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Three-week-old Impatiens balsamina plants were subjected to water stress for periods of up to 8 days. Cross sections were prepared of leaves and stems and stained with toluidine blue. Marked reduction in leaf thickness occurred within 4 days without water (relative water content, 539). Tannin and raphide sacs were greater in number, size, and intensity of staining in water-stressed plants than in nonstressed plants. Such sacs occurred in both palisade and spongy parenchyma. Leaves from plants not receiving water for 8 days (relative water content, 249) had shrunk to the point where there was little intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma, the vascular tissue was compressed, and there was some disintegration of various cell types. Similar types of changes were observed in stem cross sections, especially the compression of cortical and vascular tissues.

Larvae of Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) were reared on fungal diets of Alternaria tenuis and brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) , and on non-fungal diets of lima bean agar, potato dextrose agar, and agar-agar. The mean survival on the fungal diets of A. tenuis and brewer's yeast was 76–80% higher than on lima bean agar. There was no larval survival or development on the potato dextrose agar or the agar-agar diets. The mean developmental time on the lima bean agar (69.3 days) was 3 times longer than on the fungal diets. The results suggest that fungi provide an essential nutrient source for B. impatiens larvae and that a relatively low abundance of fungi in the immediate environment of a plant could predispose it to attack by larvae.

So many papers reported that there were large variation as to the germinability of pollens among species, however, the reports concerning to the mechanism of the difEerence are very few. Using Impatiens balsamina L. and Petunia hybrida Hort. as represented species good pollen germina-bility, and of poor pollen germinability, Cosmos bipinnatus., Brassica varietics and Pharbitis leil Chois, as materials, the presence of mono- and poly-saccharides in pollens was observed with cyto-chemical techniques, that is, the iodin method for starch, the Periodic Acid SchifE method for poly-saccharides and Fluckigen method for mono-saccha-rides. Differences in both mono- and poly-saccharides reactions were observed among species and among pollens of different developmental stages. In general, the iodin reaction was strong at the early stage of the development of pollen and weak at flowering. On the other hand, Flilckigen reaction was weak at the early stage of the development of pollen and strong at flowering. The reactions of both mono- and poly-saccharides were stronger in Impatiens balsamina L., Petunia hybrida Hort. and Pharbitis leil Chois. than those in Brassica species and Cosmos bipinnatus. Espe-cially, Flilckigen reaction were stronger in Impatiens balsamina L. and Petunia hybrida Hort. and Pharbitis nil Chois. those of in Brassica species and Cosmos bipinnatus. at flowering.

4-(2′-Carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid ( 6 ) has been detected in cuttings of Impatiens balsamina . It is labelled under conditions where activity from U- 14 C-glutamate is incorporated effectively into lawsone ( 1 ). 3-(2′-Carboxyphenyl)-3-oxopropionic acid ( 7 ) has also been encountered in the cuttings.

Summary Various Cuscuta species exhibited higher order of acid- and alkaline-phosphatase (unspecific) activities while growing on Medicago sativa Linn, than when Impatiens balsamina Linn, served as the host. These changes are discussed in the light of host-dependent regulations.

A B S T R A C T Three mutants of Impatiens sultani (named as 'Orange', 'Crimson', and 'Pink') show an unusually wide spectrum of aberrations in microsporogenesis. These aberrations range from premeiotic cytomixis to meiotic and postmeiotic irregularities such as precocious disjunction, tripolar separation of chromosomes, chromosome bridges, various patterns of atypical cytokinesis, supernumerary divisions of the meiotic products, and irregular divisions in the microspore. As a result of these abnormalities Orange is partially and Crimson and Pink are completely pollen sterile. The stigmas of Pink, besides, do not support pollen germination. The failure of pollen germination is attributed to the defective stigmatic fluid of Pink, which, compared to that of Orange and Crimson lacks organic compounds absorbing UV light at 261 nm. This constitutive deficiency in stigmatic fluid appears to be a little investigated facet of female sterility. IMPATIENS SULTANI Hook. f. (Balsaminaceae), a native of Zanzibar, grows easily in the tropics and subtropics. Natural populations as well as many of the garden varieties of this plant are fertile and its micro- and megasporogenesis have been described as normal or near normal (Ottley, 1918; Lebon, 1929; Warburg, 1938; Krishnaswami, Muthulingom, and Raman, 1969). However, seed setting was not observed in three mutants of I. sultani growing under field conditions. These mutants are referred to by their respective flower colors-as 'Orange', 'Crimson', and 'Pink'. Observations made in this laboratory showed that Orange is partially and Crimson and Pink are totally male sterile. Pink is also characterized by defective stigmas on which even viable pollen does not germinate. The determining causes of sterility in these mutants have been analyzed by cytological, genetical, and biochemical methods, and a report integrating information from all these sources is presented in this paper.

