rich and the poor, male and female, and DAG and non-DAG within the CFUG. Key words: Community forest user group; discrimination; participation; disadvantaged group; poor DOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i2.4799 Banko Janakari Vol.20(2) 2010 pp.26-33

Tagua is the hard seed of a South American palm tree, highly valued for manufacture into buttons and other small articles requiring a hard, easily cut, lustrous material.

Wider discussions are held as to the contribution of community forestry program in Nepal to improve the forest condition and meeting the forest product requirements. This paper presents findings from a study of six Community Forest User Groups in far-western lowlands of Kailali and Kanchanpur in Nepal. The groups with natural and plantation forests have varied experiences in forest conservation and distribution of products. Some groups are resourceful in terms of availability of forest products from the natural forests. Others with plantation forests are product scarce from their own and depend on government managed forest and other sources to meet their demands. The role of concerned government authorities and federation of groups would be instrumental to analyse demand and supply, and make provisions for distribution of forest products within and outside groups and district. Key words: Community forest management, forest products, distribution, far-western low land doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2170 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 25-34

There is a trend throughout the world not only to look for new uses for wood as it is, there is a large variety ranging through houses, furniture, toys, rayon and alcohol but to reduce the costs and to improve the reliability of already known products and to develop new, more economical processes. To attempt to cover the field in a single lecture woulfd be an impossible task, so I shall limit my talk tjo some selected developments and products, with particular reference to current and future forest product utilization in South Africa and to those products of wood which concern you as teachers and instructors lin woodwork. If, as trends indicate, wood will become a scarce resource by the turn of the century, efforts directed towards growing more wood are important, but efforts to utilize existing wood much more completely are of even higher priority. The aim of forest products research is to maximise the usefulness of wood from tree to final product, and, in this era of shortages, pollution and environment control, to recycle such products. When talking about modern or new trends in industry, the influence of tradition must be taken into account, for what may be considered a modern trend in South Africa may be of long standing in another country and vice versa. For example, timber housing is a traditional building method in many countries outside South Africa but its general acceptance by the local building authorities could well be classified as a modern trend, if not a break-through, for it would open the market to a variety of wood-based products which would have a tremendous influence on both the construction and the forest products industries. Greater mechanization is evident in all sectors of the industry, whether it be tree-shears for felling, harvesting and handling equipment, mechanical debarkers, or the many hundreds of pushbutton or electronically controlled operations to be seen in any modern sawmill, plywood factory, chipboard plant, etc. Wood is used at present mainly in solid form, either in the round (as in poles, posts and piling) or as sawn timber (lumber) whether rough or planed (as in construction, packaging, railway sleepers, furniture, etc.). Solid wood is being increasingly used in new forms, as in laminated wood structures, or it is being replaced by reconstituted wood products in which the woody material is reduced to smaller elements and then re-assembled to provide a wood-based product, very often with built-in properties which make it superior to solid wood for many uses. Glue-lamination, together with end-jointing techniques such as finger-jointing, has made possible sections and lengths and shapes not to be had in natural sawn lumber.

The study was carried out in four community forest user groups (CFUGs) of Sindhupalchok district of Nepal with a view to find out the consumption pattern of forest products especially timber and fuelwood from the community forests (CFs). A set of structured questionnaires was used to collect data from the respondents of the selected CFUGs. Four CFUGs were randomly selected from among those meeting the predetermined criteria such as: more than 5 years old, regularly harvesting timber and fuelwood, and active in forest management. With a 20% sampling intensity, 103 respondents were identified from the groups for household visit and personal interview. Records of forest product distribution together with a checklist of secondary data were obtained from the District Forestry Office (DFO) and the CFUG records. This data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the use of timber and fuelwood among the users. Similarly, there was no correlation between the number of livestock and use of firewood. However, there was a strong relationship between the number of livestock and fodder trees on their farmland. There was a higher demand for fuelwood than timber but the pine-dominant community forests were found to be producing more timber, thereby creating a big gap between the demand and supply of firewood. However, the supply of timber was comparatively consistent with demand. Keywords: Community forest user group, demand and supply, farmland, fuelwood, timber doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i1.2179 Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1, 23-28

Reconciling the multiple roles of forest resources is one of the unresolved challenges for sustainable forestry, but forest management practices are still focussed on timber production. The urgent need for the integration of non-timber forest products into mainstream forestry has, however, been widely acknowledged. Ethnosilvicultural knowledge from Canadian Aboriginal communities and community forest users of Nepal is assessed in the context of multiple-product forest management. Both cases reveal a wealth of such knowledge, indicating the opportunities for integrating non-timber forest product management in mainstream forestry. It is argued that ethnosilviculture is valuable in sustaining ecological processes as well as cultural heritages and traditional rural livelihoods. Broad guidelines for acquiring ethnosilviculture knowledge are also suggested. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 2(3): 55-58, 2004

(1967). Dermatitis in the Forest Product Industries. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 322-326.