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SummaryHemodialysis was used to study the direct effects of acute hypoosmolality upon the resistance to blood flow through the gracilis and coronary vascular beds and upon left ventricular contractile force in the dog. When sodium chloride was removed from the blood perfusing the gracilis vascular bed, resistance increased linearly over the range 300-225 mOsm/kg. A 10% decrease in osmolality produces a 20% increase in resistance. When the removed sodium chloride was replaced with mannitol such that plasma osmolality did not change, resistance rose slightly but failed to regularly return to the control value. Hypoosmolality also raised coronary vascular resistance and this was associated with an increase in left ventricular force. Thus direct effects of hypoosmolality on peripheral vascular beds and perhaps myocardium may participate in the compensatory mechanisms that tend to stabilize blood pressure during hypo-osmotic states such as acute salt depletion.

This article attempts to answer criticism of the writer's paper on "Homeric, British and Cyrenaic Chariots," published in AJA 69 (1965) 349-52. It presents at greater length the literary evidence for historic parallels to "Homeric" chariotry-that is, for the use of chariots as transports for heavily armed soldiers who normally fought on foot. The theory that Homer's chariots are a heroic convention, superimposed upon stories that really assume the existence of cavalry or of mounted infantry, is examined and opposed, with special reference to the problems raised by the fortification of the Achaean camp and the episode of the horses of Rhesus. It is argued that the Homeric evidence (including the rare mentions of riding in the epic) is consistent with the actual conditions of Greek warfare during the Geometric period, but (chiefly on the evidence of archaic vase-painting) the view that chariot-borne heroes were replaced during the seventh century B.C. by mounted hoplites is supported. The article discusses the recent literature of the various problems raised, and also examines older discussions to which the writer was unable to do justice in his earlier paper. Dr. P.A.L. Greenhalgh has recently pointed out' -with justice-that I have been guilty of presenting to readers of AJA an incomplete and misleading summary of the description by Aeneas Tacticus of fighting vehicles in Greek Cyrenaica.2 The point that I tried to establish I believe to hold good; there was no single "correct" use of the war-chariot in antiquity, any more than there was a single "correct" use of cavalry, and among the tactical uses of chariotry that survived into historical times were some which resembled those described in the Iliad sufficiently to indicate that "Homeric" warfare is not wholly imaginary. But I owe an explanation. Aeneas says that the men of Cyrene and Barca are said to make long-range rescue expeditions (against raiders, as the context shows) ErTL o'vvwpli8o Ka' Evycv--literally "upon pairs and yokes." It has, I think, hitherto been usually accepted that by o-vvcop8ov Aeneas means "two-horse chariots,"3 but I was wrong to quote the one word that suited my purpose, and so omit the fact that Aeneas speaks of two different forms of trans

In 140 consecutive operations for patent ductus arteriosus at the Michigan State University Veterinary Clinic over a period of 10 years, three animals have had recanalized defects (2 %), and of these, one dog recanalized for the second time. Of the 140 surgeries, fifteen were suture divisions and the remaining 125 were ligations. All recanalized cases had been ligated in the original operation. We believe, due to the ease of surgery, ligation is the preferred method. However, if the ductus recanalizes, division and suture should be accomplished in the second operation.

Nine strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus isolated from the Amazon region of Peru in 1971 were identified as antigenic subtype I based on plaque-reduction neutralization tests with four and 20 units of antibody. A tenth strain, 71D1252, was possibly a new subtype, but was related to subtypes I and III. Hemagglutinins of each strain made from infected mouse brains had optimals pHs of 6.2 and 6.4. Nine strains were pathogenic for adult hamsters and adult mice, but strain 71D1252 inapparently infected some adult hamsters and mice inoculated peripherally. Plaques of nine strains in Vero African green monkey kidney cell cultures were intermediate in size between representative epizootic and enzootic strains, but plaques of strain 71D1252 were small like epizootic strains.

Summary This study was conducted to determine if knowledge of a speaker's race influences S's perception of him. Forty white male volunteer undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of four groups: I. White speaker, race unidentified; II. White speaker, race identified; III. Black speaker, race unidentified; IV. Black speaker, race identified. After hearing a recorded message, Ss completed a trait checklist and a measure of retention. No significant difference was found for Ss' impressions for the black vs. white speaker or for the race identified vs. race unidentified groups. A significant interaction (p = .05) was found. Also, no difference was found between groups for retention, nor for individual traits except that more Ss who listened to the black felt the speaker was “good looking” (p < .02) and also thought about the speaker's race as they listened to the message (p < .001).