Bei der Gattung Impatiens wurde der Oliveri Typ, ein charakteristischer Pollentyp, nur bei zwei afrikanischen und einer indischen Art gefunden, welche zu einer gleichen Sektion gehören. Der Filicornu Ноок. f. Typ, ein anderer besonderer Pollentyp, wurde bei zwei indischen und acht afrikanischen Arten beobachtet, von denen alle zu einer anderen Sektion gehören. Eine zu dieser Sektion gehörende madagassische Art zeigte ein Pollenkorn, das dem zweiten Typ sehr ähnlich ist. Bei der Gattung Anemone wird die aus zwölf Arten bestehende natürliche Sektion Rivularidium betrachtet : A. crassifolia in Tasmanien, A. tenuicaulis in Neuseeland, die anderen in Asien und Amerika. Der A. tenuicaulis wird südamerikanischer Ursprung zugeschrieben auf Grund ihres Pollens und ihrer makromorphologischen Verwandtschaften mit gewissen südamerikanischen Arten dieser Sektion. Bei A. crassifolia, deren besonderer Pollen der gleiche ist wie bei der mitteländischen Gruppe A. hortensis — die zu einer ganz anderen Sektion gehört — hebt der Verfasser diese parallele Evolution des Pollens hervor und schreibt ihr auch südamerikanischen Ursprung zu, angesichts einer gewissen Ähnlichkeit ihres vegetativen Systems mit demjenigen gewisser südamerikanischen Arten dieser Sektion. Alle diese interkontinentalen palyno-floristischen Verwandtschaften werden erklärt durch die Annahme einer alten Zusammengehörigkeit der Erdteile. Ebenso wird die konvergente Evolution des Pollens unterstrichen. Diese ist ein Hindernis in der Erforschung der Verteilung der alten Floren, welche sich nur auf Angaben des fossilen Pollens stützt., Использование данных о морфологии современной пыльцы для подтверждения теории о континентальном дрейфе. методологические соображения. Роды Impatiens и Anemone. Два различных типа пыльцы, Oliveri и Filicornu, из рода Impatiens, наблюдаются одновременно у индийских и африканских видов ; каждый тип пыльцы пренадлежит к одной и той-же секции. Автор рассматривает секцию Rivularidium из рода Anemone как естественно распространенную в Азии, Америке и Австралии. Ново-Зеландская A. tenuicaulis обладает такой-же пыльцей, как некоторые южно-амери¬ канские виды секции. Эти палинофлористические интерконтинентальные сходства объясняются гипотезой о древнем слиянии континентов., In the genus Impatiens, a very characteristic pollen type, the Oliveri type, was found only in two African and one Indian species, which belong to the same section. Another peculiar pollen type, the Filicornu Hook. f. type, was encountered in two Indian and eight African species, all of which belong to another section. A Madagascan species, of the latter section, showed a pollen grain closely resembling the second type. In the genus Anemone, the natural section Rivularidium, composed of twelve species and found in Tasmania (A. crassifolia), in New Zealand (A. tenuicaulis), in Asia and America (the other species), is considered. A South American origin is attributed to A. tenuicaulis on the basis of its pollen and macro-morphological affinities with certain South American species of the section. As for A. crassifolia, the unique pollen of which is the same as that of the mediterranean A. hortensis group, of quite a different section, the author notes this parallel evolution of pollen, and attributes also to it a South American origin, in consideration of a similarity of vegetative features with certain South American species of the section. All these intercontinental palyno-floristic affinities are explained by admitting an ancient coalescence of continents. Convergent evolution of pollen is pointed out, which is an obstacle to the research of the distribution of ancient florae, based on the only fossil pollen data., Chez le genre Impatiens, deux types de pollen différents, Oliveri et Filicornu, s'observent à la fois chez des espèces indiennes et des espèces africaines ; chaque type de pollen appartient à une même section. Chez le genre Anemone, l'auteur considère la section Rivularidium, une section naturelle distribuée en Asie, en Amérique et en Australasie. L'A. tenuicaulis, néo-zélandais, a le même pollen que certaines espèces sud-américaines de la section. Ces affinités palyno-floristiques intercontinentales sont expliquées en admettant une ancienne coalescence des continents., Huynh Kim-Lang. Emploi des données de la morphologie du pollen actuel à l'appui de la théorie de la dérive des continents. Réflexions méthodologiques. Les genres Impatiens et Anemone. In: Sciences Géologiques. Bulletin, tome 27, n°1-2, 1974. Palynologie et dérive des continents. Problèmes posés par les aires pluricontinentales. pp. 185-193.

