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Spawn taken annually from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) entering the inlet at Lake DeSmet constitutes Wyoming's primary source of trout eggs. The number of eggs taken has fluctuated between 500,000 and 4 million. Effects of planting rainbow trout of spring- and fall-spawning races and locations of plants were studied from marked fish. Rainbow trout of the spring-spawning race entered the spawning run in an 11-to-1 ratio over the fall-spawning strain. Fish planted in the inlet ditch returned in a 3-to-1 ratio over those planted in the far end of the lake. Anglers harvested marked trout randomly from all portions of the lake. Trout apparently migrated to the spawning trap from all portions of the lake. Ten percent of the adult trout shore-trapped and tagged in the spring migrated to the inlet ditch and spawning trap. Seventeen percent of females trapped in 1957 returned in 1958 to make up 13 percent of the female run. Most of the run is spawning for the first time. Creel census from January to Ju...

1 . The patient described in this report had macrocytic anemia, megaloblastic maturation arrest in the bone marrow, glossitis, hyper-reflexia and diminished vibration perception in the feet. None of these abnormalities was improved by liver extract or vitamin B12 but all responded rapidly to folic acid except the neurologic signs. 2. This patient appears to have had a megaloblastic anemia which has been described in European clinics under the names "achrestic anemia" and "refractory megaloblastic anemia." It appears to be similar to "Wills" factor deficiency anemia" and some cases of pernicious anemia of pregnancy. 3. This patient did not appear to have a primary deficiency of folic acid since the excretion of this substance in the urine was within normal limits. A deficiency of an unknown factor probably equivalent to "the Wills’ factor" is suggested. 4. It seems likely that folic acid induced a remission in this case by a "mass action" effect. The possible relationship of folic acid, vitamin B12, the unknown factor and liver extract to nucleo-protein synthesis is discussed.

The transport coefficients of a gas of loaded spheres, that is, spheres in which the centers of mass do not coincide with the geometrical centers, are considered. The amount by which the center of mass is displaced from the center of the sphere is denoted by δ and the diameter of the sphere is σ. The scattering amplitude and cross section are found as power series in δ/σ; the coefficients of the zero, first, and second power of δ/σ are obtained. Using these results, the quantum‐mechanical expressions for the relaxation time, and coefficients of shear viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion may be obtained explicitly to second order in δ/σ.

Maurice Halbwachs, an internationally known French sociologist, died in the concentration camp at Buchenwald. He maintained throughout the German occupation an acitve interest in political affairs. As a sociologist he had been especially influences by Durkheim, and, like him, interpreted social behavior in terms of collective representations. But he was more empirical and less dogmatic that his famous teacher. Following studies of wants and standar of living of workers, he discovered that different collective representations characterize each social class. His final work (1941), on the legendary topography of the Holy Land, interprets mythological geography in terms of the devotional needs of the universal Christian community, changing as they Change.

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The increase in the concentration of conservative substances in the Great Lakes is described by a simple time variable equation. The concentration of chlorides is related to the fresh water flow, the volumes of the lakes and the various sources—municipal, industrial, natural background and road de-icing. The increase in concentration since 1900 is presented and projections are made of anticipated concentrations based on various assumptions of control.

For a century or more the analysis of art and aesthetics has been practiced chiefly by philosophers and artists. The fields of art and science were considered essentially antithetical in methodology as well as in practice. Art was the product of the intuition of the privileged man, and science of the disciplined reason which almost anyone could exercise. Although the "great man theory" of art still lingers, there is evidence of an interest in the social analysis of aesthetic culture. Aesthetic culture has been variously conceived as a "social luxury," as a reflection of its age, as an autonomous experience, as an escape from personal disorganization. From the critique of these theories it is apparent that beauty is a folkway that is buttressed by rationalizations that are linked to certain circumstances. It is almost more plausible to state that the theory of art is socially conditioned that that art itself is so determined.

Obesity and elevated serum lipids are among the risk factors for vascular disease and atherosclerosis. Thus, the dietary approach to the problem cannot be ignored.