The relative contribution of O2 and CO2 to the metabolic control of blood flow in long-term exercise was examined in the denervated gracilis muscle of the anesthetized dog. The data show that 1) on initiation of heavy exercise, the effluent blood PO2 and pH fall markedly and then rise slowly but remain depressed relative to control during 60 min of exercise hyperemia, while the initial increases in [K+] and osmolality rapidly approach and eventually reach preexercise levels. 2) The enhanced vasodilator activity of venous blood from exercising muscle is attenuated when effluent blood PO2 or pH is corrected to preexercise levels; it is completely abolished when both are corrected. 3) Induced reduction PO2 or pH in the arterial inflow, and thus venous outflow, of resting muscle produces a fall in resistance; simultaneous reductions of both to levels seen in heavy exercise produce a fall in resistance to near that observed during exercise. Since the enhanced vasodilator activity of venous blood from the contracting muscle was abolished by simultaneous correction of the PO2 and pH, it seems likely that these factors, acting directly or indirectly, are the principal chemicals responsible for the maintenance of the vasodilation seen in canine skeletal muscle during heavy exercise.

A cylindrical multiwire proportional chamber operating within the vacuum tank of a rapid-cycling bubble chamber is described. The system is used in conjunction with the SLAC Ko-spectrometer to allow the selection of event topologies of several types of KoL p reactions having small cross sections (~ 0.1 to 1 mb) in comparison with the total cross section (~ 25 mb). Construction of the chamber, its electronics, data acquisition, and operational characteristics are presented.

Recent studies in the northeastern extension of the Wollaston fold belt in Manitoba suggest that Aphebian metasedimentary rocks of the southern Churchill province comprise a geosynclinal facies that is conformably overlain by a platform facies. A possible period of emergence and embryonic Hudsonian tectonism separates this lower sequence from a blanket of continental deposits, which is probably of large regional extent and includes part of the Hurwitz Group in the District of Keewatin.Rubidium–strontium total-rock isochron ages have been obtained for five rock units in the Kasmere Lake area of Manitoba. The ages reveal that the metasedimentary rocks of the Wollaston fold belt are bounded to the east by an Archean complex comprising a differentiated hypersthene-bearing rock series having a minimum age of 2745 ± 124 Ma (87Rb = 1.39 × 10−11 yr−1) and a quartz monzonite unit having a minimum age of 2636 ± 163 Ma.Hudsonian igneous rocks are mostly syn- to post-kinematic. The age of 1855 ± 62 Ma for a quartz monzonite of batholithic dimension coincides with the ages of similar syntectonic Hudsonian intrusions in the Northwest Territories. The age of 1800 ± 60 Ma obtained from a pelitic gneiss unit is a minimum age for the Hudsonian metamorphism and dates the end of the Hudsonian orogeny in this part of the Churchill province. An age of 1941 ± 25 Ma for a granitic gneiss along the western margin of the Wollaston fold belt indicates early or pre-Hudsonian magmatic activity.

Using a generalized Goldhaber-Teller model of the giant multipole resonance in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, we have evaluated radiative pion-capture rates from $1s$ and $2p$ orbits, leading to various multipole isospin states in $^{16}N$, and obtained the corresponding $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectra. The subsequent neutron emission was considered on the basis of Wigner's $R$-matrix theory. Whereas in $1s$ capture, the spectra are dominated by the dipole resonances, in the $2p$ capture there is an even stronger contribution from the ${2}^{+}$ and ${3}^{+}$ quadrupole states. The total radiative capture rate compares favorably with experiment.

Europium oxide and gadolinium oxide-stainless steel cermets in ranges of 5 to 30 wt. % rare earth oxide were irradiated in the MTR. Free beann bend samples of 5, 20, 25, and 30 wt. % Eu/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stainless steel cermets and 14 wt. % Gd/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stainless steel cermets were irradiated in the MTR for times ranging from 2 to 5 cycles. Little damage was noted in the irradiated Gd/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stainless steel cermets after irradiation. Damage to the irradiated Eu/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stainless steel cermets appeared to be a function of radiation time and concentrations. Metallographic samples of unirradiated and irradiated sanmples representing each test are included. (auth)

The cathode ray tube (CRT), especially if the definition is extended to cover all electron-beam addressed display devices, both self-luminous and light-modulating types, remains preeminent in today's display world in spite of competition from a variety of newer laser beam and matrix addressed display technologies. In this paper, we examine some of the reasons for the CRTs success, give a few examples of its continuing adaptability, and speculate on those weak points which may let other technologies get a foot in the door.

Results of two laboratory experiments indicate that the number of choices involved in a purchase decision influences the consumer's decision process. The Taylor experiment suggests that as the number of items involved in the decision increases, the consumer becomes less sensitive to changes in these items. The Anderson experiment suggests that consumers will experience a greater degree of dissonance reduction, the greater the number of items in the decision.