Impatiens minae Ratheesh, Anil Kumar & Sivad. a new scapigerous species of Impatiens from Wayanad district in Kerala, India is described and illustrated. The new species resembles Impatiens denisonii and I. scapiflora by its 3-lobed lateral united petals and lower sepal with a long spur; but differs from the latter in having a curved band of dense fleshy clavate papillae at the base of lateral united petals, and from the former in the absence of a dorsal filiform appendage or auricle at the base of the lateral united petals. Keywords: Balsaminaceae; Impatiens minae ; Western Ghats; India; Scapigerous species. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v18i2.9299 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18 (2): 141-148, 2011 (December)

The critical dark period requirement for flowering of Impatiens balsamina L. cv. Rose, an obligate short day plant, is about 8.5 hours. While GA3 completely substituted for the dark period requirement, Phosfon prolonged it to 9.5 hours. GA3 hastened and Phosfon delayed the initiation of floral buds under all photoperiods. Floral buds opened into flowers only during 8 and 14 hour photoperiods in control and Phosfon-treated plants but during all photoperiods in GA3-treated ones. The delay in floral bud initiation and flowering was correlated with shifting up of the node bearing the first floral bud and flower respectively. While GA3 increased the numher of floral buds and flowers in all photoperiods except 8-hour, Phosfon increased their number in the 14-hour photoperiod only. The number of flowering plants decreased with increasing photoperiod regardless of GA3 and Phosfon application. The effect of Phosfon was completely or partially overcome, depending upon the photoperiod, by simultaneous application of GA3.

Temperature records were kept from the time the new queens ofBombus (Pyrobombus) impatiens burrowed into the soil until they emerged the following spring. Statistical analysis is presented on the relationship of solar radiation and temperature as they affected emergence.

This paper deals with the effect of 100 mg/1 each of GA 3 TIBA and IAA singly and in combination with each other on stem elongation, development of lateral branches and floral bud initiation in Impatiens balsamina plants exposed to 8-, 16- and 24-h photoperiods. GA 3 enhances stem elongation, the enhancing effect decreasing with IAA as well as with TIBA during 8-h but increasing during 16- and 24-h photoperiods. It decreases the number of lateral branches, the decrease being greatest during 16-, less during 8- and the least during 24-h photoperiods. The time taken for floral buds to initiate with and length of branches during 16-h photoperiods. During 8-h photoperiods, IAA delays the initiation of floral buds, while GA 3 hastens it when used together with TIBA or IAA or both. GA 3 increases the number of floral buds on the main axis but decreases it on lateral branches, while TIBA decreases the number on the main axis but increases it on lateral branches. IAA reduces the number of floral buds on the main axis only when used alone, but on both the main axis as well as on lateral branches when used together with GA 3 and TIBA. Floral buds were not produced on lateral branches when plants were treated with GA 3 , TIBA and IAA all together. GA 3 and TIBA induced floral buds even under non-inductive photoperiods, the number of buds and reproductive nodes being less in TIBA- than in GA 3 -treated plants during 24-h photoperiods. The time taken for floral buds to initiate with GA 3 and TIBA during noninductive photoperiods is much longer than that during 8-h inductive photoperiods with or without GA 3 or TIBA application. IAA completely inhibits the GA 3 - and TIBA-caused induction during 24-h, but only delays it and reduces the number of reproductive nodes and floral buds during 16-h photoperiods.

Summary The aim of this first contribution to the ecological meaning of the ascorbic acid, is specifically to search the relations between thermoperiodical conditions and the ascorbic acid content in green plants. The effect of variations of the night-temperature (by unvaried daily conditions) on the ascorbic acid content, has been assayed throghout a series of esperiences. On the whole, it has been observed, as a first result, an inverse relation between the degree of night-temperature and the ascorbic acid content of the leaves (night-t° betweeen 12° and 28° C; test-plants: Nicotiana Tabacum L., v. Java; Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. v. S. Marzano; Solanum tuberosum L., v. Majestic; Impatiens balsamina L.). The possible practic finality of these investigations and some theoretic considerations, especially concerning the ecological point of view, are discussed.

