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The paper deals with the problem of how people handle random events. Many accounts of the chance element in games and many attempts at general explanations of gambling assume that the actor accepts the events as unpredictable and passively awaits the outcome. A study of people playing roulette in a gaming club suggests that this is far from the case. Playing roulette can be seen as an exercise in 'skill' which depends upon the construction and maintenance of predictive theories. One form of theorizing attributes causal efficacy to the croupier and the game becomes a contest between croupier and player. This is reinforced by the croupiers as they attempt to manipulate their working conditions and status. Players may then adopt a non-arithmetic calculus of win and loss which confirms their theorizing. Losses are the 'entrance fee' to a public entertainment, whilst wins are evidence of a successful working strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information regarding the measurement of hard deposits in clinical studies of oral hygiene and periodontal disease. Two indices that were specifically developed for use in epidemiological surveys will be reviewed because they contain calculus quantitating components, they have been widely used, and extensive data are available concerning examiner reproducibility. In an attempt to be as complete as possible, a summary listing of many of the additional methods that have been used to quantitate calculus in clinical studies is presented at the conclusion of this article.

The article presents information on the logic of coordinate indexing calculus of modern symbolic logic, which, in turn, is based upon George Boole's algebra of logic and Ernst Schroder's development of the algebra to its present definitive form. Each indexing term generates a class, namely the class of all subjects whose description requires the use of the given term. The terms of coordinate indexing are thus governed by the basic theorems of symbolic logic, and all relationships between the classes are describable in terms of logical conjunction, alternation, and negation. In the formal presentation which follows, one has used all of the postulates of the classic class calculus but have used only those theorems which are required by the special combinations of terms in coordinate indexing.