The study of boron stainless steel, Zircaloy-boron, and titanium boron alloys for use in reactors is discussed. Fabrication techniques, physical and mechanical properties, corrosion data in high-temperature water, and radiation damage resistance data are included. (auth)

This paper is intended as a status report on high-speed detectors for the visible and near-infrared portion of the optical spectrum. Both vacuum and solid-state detectors are discussed, with the emphasis on those devices which can be used as direct (noncoherent) detectors of weak optical signals modulated at microwave frequencies. The best detectors for this application have internal current gain and in this regard the relevant properties and limitations of high-frequency secondary emission multiplication in vacuum tube devices and avalanche multiplication in p-n junctions are summarized.

In an attempt to get better agreement between the theoretical predictions and the observed energies and widths of $2p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1s$ pion-atomic transitions, we have numerically integrated the Klein-Gordon equation assuming the optical model for the strong interaction potential. We have characterized the interaction by six $s$-wave and four $p$-wave parameters. Using the available data from ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ to ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$, we have performed a least-squares fit of the $s$-wave parameters. We find agreement between the observed shifts and our predictions, and the real parts of the $s$-wave parameters agree well with those predicted by Ericson and Ericson. However, our predicted widths vary as much as 50% from the observed widths and we find very poor agreement between the imaginary $s$-wave parameters and Ericson and Ericson's predictions.

SUMMARY Isolated rat kidneys were perfused with solutions containing DMSO, cooled to-25d C. and then stored in the frozen state at-79d C. for one hour. They were then thawed, rewarmed and the DMSO removed. The experimental kidney was then linked by means of a cannula in the renal artery to the aorta of a second rat and the urine excreted from it collected. The urea-content of this urine was compared with the urea-content of the blood of the perfusor rat. Thirteen experiments were performed. In five of these the urine-urea/blood-urea ratio was greater than one, thus indicating preservation of tubular function in these kidneys after they had been stored at -79d C. for one hour.

The School's decision to undertake work in the island of Chios was made possible by the generosity of an anonymous donor. The work was placed under my direction, and in the first year (1952) excavations were carried out on a limited scale during three weeks of June on the Kofinà ridge in Chios town, while soundings were made on an Early Bronze Age site at Emporio near Pyrgi on the south coast of the island, where work has since continued.The site of Kofinà was chosen because Archaic sherds on the surface raised a hope that it might be possible to uncover something of the Archaic city there. As it turned out, the Kofinà area was on the very edge of the ancient city, as of the modern town. The excavations at Kofinà were begun by myself, assisted by Mr. J. K. Anderson, and after the first ten days they were continued and completed by Mr. Anderson and Mr. R. V. Nicholls. The results of the excavations are here published in full by Mr. Anderson.

Summary The blood of heifers has been analyzed at weekly intervals, from the time of breeding through one year of lactation, for non-protein nitrogen, glucose, calcium and phosphorus. There is little variation in these blood constituents as influenced by gestation and lactation. Average values for non-protein nitrogen were 32.82; for glucose 52.12; for calcium 10.91 and for phosphorus 5.44 mg. per 100 cc. Blood glucose values are definitely related to age. Blood from calves less than one week of age contained 125 mg. of glucose per 100 cc. This value gradually decreased to 54.4 mg. per 100 cc. of blood at the end of a year. There is a diurnal variation in the glucose content of calves’ blood. Directly after feeding milk, blood sugar values increase sharply. Carbohydrate tolerance tests on animals of various age groups indicate very little response to sugar feeding in the older groups but a decided response in young calves.

HIS is a report of a nutrition study in four Otomi Indian villages in the Mezquital Valley of Mexico, two of which were surveyed from October to December of 1943, and the others in March to September of 1944. The Mezquital Valley lies 60 to 120 miles to the north of Mexico City and is traversed by the Pan-American Highway. The four villages lie in the southern end of the valley about 75 miles from Mexico City. The people are predominantly Indian, although some mixture with white blood is apparent. Most historians believe that the Otomi Indians were originally inhabitants of the valley of Mexico, the site of the present City of Mexico, but were driven into the surrounding areas by successive Indian invasions ending with that of the Aztecs. In the main they still cling to their native customs in spite of the Spanish influence dating back to the first half of the 16th century. Otomi is the chief language, although in the first two villages, close to a town-of about 3,500 population

Fresh and wilted timothy-meadow fescue herbage of 19 and 46.6° dry matter content, respectively, was ensiled in rubber-sealed steel cylinders 5 ft deep and 3 ft in diameter. Mean dry matter losses from all silos were about 6%. All silages were well preserved, the wilted material containing less lactic acid and volatile acids and having a higher pH. The dry matter digestibility coefficients from fresh and wilted grass silages were 71.5 and 70.2%, respectively, and were slightly higher than for the grass before ensilage. Ensilage resulted in a fall in metabolisable energy of the wilted grass. Intake of wilted silage by sheep was higher than that of silage from fresh grass.

