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The section of "The Chemical Reactivity and Modification of Keratin Fibres," deals with the reaction of fibres with reactive dyes. The suitability of 2,4-difluoro-5-chloropyrimidine as a reactive system for wool dyeing is because of its high reactivity. The use of strained, highly reactive 3- or 4-membered heterocyclic rings is another way in which reactivity is developed. Considerable efforts have been put on to determine the sites in the wool fibre which are capable of covalent reaction with reactive dyes. The applying of reactive dyes to human hair requires the reduction of some of the cystine disulphide bonds and bonding of a water-soluble reactive dye to the sulphydryl groups produced.

A single application of a black laundry ink regularly induced hair depigmentation in a linear hand pattern in CBA/J mice. The depigmentation did not appear immediately or during the first post treatment hair cycle, but only subsequently. Although delayed in on-set, the loss of hair color was permanent, and was observed in all future hair growth, whether spontaneous or induced by epilation. Significantly, the white hairs did not arise over the entire area to which the ink was applied, but rather in a linear band within the treated site. The mechanism is obscure, although coat color variegation of a reversible nature has been described following topical 8 hydroxyquinolines. The ink employed by us, however, consisted of nigrosine, phenol, cresol and shellac in acifidied alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the cross-sensitization in dermatitis caused by hair dyes. It says that hair dyes were based on the ingredient paraphenylenediamine and its variant paratoluylenediamine recorgnized as sensitizers. It states that administration of antihistamines to patients with hair-dye dermatitis for over seven days carries a risk of prolonging the duration of the dermatitis, increasing its extent and producing light-sensitivity.

In a population of 500,000, six patients with monilethrix have been seen in 14 years. Five patients from a family with nine affected members over five generations are described. The responsible gene behaves as a simple dominant; there is no evidence of linkage with the gene determining hair colour. No patient has grown an adequate quantity of scalp hair ; all require camouflage with wigs. The essential nature of this functional defect of the hair papilla remains obscure. In three patients no abnormality of hair keratin or of urinary amino-acid pattern was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports global scientific developments as of April 1975. Effects of bromide compounds on ozone depletion; Dangers posed by using hair dyes; Development of vaccines against serum or posttransfusion hepatitis.

Assesses the risks of hair dye constituents in cancer based on the results obtained in bacterial mutagenicity test systems. Ingredients during formulation for producing of mutations; Increase incidence of tumors of the lymphoid system; Necessity for evaluation of nitrophenylene diamines as hair colorants.

The bizarre idiopathic phenomenon and dermatologic curiosity of uneven whitening of senile hair can be seen in newspapers and magazines, paintings, postage stamps, and on television. Men with black scalp hair and eyebrows and white mustache and beard, usually have to fight the common belief that the darker hair and eyebrows are dyed. Perhaps this phenomenon is not noticed generally because of use of glasses, ordinary and dark, to cover most of the area, eyebrow plucking and penciling, shaving and dyeing.

The article presents a discussion related to the dilution of hair color in Japanese children with phenylketonuria. Although light color of hair in patients with phenylketonuria has often been described previously, these reports are all concerned with patients of white race, whose light hair color might be of normal hereditary origin. Therefore it is very difficult to prove that the light hair color in these patients is due to the decreased melanin formation in phenylketonuria. As all Japanese normally have black hair color, the brown hair color of the Japanese child used for the case study in this article, seems to be good evidence of a dilution in hair color in patients with phenylketonuria.

This article presents information on advances in the treatment of skin diseases. The part of the chemical structure of a compound to which a patient reacts may be present in what may appear to be totally dissimilar substances. The para-amino group is a common cause of sensitization and is found in paraphenylene hair dyes, para-aminosalieylie acid, the sulphonamides, and local anaesthetics such as procaine and benzocaine, so the real reason why a woman develops a rash after her hair has been dyed, when this has been done with impunity on previous occasions, may be because, in the interval, she has been given injections of procaine penicillin or has been using an ointment containing benzocaine for pruritus vulvae.

This article presents information on O-nitro-paraphenylenediamine in hair dye. A 21-year-old female dental hygienist presented with an area of dermatitis on the inner aspect of her left forearm. When working, she wore a short-sleeved dress, generally stood be- hind her patient and, as she was right-handed, held her instruments in that hand and her mirror in the left hand so that the bare skin of her left forearm came into frequent contact with her patient's hair. Patch testing with the new standard European series gave negative results including the PPD mix at 48 and 96 h.

This article presents information on allergic reaction to a hair dye that is elicited by an ointment containing DMSO. A 32-year-old housewife was treated for vitiligo on her arms. A cream containing 0.2 Vt betamethasone 17-valerate in dimethyl sulfoxide was applied twice a day. This cream has been shown to be successful in the treatment of vitiligo in a beauty parlor a test was applied to her upper arm with black hair dye to find out if she was allergic to it. After 12 h the patient noticed some redness and swelling on the tested area. The patch tests with this cream, DMSO 30 % in water and Celestoderm-V cream were negative. The sensitization to the hair dye was manifest only when it was mixed with DMSO.

Twenty individuals had suffered form allergic contact dermatitis from paraphenylenediamine. All of them had shown strongly positive patch reactions to paraphenylenediamine. This hair dye was patch-tested with hair that had been dyed 24 hour previously. None of the 20 paraphenylenediamine-sensitive individuals showed any reaction to the dyed hair, either after 48 hours or at the end of three weeks. Paraphenylenediamine-sensitive individuals can come into contact with hair and furs colored with this dye without risking dermatitis since the oxidized paraphenylenediamine is not allergenic.

The article cites a case of three female patients with a severe dermatitis after use of a coloured setting lotion from L'Oreal. The patients showed positive reactions to the lotion and were then patch-tested with the constituents, kindly supplied by the manufacturer. The manufacturer states that the dye is a "polyamino anthraquinone."

This article presents an outline of a previously published clinical study which examines the change of hair color in patients under treatment with chloroquine for kraurosis vulvae and lupus erythematous. The author of the study reports bleaching of hair in female patients under treatment with chloroquine.

The article reports that 30 Saint Louis, Missouri-based Webster Groves High School teenage boys attended school with their hairs dyed in colors that include red, pink, and platinum blond. The boys endured stares, derision, laughter, and disapproval of school authorities to back up their conviction about being pioneers of fashion.