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Instruments directed toward mass education and in use or soon to be in use in Tanzania are discussed. These include radio, radio with the addition of written study aids, or a combination of these with correspondence instruction. The radio approach to adult education has been uncoordinated at the national level. Each organization with radio time has approached its listeners on narrowly oriented topics. Plans are in progress to show the need for coordinated efforts in the field of educational radio. The Cooperative Education Centre in Moshi has been using study group methods to aid listeners. The Centre has developed different methods of organizing and teaching cooperative education. It is the only national institution in Tanzania which offers correspondence courses combined with radio broadcasts. In the future, the newly established National Correspondence Institution will widen the scope and opportunities of correspondence education for adults in Tanzania. The national plan includes provision of radio programs, study groups, and short residential courses. (CK)

The experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effect of different plant growth regulators with and without charcoal supplementation for root formation and plantlet development from protocorm like bodies (PLBS) of orchid. The combination of BAP + NAA, BAP + IAA, BAP + IBA, and IAA + IBA at different concentrations were studied. It revealed that the highest number of roots was obtained from 1.0 mg/L each of IAA + IBA combination (6.667) and the highest root length was recorded from 2.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L IBA with charcoal supplementation. The treatment combinations, 1.0 mg/L each of BAP + NAA, BAP + IAA, BAP + IBA, and IAA + IBA were found best for producing more rooted plantlets with charcoal supplementation. It revealed that charcoal enhanced the root formation. Keywords: Orchid; Dendrobium; hybrid; In vitro rooting. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5888Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(2) : 257-265, June 2010

Eighteen advanced breeding lines were evaluated for yield and yield contributing characters to observe their variability, associations and direct and indirect effect on yield during Boro season, 2009. All the tested characters showed significant variation. Effective tillers/m 2 and spikelet sterility (%) had high genotypic variance, high heritability, high genetic advance and high genotypic coefficient of variation. Effective tillers/m 2 , panicle length (cm), thousand grain weight (g) and growth duration (days) showed significant positive association with grain yield. Path coefficient analysis also revealed that effective tillers/m 2 , thousand grain weight (g) and growth duration (days) had higher direct effects on yield (t/ha). All together with the genetic variability, correlation and path analysis revealed that effective tillers/m 2 , thousand grain weight (g) and growth duration (days) are the most important yield components in rice. Therefore, from the present study it could be suggested that emphasize should be given on these characters for the selection of genotypes for higher grain yield in irrigated rice. Keywords : Rice ( Oryza sativa L.); GCV; PCV; heritability; genetic advance; correlation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v23i2.9321 Bangladesh J. Pl. Breed. Genet., 23(2): 23-27, 2010

The experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effect of different plant growth regulators and charcoal supplementation in MS medium on growth and development of plantlets regenerated from protocorm like bodies (PLBs) of hybrid orchid. The combination of BAP + NAA, BAP + IAA, BAP + IBA, and IAA + IBA at different concentrations with charcoal supplementation was studied. The result revealed that the use of different growth regulators had significant effect on different parameters studied. The maximum weight of PLBs (5.123 g) was obtained from the combination of BAP + IBA at 1.0 mg/l each. The highest shoot height (3.239 cm) and maximum number of rooted plantlets (4.473) was obtained from 1.0 mg/l each of BAP + NAA combination. The maximum number of leaves (3.490) and the maximum length of leaves (1.946 cm) were obtained from 1.0 mg/l each of BAP + IBA and the highest leaf width (1.166 cm) was obtained from 0.5 mg/l BAP +1.0 mg/l IBA combination. The highest root length was obtained from 0.5 mg/l each of BAP + IAA and the maximum number of regenerated plantlets (20) was obtained from 0.5 mg/l IAA + 1.0 mg/l IBA combination. However, the maximum fresh weight of single shoot (0.219 g) and the maximum number of roots per plantlet (6.300) was obtained from 1.0 mg/I each of IAA + IBA combination. Keywords: Dedrobium; orchid; hybrid; In vitro growth. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i3.6457Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(3) : 507-514

Using the eikonal approximation of Yennie the authors give a general expression for the cross section for fast-electron scattering from oriented nuclei and a corresponding simpler expression for nuclei fully oriented along the direction of momentum transfer. The branching ratios of quadrupole transition probabilities to different rotational levels of aligned nuclei are also obtained. Using Petkov's analytic method for the Fermi charge density and taking different forms of nuclear charge distributions they calculate in the eikonal approximation the cross section and the effect of nuclear alignment on it for electron scattering from oriented 165Ho nuclei.