There is much evidence to indicate that under certain conditions the intestinal tract of infants is permeable to slightly altered or unaltered protein.This has been demonstrated to be true of egg protein by Lust, Hyashi, Schloss and Worthen and others and for the proteins of cow's milk by Modigliani and Benini and Schloss and Worthen. These investigations were based on the demonstration of the protein in the blood or urine by means of precipitin tests or anaphylactic tests on guinea pigs. Such passage of unaltered or partially digested protein is especially apt to occur in malnourished infants or in those suffering from diarrhea.The investigations cited all show the possibility of foreign protein entering the blood stream through the intestinal wall. If this were a frequent occurrence it would seem of interest to determine whether the entrance of foreign protein under these conditions provoked the production of antibodies. This question is probably of more than academic importance. Moro found precipitines...

THIS paper describes the use of natural features as reference points to territorial boundaries by cock Prairie Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and the birds' response to experimental creation and movement of mowed edges on booming gro-unds. Hamerstrom and Hamerstrom (1960) suggest that such natural features as wheel tracks, dead furrows, tussocks, and droppings may serve as reference points to Prairie Chicken territorial boundaries. I found similar features in apparent use for the same purposes on 23 booming grounds in Grant, Linwood, Carson, and Plover Townships, Portage County; and in Sherry and Sigel Townships, Wood County, Wisconsin during 1962, 1963, and 1964. Also cocks relocated territories in response to uncontrolled midseason changes in surface features. Experimental changes in booming ground cover were implemented by mowing to study cock responses in greater detail.

DNA content in normal Nicotiana chromosomes and in unusually long chromosomes called megachromosomes was determined by Feulgen cytophotometric techniques. DNA content estimates expressed as per cent transmittance were made at specific points on a megachromosome and the mean value for these measurements was compared to the mean transmittance values for normal chromosomes in the same pretreated metaphase cell. DNA measurements for interphase cells, unpretreated metaphase cells and the metaphase chromosome which forms the megachromosome were also obtained. Our observations support the conclusion that comparable unit areas of normal chromosomes and megachromosomes contain equivalent amounts of DNA. The finding of DNA amounts in megachromosomes comparable to DNA levels in normal chromosomes is interpreted as evidence for a replicative mechanism of megachromosome origin instead of a simple extension of the DNA in a chromosome of normal length throughout the length of a megachromosome.

The cost of control rods, which contributes a significant fracion to the total cost of a power reactor core, is discussed as a function of metallurgical composition and reactor endurance. Materials considered include hafnium, Cd5- Inl5-Ag80 alloy, several boron carrying systems, and dispersions of such rare- earth oxides as Eu/sub 2/O/sub 3/, Gd/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and Dy/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Costs based on a thorough analysis of processing variables and raw material prices are presented for a variety of rods for a specific reactor design considered typical of enriched power plants of the present generation. Concentrations were established by an approximate method described by Stevens. Although this method is relatively crude, the results are considered adequate. For long-lived cores the lowest cost rods of proved composition were a composite rod with hafnium tip and boron dispersion upper blade or hafnium rods if the hafnium can be bought at presently quoted zirconium co-prodact prices. Rare- earth cermets of properly adjusted composition also fell into an interesting price range. Boron dispersions though lower in cost cannot be considered among the proved materials for long-lived high burn-up cores. For shut down rods or cores of shorter endurance, boron steels offer a low cost solutionmore » to the problem. For cores of intermediate endurance or shut down rods for longer endarance cores, Cd--In--Ag alloy rods may be of use and are certainly economically attractive. (auth)« less

The 60‐Mc/sec proton magnetic resonance spectra of N‐methyl‐2,4,6‐trinitroaniline (I) and of N‐methyl‐2,6‐dinitroaniline (II), as well as of the analogous N‐diphenylamino compounds, show that the 3‐ and 5‐phenyl protons are inequivalent at low temperatures in solution, but act as equivalent at sufficiently high temperatures. The N‐unsubstituted anilines and N,N‐dimethyl anilines corresponding to I and II show no such inequivalence. The coalescence with temperature of the AB quartet of the picryl protons in the picrylaniline (I) and diphenylpicrylhydrazine in dichloromethane solution could be described quantitatively by the line‐shape equations for two coupled protons exchanging with each other. The analysis yielded the lifetimes of the ground state configurations of these molecules, with Arrhenius activation energies of 14.5±0.3 and 12.5 ± 0.2 kcal/mole and frequency factors of 1.4×1015 and 6×1010 sec—1, respectively, for the intramolecular exchange process. A model for these observations, including Hucke...