Mit Holzol, Oiticicaol und Impatiensol unter Zusatz wechselnder Mengen von Leinol hergestellte Alkydharze lieferten gut trocknende und harte, teilweise aber runzelnde Filme. Die Wasser- und Soda-Bestandigkeit der mit Impatiensol modifizierten Harze befriedigte infolge des Gehaltes an Essigsaure nicht. Alkyd Resins Modified with Impatiens, Oiticica and Chinawood Oils Alkyd resins modified with Chinawood, Oiticica and Impatiens oil along with increasing amounts of linseed oil give quick drying and hard films. In some cases however, they show wrinkling. The inferior performance observed in case of impatiens oil modified alkyd films with respect to the water permeability and soda resistance tests is probably due to the presence of acetic acid in the oil.

THE AUTHOR recently reported that certain species of Impatiens invariably show prochomosomes in metabolic nuclei, but that in the nuclei of other species of this genus these structures are absent (Smith, 1934). Following this study, attempts were made to cross species showing prochromosomes with species not possessing such structures in order to determine the mode of inheritance of this nuclear character. Four species in which prochromosomes occur (I. pallida, I. biflora, I. Balsamina, and I. Roylei) were used first as female parents, and each of these was pollinated successively with pollen from three species (I. scabrida, I. sultani, and I. Holstii) in which prochromosomes are absent. Reciprocal crosses. between these species were also attempted. No hybrids were obtained, however, with any of these cross-pollinations. At least twenty pollinations were completed for each of the above-mentioned crosses. Hence it would appear that these species can be hybridized only with difficulty or not at all. It must be admitted that the technique used in pollinating the stigma was not perfect. It is necessary in Impatiens to emasculate the flowers some time before they open because of the early maturation of the anthers. This almost invariably results in so much injury to the tightly folded corolla that it withers and soon falls, and frequently the entire flower dies soon after emasculation. Also it is very difficult to remove the anthers intact, since they are united around the ovary and during the earlier stages are united with the style. From a few pollinations seeds were obtained which were germinated, and the chromosomes were examined in the seedling root tips. All the seedlings, with one exception, had the diploid complement of chromosomes of the female parent. Obviously the seeds were produced by self-pollination resulting from the rupturing of the anthers while removing them from the flower. One seedling was found to be a triploid form of Impatiens Balsamina. The seed which produced this triploid plant was formed as a result of an attempted cross between I. Balsamina and I. sultani, the latter species supplying the pollen. I. Balsamina has fourteen comparatively small chromosomes in the root tips (fig. 1), while I. sultani has sixteen chromosomes which are considerably larger (fig. 2). The satellite chromosomes in the latter species have an almost median spindle-fiber constriction, whereas in I. Balsamnina the constriction is considerably closer to the end of the chromosome bearing the satellite. In the ovary involved in this particular pollination five seeds were produced, all of which appeared to be typical seeds of the female parent. When the seedling root tips were examined, four of the plants proved to be diploid I. Balsamina, while the fifth was obviously a triploid form of the same species. The cells con

7. DERoPP, R. S. 1956. Kinetin & auxin activity. Plant Physiol. 31: 253-254. 8. DEROPP, R. S. & ELIZABETH MARKLEY. 1955. The correlation of different aspects of auxin action. Plant Physiol. 30: 210-214. 9. EDDY, B. P. & L. W. MAPSON. 1951. Some factors affecting anthocyanin synthesis in cress seedlings. Biochem. J. 49: 694-699. 10. HUMPHRIES, E. C. 1960. Inhibition of root development on petioles & hypocotyls of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by kinetin. Physiol. Plantarum 13: 659-663. 11. KLEIN, A. 0. & C. W. HAGEN, JR. 1961. Anthocyanin production in detached petals of Impatiens balsarnina L. Plant Physiol. 36: 1-9. 12. MOHR, H. 1959. Der Lichteinfluss auf die Haarbildung am Hypokotyl von Sinapis alba L. Planta 53: 109-124. 13. NOEL, R. 1951. Contribution a l'etude de la rhizogenese. Neoformation des racines dans les fragments d'hypocotyles d'Impatiens balsamina L. cultives "in vitro". Arch. Inst. Botan., Univ. Liege, Belgique 21: 1-164. 14. STRAUS, J. 1959. Anthocyanin synthesis in corn endosperm tissue cultures. I. Identity of the pigments & general factors. Plant Physiol. 34: 536-541. 15. THIMANN, K. V., Y. H. EDMONDSON, & B. S. RADNER. 1951. The biogenesis of the anthocyanins. III. The role of sugars in anthocyanin formation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 34: 305-323. 16. WEBER, H. 1954. Uber Anthocyanfarbung von Wurzeln. Pharm. 9: 256-258. 17. WEIJER, J. 1959. Studies on Impatiens balsamina L. I. The inheritance of flower colour & its bearing on the phenomenon of cumulative linked isomery. Genetica 29: 358-384.