A taxonomic account of eight species of pleurocarpous mosses from different localities of Bangladesh has been made. These are new addition to the pleurocarpous moss flora reported earlier. Key words : Pleurocarpous mosses, Hypnobryales, Sematophyllaceae, Bangladesh doi:10.3329/bjb.v36i1.1551 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(1): 69-80, 2007 (June)

The effects of interspecific competition between parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) and Dinarmus basalis (Rond.) for their host, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) have been conducted at a constant temperature of 30±1°C and 75±5% r.h. A number of 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 4th instar larval host containing seeds of C. chinensis were confined to 24,48,72,96 and 120 hours egg laying of both the parasitoids respectively. Total number of progeny produced by the two parasitoids were 16.9 ± 2.76, 20.7 ± 5.69, 31.1± 7.47, 38.6 ± 5.87 and 56.7 ± 9.86 at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours duration respectively. The parasitoid, D. basalis showed higher parasitism than A. calandrae in competition of host choice in all the egg laying periods observed. The individual highest parasitism of D. basalis was 50.0, 33.75, 36.66, 30.0 and 32.0 and that of A. calandrae was 25.0, 15.0, 18.33, 16.25 and 21.0 % respectively in 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours duration respectively. Key words: Interspecific competition, Anisopteromalus calandrae, Dinarmus basalis, Callosobruchus chinensis, progeny production, parasitism. J. bio-sci. 14: 103-106, 2006

Objective: A randomised controlled trial was performed in Sir Solimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, a tertiary hospital in Dhaka City for one year to compare oral misoprostol with intramascular oxytocin in the prevention of post partum haemorrhage (PPH). Method: A total of 400 women were randomised to received either 400mg misoprostol orally or 10 I.U oxytocin intramascularly. The incidence of post partum haemorrhage and side effects were examined. Result: The demographic and labour characteristic were comparable. PPH occured in 3.80% of women given misoprostol and in 2.63% of those given oxytocin (P>0.50). Measured blood loss of more than 1000 ml occured 2.38% of the misoprostol group compared with 1.58% in the oxytocin group (P>0.50). There was no significant difference in the need for additional oxytocin drugs or blood transfusion in women of both groups. Significant side effect of misoprostol were shivering (P

Swamps are one of those types of lentic water bodies, which form links between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Dehadrai and Tripathi (1976) have characterized these water bodies as waterlogged, shallow water areas with a loose peaty bottom, rich in decaying organic matter retaining water either periodically or shrinking or drying summer months. There are numerous water bodies, including swamps, present in Bangladesh. But all of these water bodies are not used for scientific fish culture. To meet the increasing protein demand and to solve the unemployment problem in Bangladesh, swamps should be used for fish culture scientifically. This may also be helpful to destroy the habitat of many biological vectors such as mosquitoes. doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2158 J. bio-sci. 15: 165-168, 2007

High frequency plant regeneration was established from shoot tips and nodal explants of a perennial ornamental plant, Dianthus caryophyllus L. Best shoot induction was observed on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l NAA, in which 82% of the explants responded to produce maximum number of shoots (38) per culture. In vitro raised healthy shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/l IBA +0.5 mg/l NAA. For acclimatization and transplantation, the plantlets in the rooting culture tubes were kept in normal room temperature for 7 days before transplanting in pots where plantlets were reared for three weeks. The survival rate of regenerated plantlets was 78%. Key words: Dianthus caryophyllus; Shoot proliferation; Micropropagation; Acclimatization DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i4.9597 BJSIR 2011; 46(4): 495-498

Shoot tips and nodal explants from in vitro growing seedlings of Ficus glomerata Roxb. (Moraceae). showed best shoot induction (88%) on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP, where maximum number of shoots were produced per culture. In vitro raised shoots rooted well on half strength of MS medium with 2.0 mg/l IBA + 0.1 mg/l NAA. The survival rate of regenerated plantlets was 82%. Key words: Ficus glomerata Roxb.; Shoot proliferation; Micropropagation; Acclimatization DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i1.5525Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(1): 47-50, 2010 (June)

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of organic manures on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur concentrations in grain, husk, stem and root of rice grown in an arsenic contaminated soil. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was followed where each pot received an equal amount of N, P, K and S to sustain normal plant growth. N, P, K and S concentration in grain, husk, straw and root of rice plant were increased with organic manure application compared to control treatment. This study considered rice husk and root along with grain and straw as they have value to increase soil nutrient by recycling. Arsenic contamination becoming a concerning issue because its contamination in many agricultural soil is increasing following contamination in groundwater. This study concluded that organic manure is effective in arsenic contaminated soil to increase N, P, K and S concentration in rice plant. Key words: Organic manure; Nutrient, Rice plant; Arsenic contaminated soil DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i3.6526Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(3), 183-188, 2010

