Search

The possibilities of securing tone phenomena with the a.c. resonance transformer, spark gap method, and with the high tension d.c. spark gap method, are considered. There are treated a.c. rotary spark gaps, resonance transformer effects on tone production, and the effects produced respectively by needle and spherical gaps. The results of using rotary, needle, and spherical gaps with high tension d.c. are also considered. Finally a brief treatment is given of the transient conditions existing before the establishment of a stable tone regime.

Papanicolaou's smear test is a method based upon the morphological study of the cancer cells exfoliated from the epithelium, whereas T.P.T. is a method for examining the intracellular metabolism, the glycolysis, by a supravital staining of the cancer cells. The latter, therefore, can be called as a cytochemical diagnosis. Since, by the T.P.T. method, even a beginner can obtain the result of approximately 80% in correct and the skilled ones as high as 95%, the clinical diagnosis can be made all the more accurate by using Papanicolaou's test in combination with T.P.T. method. As for the entity of these granular cells, there remains a room for discussion, but Misonou feels that Cell Type A arises from necrobiosis of the carcinomatous tissues while Type B would be a certain wandering cell. This reaction, however, should not be employed to the cases in the puerperium, because the similar cells are exfoliated from the puerperal uterus. Thus, I can say that the T.P.T. is not a specific reaction to cancer. From this study, I wuld recommend T.P.T. as a method that is quite simple and is servicable for saving a great deal of effort and time on the part of clinicians, and I would like to encourage you to use it as one of tools for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterus, especially for an early diagnosis.

After reviewing some of the previous work in connection with the superposition of the recurrent transients of regular spark discharge of a condenser, the author develops the solutions for the cases of one and two sparks per cycle. The solutions are then studied in detail with particular reference to the possibility of operating such transformer systems at the absolute resonance point, a possibility hitherto denied. The conditions under which steady sparking may occur are also considered.

1. When a secondary circuit is closely coupled, its reaction causes variation in the primary oscillations and consequently in the secondary oscillations themselves. 2. The cyclic current diagrams afford a means of studying the variation of current with time, which cannot be easily done by the dynamic characteristics. 3. There are favorable conditions for maximum current effect in the secondary. They depend on the ratio of the frequency of the separate discharges to that of the secondary oscillation. 4. A spark creates more powerful oscillations than an arc of the same current strength, tho the former are not quite as steady, owing to the necessarily higher discharge potential. The above principles are fully illustrated by a number of experimentally obtained dynamic characteristics and cyclic current diagrams.

Oxidation of 2-bromo-5-hydroxy-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-4-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (VIII) with ferricyanide afforded the narwedine-type enone (X) in an excellent yield (40%). Reduction of (X) with lithium aluminium hydride gave (±)-galanthamine (II) and (±)-epigalanthamine (XXI) in yields of 50 and 40% respectively. Oxidation of (II) with manganese dioxide afforded (±)-narwedine (XIX) This work also constitutes a formal synthesis of (±)-lycoramine.

Treatment of ethyl 4, 5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzylidenemalonate (III), ethyl 4-benzyloxy-5-methoxy-2-nitrobenzylidenemalonate (IV), and ethyl 4, 5-methylenedioxy-2-nitrobenzylidenemalonate (V) with triethyl phosphite at 160-170° for 20 hr afforded 2-ethoxy-3-ethoxycarbonyl-6, 7-dimethoxyquinoline (VI), 7-benzyloxy-2-ethoxy-3-ethoxycarbonyl-6-methoxyquinoline (VII), and 2-ethoxy-3-ethoxycarbonyl-6, 7-methylenedioxyquinoline (VIII), respectively, in 53-68% yield. On the other hand, the 6-benzyloxy-2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methoxyindole (XIII) was obtained with the same treatment of ethyl 4-benzyloxy-3-methoxy-2-nitrocinnamate (XII).

Novel syntheses of 1-substituted isoquinoline and spiro[cycloalkane-1,1′-isoquinoline] derivatives were achieved by condensation of 3-hydroxyphenethylamine with carbonyl compounds, and application of this method led to the total synthesis of (±)-coreximine.

Phenolic oxidative coupling of (±)-N-methylcoclaurine with potassium ferricyanide afforded (±)-glaziovine (III), whose methylation with diazomethane gave (±)-pronuciferine (VI). A very interesting dimeric compound (VIII) was also obtained.

A laser beam is shot on the surface of single-crystal germanium, after etching. From the reflection pattern, the characteristics of etched pits and hillocks are examined and it is found that etched pits not only are simple holes but also are convex. In addition, a new reflection pattern in the orientation of [110] is reported. These new data will be applied to decide the orientation of single-crystal growth and the effect of dislocation in crystal.

Diazotisation of 1-(2-amino-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyliso-quinoline (XII), followed by thermal decomposition, gave the dienone (XIV), the debenzylation of which afforded (±)-flavinantine (VII).

To obtain new plant growth retardants, about fifteen trimethylammonium compounds were prepared from terpenoid aldehydes or ketones and were bioassayed. N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-methyl-3-(2′,6′,6′-trimethy-2′-cycIohexen-1′-yl)-2-propenylammonium iodide (35), hitherto unknown, was the most effective growth retardant, the activity being far superior to that of AMO-1618.

The diazotisation of (±)-1-(2-amino-3-benzyloxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methylisoquinoline (VIII) followed by the thermal decomposition of the resulting diazonium salt, gave (±)-salutaridine (II)[or (±)-sinoacutine], which was converted into (±)-thebaine (III). The 2-aminobenzylisoquinoline (VIII) was resolved, and the (–)- and (+)-enantiomers (VIIIa and b) were used for the syntheses of salutaridine (IIa), sinoacutine (IIb), and thebaine (IIIa) and its antipode (IIIb). This work also constitutes the fifth total synthesis of morphine (I).

Phenolic oxidative coupling of (±)-reticuline (I) with potassium ferricyanide afforded isoboldine (III) and iso-salutaridine (VIII), which were methylated with diazomethane to give glaucine (IV) and O-methylflavinantine (XII), respectively. This work also implies formal biogenetic syntheses of amurine (IX) and flavinantine (X), which are biogenetically equivalent to isosalutaridine (VIII).