The phenolic acid pattern of 17 species of Impatiens is presented. The presence of naphthoquinone derivatives in four new species is reported. A discussion of some prominent unidentified phenolic compounds on two-directional chromatograms is presented which includes discussion of possible forms in which naphthoquinones may exist in the living plant. The identification of scopoletin (6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) in several species studied marks the first report of this compound in the Balsaminaceae.

In the glandular cells of the petiolary glands of Impatiens holstii, acid phosphatase is present in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytosomes, vacuoles, some nuclei and mitochondria. Only a few plasmalemma and cell walls are lightly marked except in the region of sieve tubes and “transfer cells” where there are heavy deposits of lead phosphate. We note two fundamental types of vacuoles: autophagic vacuoles which are heavily marked and others which have lead deposits only in their tonoplast.

This paper is the third of a series of papers dealing with the biology of species of bumblebees found in Illinois. In the first paper (1928), the salient features of the bionomics of Bremus bimaculatus (Cresson) were recorded in a more or less detailed manner and much information presented regarding methods and technique. The second paper (1929) deals with the biology of Bremus impatiens (Cresson). For details regarding how much of the data used in this paper were secured, the reader should consult my two previous papers of this series, particularly the first one of 1928.

RIASSUNTOCirca il 50% del numero totale delle specie di Impatiens cresce nell'India e hanno carattere endemico. Sono state studiate 10 specie della regione Himalaiana nord-occidentale e 3 di altra provenienza. Queste specie rientrano in tre gruppi, caratterizzati rispettivamente dai numeri di cromosomi n = 6, 7, 10. La meiosi in generale e perfettamente normale, come si puo giudicare dallo studio delle cellule madri del polline o dal numero normale dei cromosomi di un gran numero di granuli pollinici. I cariotipi sono stati studiati in 4 specie. Si e osservato un aumento nelle dimensioni cromosomiche dovuto alla diminuzione del numero dei cromosomi. Il numero base dei cromosomi puo essere tanto 7 quanto 10 oppure ambedue. Non si puo trarre conclusioni definitive sul numero base dei cromosomi. E stato supposto che la razza a 9 cromosomi della I. Roylei sia derivata dalla razza a 10 cromosomi, in quanto nella prima uno dei cromosomi e cosi grande che appare originato per « fusione » di due piccoli cromosomi...

Of the eight species of Culiseta in North America, the pupae of four have been previously described. The remaining four, impatiens (Walker), incidens (Thomson), particeps (Adams), and alaskaensis (Ludlow), are described and a key to the eight species is included.

Tetraploid chromosome number of n=14 chromosomes has been counted in a few plants originating from 0.2 per cent colchicine treatment and in one plant originating from 0.4 per cent colchicine treatment while control plants have revealed n=7 chromosomes. Meiotic irregularities have been noted in the plants originating from colchicine treatment in contrast to regular meiotic divisions observed in the control plants.Number of stomates per field decreased with the increase in colchicine treatment and stomates and pollen grains of the biggest size were observed in plants originating from 0.4 percent colchicine treatment.Bifurcation of main stem and dwarf plant with deformed leaves were observed in a few plants originating from colchicine treatment.Factors responsible for the origin of morphological abnormal types and cytological mechanism responsible for the meiotic irregularities observed have been considered.