There is evidence in the literature that the conversion of tryptophan to N1-methylnicotinamide may require pyridoxine (1,2,3). Holt (4) has suggested that a reduction in the amount of N’-methylnicotinamide excreted after a test dose of tryptophan may be used as a test for pyridoxine deficiency. Other evidence has been reported (5,6), however, that pyridoxine is not a factor of primary importance in the conversion and that the apparent relationship between pyridoxine deficiency and poor conversion of tryptophan to N’-methylnicotinamide is due to severe caloric restriction (6) or protein imbalance (7,8). Heimberg, Rosen, Leder, and Perlzweig (9) have shown that the protein level of the diet is of primary importance to the amount of N’-methylnicotinamide excreted, after test doses of tryptophan; the higher the protein level the lower the amount of N1-methylnicotinamide. They found no evidence to support a primary need for pyridoxine in this conversion, though at a 10% casein level, pyridoxine deprivation induced a reduction in the amount of N’-methylnicotinamide excreted. Using desoxypyridoxine, a pyridoxine antagonist, we have produced what appears to be pyridoxine deficiency in human beings (10). Seborrhea-like dermatitis and mucous membrane lesions are induced which respond to pyridoxine but not to other members of the vitamin B com

1. The hematologic syndrome called refractory anemia with hyperplastic bone marrow, aregenerative anemia, chronic bone marrow failure, pseudo-aplastic anemia, and many other terms, has been separated into five types on the basis of clinical and hematologic studies on 23 patients carried out over a period of 16 years. These groupings are probably highly artificial but are made to facilitate presentation and description. As more is learned of the chemistry of the bone marrow cells in patients with refractory anemia, a more satisfactory classification will be possible. 2. Type 1 is characterized by bizarre chromatin in the normoblasts, mast cell hyperplasia, hemosiderosis or hemochromatosis and a tendency for spontaneous remissions to occur. 3. Type 2 is at first typified by complete or almost complete erythroid aplasia. Hyperplasia of erythroid cells with maturation arrest and bizarre chromatin pattern may occur later, and finally spontaneous remission may appear with considerable frequency. Mast cell hyperplasia, thymoma and hemosiderosis have been noted. 4. Type 3, associated with exogenous toxins and the preleukemia state, is characterized by pancytopenia and a bizarre chromatin pattern in the normoblasts. Some of these patients may he classified as "DiGuglielmo syndrome." 5. Type 4 also is typified by pancytopenia and hyperplasia of bone marrow but with cells of normal appearance. These patients responded partially or completely when splenectomy was performed, and probably represent a variant of the "hypersplenism" syndrome. 6. Type 5 is refractory megaloblastic anemia with typical cytologic changes evident in all cell types similar to those found in pernicious anemia. 7. Hypotheses are proposed to explain these various types of anemia on the basis of abnormalities in the metabolism of nucleic acids, particularly DNA. Deficiencies of metabolites, inhibition of metabolic reactions by exogenous or endogenous toxins, or by immune mechanism in which DNA serves as haptene, are possible explanations.

1. Patients with pernicious anemia who are maintained on folic acid, 30 mg. three times a week, for two to three years may have a hematologic relapse which will remit satisfactorily if refined liver extract is given, or partially if the dose of folic acid is increased to 50 mg. daily, or if thymine is given. 2. The hematologic remission succeeding the increased dosage of folic acid is followed within several months by a second relapse. At this time the response of these patients to liver extract or vitamin B12 is retarded. Recovery occurs after two to four months. 3. These experiments suggest that folic acid exerts its effect by "mass action" in pernicious anemia and that it is essential to the formation of thymine and other pyrimidines and purines or facilitates the utilization of these substances. 4. Posterolateral column disease or peripheral neuritis occurred in every person with pernicious anemia who received increasing doses of folic acid to maintain an hematologic remission. This observation suggests that folic acid, by pushing a chemical reaction through to completion in the face of a serious deficiency of vitamin B12, depleted the supply of this factor even more and led to the development of combined system disease. 5. Uracil produced a hematologic response in 2 of 3 persons with pernicious anemia in relapse when given in doses of 15-30 grams daily. The data suggest that uracil may be a precursor of thymine. 6. A patient with pernicious anemia of pregnancy failed to respond to uracil, 30 grams daily, but did respond partially when choline, 3 grams, and methionine, 6 grams were given. Thymine induced a complete response. The partial response to methionine and choline and the better response to thymine suggest that choline and methionine supplied methyl groups for the formation of thymine, but that activating substances for the methylating process were missing. 7. Reference is made to a patient previously reported from this laboratory who had liver extract and vitamin B12-refractory megaloblastic anemia but who responded to folic acid and on a second relapse to thymine. Studies on the output of folic acid in the urine of this patient did not support the possibility of folic acid deficiency, and the suggestion was made that another substance, possibly the "Wills’ factor," was deficient, and that this factor together with folic acid activated the formation of thymine. These two factors correspond to the activators of the transmethylation reaction mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 8. These studies on human beings and similar ones in bacterial metabolism suggest that folic acid, liver extract and vitamin B12 are essential to the formation of nucleic acid and nucleoprotein through a chemical chain reaction. The suggestion is made that the megaloblast common to pernicious anemia and related macrocytic anemias is a primitive erythroblast with an abnormality in the metabolism of nucleoprotein. The so-called maturation arrest in all marrow elements occurs because of this abnormality which may be induced by a deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid, the "Wills’ factor," and probably other chemical activators of this reaction.

