Search

(1933). Die Psychoanalyse Des Kindes. By Melanie Klein. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1932. 324 p. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 141-175.

n/a

(1935). Quantitative Dream Studies: A Methodological Attempt at a Quantitative Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Material. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 371-407.

Frustration and gratification are funcions of each other. Frustation has a useful role to play as part of the developmental process of adaptation. Only those frustations which leave no hope of solution and are therefore wholly destructive in effect can and should be eliminated.

Resume Dans ce bref expose qui sľstematise, complete ou corrige certaines suggestions eparses dans ľœuvre de Freud, le Dr Alexander formule les trois principes dľnamiques fondamentaux qui lui paraissent gouverner le comportement des etres vivants: I. Principe de Stabilite (Fechner, Freud, Claude Bernard et Cannon) visant au maintien de ľequilibre homeostatique de ľorganisme. Cet equi-libre est assure sur le plan Psychologique par ľego integrant les donnees des sensations externes et internes de facon a declencher les actes ?execution et ?adaptation souhaitables. II. Principe ?Economie et ?Inertie (Freud). Les actes ?adaptation au monde externe doivent etre appris par essais et erreurs. lis tendent ensuite a se repeter automatiquement au prix de la moindre depense ?energie. Ľavantage est evident en cas de conditions exterieures constantes. Si ces conditions viennent a changer, ľautomatisme perd son role adaptatif et se cristallise en fixations et regressions, generatrices de troubles nevrotiques. La plasticite souhaitable en pareils cas suppose ľintervention ?un troisieme principe. III. Principe de ľEnergie de Surplus. Quand ils ont parea tous leurs besoins, les etres vivants disposent ?un surplus ?energie qu'ils depensent librement sous forme ?experimentation ludique et de jeu. Le jeu sert aeprouver et a stabiliser les fonctions, dont il rend possible le deploiement utilitaire ulterieur. II donne au comportement sa plasticite et sa possibilitľe de faire face a des situations neuves. II procure ?autre part un plaisir eArotique qui est fondamentalement de meme nature que le plaisir liea la sexualite. En effet, dans la sexualite adulte, ľorganisme aftecte son surplus ?energie a la production ?un nouvel etre, distinct des geniteurs. Dautre part, les satisfactions erotiques dispersees de ľenfance viennent confluer et s'unir dans le plaisir de ľorgasme.

Rather than to seek the causes of war, it is perhaps more profitable to attempt to discover the conditions under which peace is possible. The American continent offers an opportunity for this type of study. Since the inhabitants of the Americas are largely of European origin, it is less plausible to assume that their psychological structure has been radically modified than to assume that a difference in social conditions is responsible for the more peaceful history of this continent. Where organized groups co-exist without conflicting interests, or with supplementary interests, peace is possible, and the adjacent groups may fuse into a single economic and political unit. The fact that personal conflicts within a group are settled by law or by norm is encouraging in suggesting the possibility of extending this type of settlement to intergroup conflicts. In order for norms to provide a basis for the peaceful resolution of conflicts, socialization of the individual is necessary. A democratic state requires a more socialized kind of human material than a social order based on suppression and coercion. In considering Freud's statement that wars result from man's innate destructiveness, it should be borne in mind that human aggression frequently finds sublimated outlets. There are two important conditions for peace: (1) human beings must be united in one large, well-integrated social organization; (2) there must be a technique for settling conflicting interests. It is scarcely conceivable that these conditions can be realized until one powerful group subdues the weaker ones and coerces them to participate in a larger organization. A future league of nations must recognize the necessity of coercion until consensus is established. Although the democracies should lead this super-national organization, they are averse to the use force. They must, however, recognize their call to assume leadership.

It is fitting that one of Franz Alexander’s customarily lucid and percipient papers should introduce the material in this volume. More than any other psychoanalyst of the modern era, Alexander was a pathfinder who had the courage and the vision to integrate the newer findings of behavioral science into his theoretical and clinical perspectives without abandoning what was useful in the old.

(1952). Essays in Applied Psychoanalysis. By Ernest Jones, M.D., F.R.C.P. London: The Hogarth Press, Ltd. and The Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1951. Vol. I, 333 pp. Vol. II, 383 pp. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 545-573.

(1935). The Problem of PsychoAnalytic Technique. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 588-611.

Social processes consist of the interaction of biologically independent individuals. This interaction can only be described and understood in terms of psychology. Hence sociology and the psychology of the individual belong close together. Yet sociology and psychology developed independently. Recently recognition of the necessity of integration of both disciplines is increasing. The first attempts at applying a psychological point of view in sociology and a sociological point of view in psychology are characterized by grave methodological errors. One of these errors may be called "psychoanalyzing society"; another, "the sociological point of view in psychiatry." Demonstration of the fallacies contained in these two procedures is made. A correct application of psychoanalytic concepts to sociology is proposed. The historical-cultural-economic understanding of social situations should be combined with the knowledge of emotional mechanisms according to which individuals react to their social situation. The pra...

Emotional Factors in Essential Hypertension: Presentation of a Tentative Hypothesis FRANZ ALEXANDER; Psychosomatic Medicine