Summary The amounts of phospholipids in Impatiens plants are strongly affected by P-deficiency. The phospholipid content reached under P-deficiency only 20 to 50 % of that of fully supplied plants by using either freshweight, dryweight, total chlorophyll or leaf squares as reference basis. The highest influence of P-deficiency was on the phospholipids GPC, GPG and GPE and the smallest appears on GPI and GPS. The chlorophyll synthesis is little inhibited, whereas the synthesis of glycolipids is somewhat increased by P-deficiency. The results, as found here in whole leaves are principally the same for isolated chloroplasts. However, one must consider, that the isolated chloroplasts from both the normal and P-deficiency plants contain little GPE and only traces of GPS. The functional concentration of pigments (the chlorophylls and carotenoids) and qui nones are practically the same in both cases. This indicates that P-deficiency docs not effect differentiation of thylacoids. The possibility is discussed that part of the glycolipids, which are present in P-deficiency plants in excess amounts are stored in the osmophilic plastoglobuli of the plastidstroma.

The indirect influence of irradiation on the production of anthocyanins in the blossoms of red balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) was investigated. After 18 hrs. of swelling, seeds were irradiated with 4560 r and then changes in the anthocyanin content of blossoms were examined. In X0 three out of four lines tested displayed a marked increase in anthocyanin content by 18%, 18% and 29%. In X1 the quantitative content of anthocyanins either equalled that of the controls or was lower, in X2 a significant decrease in anthocyanin content in all the lines was observed. We are apparently dealing here with a physiological effect of the type of “prolonged modifications”.

Die Zusammensetzung der Fettsauren von Impatients-, Oiticica- und Parinarium annamense-Ol wird qualitativ und quantitativ ermittelt. Oiticica- und Parinarium annamense-Ol enthalten Licansaure und Elaeostearinsaure in verschiedenen Mengenverhaltnissen. Das papierchromatographische Verhalten der Parinarsaure wird untersucht und die Zusammensetzung der wasserunloslichen Fettsauren des Impatiensols papierchromatographisch festgestellt. The Fatty Acid Composition of Some Conjugated Oils The fatty acid composition of Impatiens, Oiticica and Parinarium annamense Oil has been determined qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Whereas the only conjugated fatty acid occurring in Impatiens Oil is parinaric acid, both Oiticica and Parinarium annamense Oils contain licanic and elaeostearic acid in different proportions. The paper-chromatographic behaviour of parinaric acid has been studied and the fatty acid composition of water-insoluble fatty acids of Impatiens Oil has been determined with the help of paper-chromatography.

THE EXCRETION of sugar by members of the species Impatiens Sultani was first noticed in plants that were kept in the laboratory for general use. As no mention of the property was found in the literature, a study was made of conditions controlling sugar excretion and of the chemical nature of the sugar. I. Sultani has been grown extensively under glass and as a house plant since a few years after its introduction from Zanzibar by Sir John Kirk (Hooker, 1882). The species was originally described by Hooker (1882), and the first American description was in Vick's Magazine (1884). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.-Under experimental conditions some of the plants were grown in a greenhouse, and others were kept on the window sills of a room in which the humidity was relatively low. The size of the individual granules of accumulated sugar was greatest on plants in windows receiving sunlight, but fair accumulation was obtained even on those plants kept in north windows. In the greenhouse, accumulation was good as long as the humidity was low. In cloudy weather, however, the humidity was often too high to permit rapid evaporation of water from the droplets of sugar solution that were excreted. Even in clear weather, the hu1 Received for publication May 22, 1939. These experiments were conducted in the botanical and chemical laboratories at Bucknell University, and this opportunity is taken to express sincere appreciation for the use of facilities. midity was at times too high to permit rapid evaporation. All the plants were supplied with plenty of water from below. The plants used were all grown from cuttings of three parent plants-one with solid green leaves and rosecolored blossoms, one with solid green leaves and salmon blossoms, and one with leaves variegated green and white, and rose blossoms. Sugar was first noticed on a plant of the salmon variety, which was obtained in North Carolina. The other varieties were obtained later in Pennsylvania. If the cuttings were well rooted when potted, good sized sugar granules were usually obtained within two or three weeks in a dry atmosphere. The best yields of sugar were obtained after the plants had become well pot-bound. Usually the sugar was not collected until the leaves were ready to be dropped from the plant by abscission, for at that time the granules were of maximum size and were completely solidified. Granules on leaves that were active photosynthetically were difficult to handle, as they were frequently solid and crystalline on the surface, but liquid in the center. Figure 1 shows a branch from a plant of the salmon variety that was grown under conditions favorable to sugar accumulation. It may be observed that the sugar is excreted at the tips of hair-like protuberances located on the sides of the petioles, and to a lesser extent from the tips of the serrations on the margins of the leaf blades. These protuberances are

Seed from additional species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for crude protein, oil and fatty acids in the oil. Oils were like those reported earlier from other crucifers, except forCardamine impatiens which is unique among known seed oils because it contains some 25% dihydroxy acids. Erucic acid is present (0.3–55%) in about three-fourths of the 102 samples. Eicosenoic acid is a major constituent (32–53%) in four species and monohydroxy acids (45–72%) in another four. Linolenic acid occurs (2–66%) in oil of all species.