Entering the polling booth on Tuesday, November 3, 1964, the typical California voter found himself confronted with an immense sheet of finely-printed green paper, a dirty black rubber stamp, a tiny ink pad, and thirty decisions to render. A few minutes later (the legal maximum is 10) he emerged and numbly surrendered to a clerk his ballot, now slightly embellished, like the fingers of his decision hand, with black ink stains.Most of his decisions were made on a lengthy array of propositions. In these, questions on an assortment of issues were posed, each couched in language tedious and obscure—as only minds trained in the finest law schools could devise.This study seeks to gain some knowledge about factors which influence the vote on these propositions. It employs a somewhat unorthodox method: an analysis of the voting patterns on actual ballots. The ballots furnish attractive data because they are, after all, completely accurate records of the results of those minutes of decision-rendering in the artificial privacy of that cramped polling booth.It would be impossible by this method to generate a comprehensive theory about proposition voting behavior—too much information about the individual voter is forever lost by the secrecy incorporated in the balloting procedure. Nevertheless a contribution can be made in several areas of relevant concern, areas currently dominated more by folklore and mythology than fact or theory.

The applicability of standard statistical devices to the field of aesthetic folkways is explored. Orchestral repertoires of the leading symphony societies were analyzed from the date of founding to the present. Various statistical measures are here applied to selected segments of this history to illustrate the degree of consensus and difference of taste between cities; the weight of conductors and political events in the formation of taste; the lag in taste between the elite and the popular audiences. Aesthetic taste, here treated empirically, not subjectively, is a complex phenomenon to which nonaesthetic factors make a large contribution.

I always vote for the man, not the party.–Trad.In its election for offices in 1969, the American Political Science Association, apparently for the first time in its rarely turbulent history, found the nominees of its Official Nominating Committee challenged by an insurgent group. In order to handle this unprecedented situation, it was decided at the annual meeting to carry out the election by mail ballot and the American Arbitration Association was engaged to administer the operation.Ballots were mailed to the 13,061 members of the Association in October, 1969. Accompanying them were materials containing statements of belief and biographies for each of the candidates. The response rate was 64 percent.The ballots carried the contestants indicated in Table 1. For each office the candidates are listed in the Table in the order of their vote result (they were listed in alphabetical order on the ballot) and for each candidate the group endorsements, as they were presented on the ballot, are indicated. Except for the group endorsements, no identifying information accompanied the names of the candidates on the ballots.

The normal guinea pig gallbladder was fixed in the filled and empty state, and examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. Striking differences in the epithelial morphology were noted and found to be dependent on the state of filling of the gallbladder. "Folds," "crests," and "bays," previously described, disappear when the gallbladder is fixed in its usual filled state. Fixation of the gallbladder in the filled state allowed the detection of cryptlike glands not easily appreciated in the empty, relaxed state. These glands contained cells which resembled intestinal goblet cells, were periodic acid-Schiff positive, and, with scanning electron microscopy, appeared to be discharging material. The lateral epithelial cell membrane, thought to be the site of active sodium chloride transport, contains microfolds which do not resemble microvilli as has been previously thought. With scanning electron microscopy, the labyrinthine canals that exist between the epithelial cells can be fully appreciated. This correlative approach to morphologic studies offers new insight into the structure of the gallbladder.

