Search

In the article "The Epistemological Nature of Information Modeling" [Gnoseologicheskaia priroda informatsionnogo modelirovaniia], Voprosy filosofii, 1963, No. 10, Academician V. M. Glushkov examines two important methodological aspects of the modeling of natural objects and phenomena in the contemporary natural sciences. The first consists of the informational nature of the models created, and the second of their dynamism. The dynamic nature of today's models in the natural sciences means that it is not so much the material structure of the object that is modeled as its behavior and functions in some sphere of natural phenomena. In this sense, the models under examination may also be termed functional, as distinct from the structural models pertaining to a static description of objects.

The common core concept was presented as the vehicle for developing a more adaptive educational program for the counseling profession. The communication model developed was based on the assumption of common elements of role behavior for counselors across agency settings. The model also depends upon the explication of communication and information needs necessary for adequate functioning of the counselor across as well as within settings as the basis for curriculum content. An organizational structure for implementing the communication model was explicated in a training program setting to facilitate the implementation of the model.

The integration of information model of signal detection theory (SDT) was tested in a multiple observation tilt-discrimination task. Improvement in discriminability with additional observations was consonant with theory over two observations, but observations beyond the second yielded less improvement than predicted by the integration model. Analyses of operating characteristics lent some support to the applicability of SDT to the tilt-discrimination task.

Models for optional stopping in statistics are also normative models for tasks in which subjects may purchase risk-reducing information before making a decision. A Bayesian model for optional stopping for the two-hypothesis continuous case is developed; it takes explicit account of cost of information, values of the possible outcomes of the final decision, and prior probabilities of the hypotheses. A nonparametric model for choice reaction times is derived. It makes strong predictions about times and errors; only one quantity in it is not directly observable. A second example uses the model to design and predict results of a binomial information-purchase experiment.

This paper describes an information model using an asymmetric channel with noise. The advantages of using a channel of this type are, on the one hand, the possibility of taking account of the nature of the errors in the combinative circuits, and on the other hand, the possibility of constructing high-efficiency correeting codes. In particular, as distinct from a symmetric channel, for an asymmetric channel it is possible to construct codes detecting any errors (perfect codes). The problem of the construction of codes detecting asymmetric errors, and also the application of these codes to the control of networks of automata, will be considered in a separate paper. Some original results in this direction are given in [4]. Codes correcting multiple errors in asymmetric channels are also deseribed in the literature [5].

European industrialists may sometimes enviously look at the market provided for their American counterparts by large scale RD or they are faced with European governments adopting more acronymically titled management science importations, in the wake of PERT and PPB systems.

Medical information systems are being constructed at present in the USSR and elsewhere for the purpose of improving medical care. This involves the solving of administrative-and-control problems, as well as of problems related to better medical care and better use of health services and of expensive medical equipment, etc. [3, 5, 8]. Therefore the construction of an information model for medical processes and the subsequent construction of a control system for such processes is an important problem that must be jointly solved by physicians and system engineers.

The frequently reported inability of schizophrenics to disregard irrelevancy was investigated within the framework of information theory. Quantitative and qualitative noise levels were varied with levels of relevant information. Chronic schizophrenics ( N = 30) were compared with tubercular controls and community volunteers ( Ns = 30) on a task consisting of the tachistoscopic presentation of dots in the presence of noise. The results substantiated an earlier study that demonstrated schizophrenics have relatively more difficulty processing information under low-noise conditions. Intelligence, by covariance analysis, did not account for the low-noise effect. Institutionalization was related to information-processing deficiencies.

In the article the author analyses the changes in school educational process caused by progressive IT penetration, as well as covers the views of the European pedagogues on the developmental prospects of the information model of school.

Rescuing some issues worked in the information model of Shannon and Weaver (1948), plus the extensions of Umberto Eco and Paolo Fabbri in the two models following communication, the model semiotic-information (1978) and model semiotic-textual (1979), this article aims to discuss the relationship between the concept of code and the circumstances of communication, understood here as those elements participants of a given concrete situation which assist in understanding between sender and recipient, directly interfering in the process of (re) signification of the messages. Far from producing a transmission of information from unequivocal meaning, the heterogeneity of factors involved in the communication process brings afloat complex interpretative games that compete in the update of a particular signification. The survey shows, as its main objective, to make a bibliographic review of the major works regarding the subject proposal, contributing to the expansion of the field of media in the relationship established with its various languages. Resgatando algumas questões trabalhadas no modelo informativo de Shannon e Weaver (1948), acrescidas das ampliações de Umberto Eco e Paolo Fabbri nos dois modelos comunicacionais seguintes, o modelo semiótico-informativo (1978) e o modelo semiótico-textual (1979), o presente artigo visa problematizar a relação estabelecida entre a noção de código e as circunstâncias de comunicação, entendidas aqui como aqueles elementos participantes de uma dada situação concreta que auxiliam na compreensão entre o remetente e o destinatário, interferindo diretamente no processo de (re) significação das mensagens. Longe de produzir uma transmissão da informação de sentido unívoco, a heterogeneidade de fatores envolvidos no processo comunicacional traz à tona complexos jogos interpretativos que competem na atualização de uma determinada significação. A pesquisa apresenta, como objetivo principal, fazer uma revisão bibliográfica das principais obras no tocante à temática proposta, contribuindo para a ampliação do campo da Comunicação Social na relação estabelecida com suas diferentes linguagens.

In an earlier article in the Bell Journal, Walter Oi analyzed the economics of product safety. His primary emphasis was on a full information model. However, since product safety is only a problem if consumer information is inadequate, policy implications of a full information analysis are suspect. This paper stresses the importance of treating product bans and liability rules as part of the consumer's information processing system.