Nuclear phenotype and chromosome characteristics of eight types of Impatiens balsamina L. were studied. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 2n=14 in all types of Impatiens balsamina . Interphase chromosome volume was found to range from 0.1665I¼3 (violet type) to 0.3904 I¼3 (red type). The maximum total chromatin length (24.73I¼m) was observed in pink type and minimum (11.70I¼m) in violet type. Maximum total frequency percent (50.00%) was found in both foreign types (red and violet) and minimum (48.03%) in violet type. The karyotype analysis revealed that there was no secondary constriction and sub-terminal chromosome in any of the seven types belonging to Impatiens balsamina . So, on the basis of karyotypic analysis the present findings indicated that all the types of Impatiens balsamina were of primitive nature. Key words: Karyotype, Nuclear phenotype, Impatiens balsamina L. Â doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2155 Â Â J. bio-sci. 15: 147-152, 2007

Mature petals of the red (llHHP r P r ), white (llhhpp) and purple (LLhhP r P r ) genotypes were examined quantitatively for hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and qualitatively for other phenolic compounds. p -Coumaric and ferulic acids were analyzed and found to occur free as well as in acid and base labile forms. p -Coumaric acid (both free and bound) was found in the highest concentration in the red genotype and lowest in the white, while ferulic acid was found in the highest concentration in the purple genotype, but was essentially equal in both the red and white tissue. The possible role of genes H and L on the qualitative and quantitative distribution of these acids is discussed.

The anthocyanins of mature petals of Impatiens balsamina L. are distinct from the pigments found in vegetative tissue. In the red genotype (llHHPrPr) a sequential elaboration of the characteristic anthocyanins has been previously demonstrated through the examination of buds at successive stages of development. The metabolism of anthocyanins, especially pelargonidin-3-monoglucoside, was examined by infiltration into developing petals of a genetically white strain. This anthocyanin appears to play a central role in the biochemical sequences involved and it has been observed that the genetically white flowers possess the enzymatic potential to metabolize this substrate, producing the same final products which are produced in the red genotype. There is a pattern of change in the relative amounts of each anthocyanin during the incubation period which follows closely the pattern which occurs during normal development of the colored genotypes. This indicates that the enzymes which are normally produced in the colored flowers are also produced in flowers which never produce anthocyanins. The metabolic capabilities of several other genetic strains and the influence of light and puromycin have been examined. IN A SERIES of studies on the red genotype (IlHHPrPr) of Impatiens balsamina L., Hagen (1966 a, b) has demonstrated that there is a sequential elaboration of the characteristic anthocyanins during morphogenesis of the flower buds. This work has provided a partial description of the morphogenesis of a molecule, a developmental sequence which is apparently part of the differentiation of the flower and subject to controls similar to those which regulate other aspects of differentiation. Past attempts to demonstrate the sequential modification of a particular flavonoid compound in flower petals have been inconclusive (Suomalainen and Kerhnen, 1961), although Hess (1964) has demonstrated that there is a sequential production of different anthocyanidins during bud maturation in petunia. The production o pigmentation in petals from flower buds of Impatiens balsamina L. may be divided into four periods (Hagen, 1966b). The first period is characterized by the absence of anthocyanins, although other flavonoid compounds are present In the second, pelargonidin3-monoglucoside appears and is apparently followed by a smaller quantity of the corresponding aglycone. The third period is one of rapid synI Received for publication September 20, 1965. This investigation is a portion of a dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Indiana University, Bloomington, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy (1964). This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grants G-6138 and G-21943 awarded to Dr. Charles W. Hagen, Jr. 'Present address: United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas. thesis during which the final products first appear but are accompanied by a confusing wealth of intermediate forms. In the final stage which begins with anthesis, the compounds of intermediate complexity disappear, leaving a mature flower pigmented with acylated-3,5-diglucosides and the other highly substituted forms of pelargonidin. While this sequence of developmental events suggests a corresponding biosynthetic sequence, there remains confusion concerning the route or routes actually followed during normal flower development. It is impossible from descriptive studies to distinguish those products which are necessary precursors of the final pigments from those which may be accidental by-products or components of secondary pathways. To test the synthetic capabilities of the intact petals, techniques were developed for administering potential substrates to cultured petals. Where the substrates could be prepared in forms compatible with and made available to the intact petals, modification of the substrate provided further information concerning the biosynthetic pathway and the developmental mechaniisms which regulate this pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS-A dministration of substrate-Plants of the garden balsam, Impatiens balsamina L., were employed in this study. The genotypes used were llHHpp (pink), llhhPrPr (pink), llHHPrPr (red) LLhhPrPr (purple) and llhhpp (white) as originally designated by Davis, Taylor, and Ash (1958). Stage-3 buds (Fig. 1), as defined by Hagen (1966b), were most frequently used as test objects because the descriptive studies had indicated that biosynthetic systems were