A 4 × 4 factorial experiment was performed using a self paced paired-associate learning task. The independent-variable dimensions were number of stimuli and number of response alternatives, with each variable assuming values 2, 4, 6, and 8. Predictions for two all-or-none paired-associate learning models were compared with the data. One model predicted all-or-none learning of correct alternatives with no effect for incorrect responses, while the other model predicted all-or-none learning of correct alternatives and all-or-none elimination of incorrect alternatives. Results indicated that the former model was more appropriate in the two-response alternatives case while the latter model was more appropriate for four and six alternatives. Neither model fitted the eight-response alternative data because of the failure to account for a forgetting process.

A Boltzmann equation is derived from the N‐particle Schrodinger equation. The development is based on the solution of the two‐particle quantum‐mechanical Liouville equation due to Green. The various approximations involved in the derivation are discussed and the collision integral and corrections are compared to their classical analogs. Further development of the collision integral yields the standard result, the usual Boltzmann collision integral in which the classical differential cross section is replaced by its quantum‐mechanical counterpart.

SummarySubcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from 8 patients undergoing various surgical procedures. All were in good nutritional balance. In each instance it was possible to demonstrate considerable lipolytic activity in vitro in the fatty tissue. It was further possible to identify this hydrolytic enzyme as lipoprotein lipase, similar in its characteristics to that previously reported in animal blood and tissue and human blood.

Attitudes, measured on a 7-point semantic differential, of 25 nursing personnel toward concepts about alcoholics and their treatment potential improved after a 3-day training program. Interest was directed at whether these changes in concepts would remain stable and influence the effectiveness of the participants in their subsequent work with alcoholics.

Wenn wir im folgenden Musik, Erziehung und die zwischen beiden Erscheinungen bestehenden Beziehungen betrachten wollen, so denken wir dabei an die Musik weder als eine geheimnisvolle Wesenheit oder als eine inspirierte Erheiterung noch als eine Anordnung von Symbolen auf einem Stuck Papier, sondern an Musik als eine Form menschlichen Verhaltens, an Musik als soziale Aktion. Wie bei allen anderen Formen festgesetzter Verhaltenssysteme handelt es sich auch hier im wesentlichen um eine kollektive Tatigkeit, die auf eine Reihe von Elementen aufbaut, die zum sozialen Erbe gehoren. Erziehung ist ein formal institutionelles Verfahren, durch welches dieses Erbe von Generationen zu Generationen ubertragen wird. Naturlich ist der ganze Vorgang viel komplizierter, als diese einfache Feststellung es glauben machen konnte. Darum will diese Abhandlung auch nicht konkrete padagogische Rezepte fur den Musikerzieher aufstellen, sondern vielmehr Natur und Voraussetzungen des Musiklebens erforschen und fernerhin einige Prinzipien herausarbeiten, die unseren Urteilen und Entscheidungen zugrunde liegen.

and his family. Recent estimates of the number of persons suffering from alcoholism and alcohol abuse in the United States place the figure at approximately 9 million.1 Further, it can be assumed that every alcoholic ad versely affects the mental health of two or three family members, thus adding another 20 to 30 million persons who feel the de structive impact of the illness. The cause of alcoholism is not known.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the conflicting data on the relationship of the vitamin B 6 group, especially pyridoxine, to only a few of the many aspects of fat metabolism. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue of pyridoxine-deficient rats is different from normals and that injections of insulin tended to reverse these changes. Pyridoxine-deficient rat serum and pancreatic tissue had lowered levels of insulin as measured by the epididymal fat pad method for insulin-like activity. Such evidence suggests that the lipid changes in pyridoxine-deficient rats might be related to the more complex relations of insulin insufficiency to fat metabolism. Indirect pathway is suggested by which fat metabolism can affect the utilization of vitamin B 6 and vice versa. The chapter mentions the known relationships between phospholipids and cholesterol esters on the one hand and fatty acid transport on the other.