GA3 increased the extension growth of Impatiens balsamina L. till 56 days under 8- and 24-h photoperiods. Cycloheximide which decreased height slightly under inductive conditions at a later stage did not affect the GA3-promoted extension growth. Both GA3 and cycloheximide caused enhancement of the rate of differentiation, although this effect was temporary in the case of GA2. Cycloheximide does not affect photoperiodic induction, whereas it hastens and increases the magnitude of GA2-induced flowering.

A somatic mutation rate has been determined for petals of Impatiens balsamina heterozygous for flower color. The mutations are thought to result from marker loss of the dominant allele. The mutation rate for the L allele per r of daily exposure determined at 200 r/day was 1 in 0·76 × 10 6 cells. The dosage-response curve appears to be non-linear at the higher dose rates.

All floral buds of Impatiens balsamina plants exposed to 4 short-day (SD) cycles and then returned to long days reverted to vegetative growth. The same happened with the upper buds of plants receiving a larger number of SDs, even as many as 90 cycles. The reversal proceeded in a basipetal order. The number of floral buds and flowers increased, and their reversion to vegetative growth was delayed with increasing numbers of SD cycles. Depending upon the stage attained by the floral bud before the transfer of the plant to noninductive photoperiods one or more inner whorls of the flower were replaced by a vegetative apex. The tip of the placenta was able to resume vegetative growth even after the formation of fertile anthers and an ovary with abortive ovules, showing that the potentiality for reversion is maintained till quite late stages in floral bud development. Continuous exposure to SD cycles is required not only for the continued production of floral buds, but also for their development to mature flowers, indicating that the floral stimulus in this plant is not “self-perpetuating”.

The flavonols, kampherol, quercetin, and probably myricetin, are found in the flowers of Impatiens balsamina L. Kampherol is present in the petals and sepals of all genotypes; quercetin is found in the sepals only, but in all genotypes; and myricetin, found in both petals and sepals, is correlated with the presence of the gene L. A naphthoquinone, probably lawsone, is also present in these flowers. Quercetin, cyanidin, leucocyanidin, and a small amount of kampherol are found in the two native species, I. capensis and I. pallida.

The galls are found on stems, petioles and leaves of Impatiens pallida Nutt. and I. biflora Walt. They are most abundant at base of plant, often closely crowded and sometimes one on another (fig. 1). They occur on any part of the stem but are usually most abundant just below the nodes, especially near the base of the plant. When abundant they cause swellings of the infected parts and a dwarfing of the plants. They are few and scattered on petioles and leaves. The infections occur on small, young plants growing in low lands that are flooded for short periods in the late winter or early spring. The zoospores penetrate the epidermal cells when very young and before there is any differentiation into palisade and mesophyll tissues. The galls are variable in size and shape. Those on the stems range from hemispherical to elongated. Those on the leaves and petioles are usually smaller than those on the stems and those on the leaves are mostly on the under surface and spherical or nearly spherical. They are composed mostly of very loose meso? phyll tissue. Those on the stems range from 320 X 400 to 560 X 960 fi. Those on the leaves range from 480 X 480 to 700 X 800 /x. They vary from green to pink and are composed of parenchyma tissue. The epidermal cells are small. The cavities in the galls vary in size and shape. They are formed by the enlargement of the infected epidermal cells which become covered by growths of the surrounding cells. The opening to the cavity (infected cell) closes but is distinct (fig. 3). The cavity may become spherical