Background: The pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland is an embryonic remnant of the caudal end of the thyroglossal tract. The pyramidal lobe is formed from normal thyroid tissue. A fibrous band, levator glandulae thyroideae, is found occasionally and extending upwards from the apex of the pyramidal lobe. As all thyroid diseases are found to be present in the pyramidal lobe, the study of the pyramidal lobe bears a great importance. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2008. Materials: The present study was performed on 60 post mortem human thyroid gland (39 male and 21 female) collected from unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Methods: The samples were divided into three age-groups including Group A (10 -20 years), Group B (21- 50 years) & Group C (>50 years) and the pyramidal lobes were studied both morphologically i.e. position, length, breadth, thickness, its association with levator glandulae thyroideae and histologically including presence of thyroid tissue, percentage proportion of parenchyma and stroma. Results: The pyramidal lobe was found in 25 cases out of 60 (41.67%) and situated more on the left side (56%). The mean±SD length of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland was 10.83±0.75 mm in group A, 12.80±3.05 mm in group B and 11.00±1.41 mm in group C. The mean±SD breadth of the pyramidal lobe was 5.50±1.22 mm in group A, 7.60±2.06 mm in group B and 6.75±0.96 mm in group C. The mean±SD thickness of the pyramidal lobe was 3.00±0.00 mm in group A, 3.27±0.59 mm in group B and 3.00±0.96 mm in group C. The levator glandulae thyroideae was found in 12 cases out of 60 (20%) and extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. The proportion of the parenchyma increases with advancing age upto 50 years. Key Words: morphology; histology; pyramidal lobe; thyroid gland DOI: 10.3329/bja.v7i2.6095 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2009, Vol. 7 No. 2 pp. 94-100

The experiment was conducted to screen the salt tolerant variety of maize and wheat at Atkapalia , Noakhali. The result shows that variety Gourav and Kanchan of wheat and Barnali and BARI Bhutta 5 of maize have better adaptability in saline areas of Noakhali. All the crops showed lower yield under salinity. The decrease in yield is attributed to the accumulation of sodium and chloride ions and a decrease in potassium ions. This conclusion is arrived at in the light of previous experimental results on the accumulation of sodium, chlorine and potassium ions in wheat and maize. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(3), 361-365, 2007

This study was an attempt to find out the efficacy of pre-emptive analgesia in reducing post-operative pain. Multiple pre-emptive therapies were used in an attempt to see its superiority over single preemption. Pain scores showed significant differences between the pre-emptive and non pre-emptive groups. Pethidine consumed by the pre-emptive non-recipient group was much higher. Patient’s satisfaction was higher and post operative complications were less in the pre-emptive recipient group. Thus pre-emptive multimodal therapy would be better, in reducing post-operative pain, and the amount of post-operative analgesic requirement. It might be concluded that multimodal preemptive therapy by using I/V Ketorolac & Bupivacaine infiltration is an effective method for post operative pain management in maxillofacial surgery. DOI: 10.3329/bjpp.v24i1.5733Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 24(1&2) : 17-23

Mr. Shahinoor an 18 year old male got himself admitted at DMCH in July,2007 with the complaints of bilateral neck swelling and fever for 1 month. The enlarged lymph nodes were clustered in cervical regions involving both anterior and posterior chains and largest one measuring 5 cm×2.5 cm.He was otherwise healthy on examination. Full blood count showed neutrophil leukocytosis and raised ESR.Sputum for AFB was found negative and xray chest was normal. FNA of lymph node showed non specific lymphadenitis with reactive hyperplasis. Lymph node biopsy was done and histopathology revealed Rosai Dorfman Disease, a very rare yet fascinating disorder also called Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy.It is a benign proliferative disorder of the histiocytes. He was not given any tretament and is under follow up.  DOI = 10.3329/jom.v8i1.1376 J MEDICINE 2007; 8 : 28-31

This study was carried out with an aim to investigate the relationship between gastricmetaplasia with H. pylori and the effect of eradication therapy. A total of 210 patients withhistory of dyspepsia were included in the study of which 50 were enrolled in the eradicationtherapy. After the eradication therapy 35 patients came for follow-up endoscopy. Pairedendoscopic biopsies were taken from antrum and duodenal ulcer margin and were examined forH. pylori and for duodenitis and gastric metaplasia. Gastric metaplasia was significantlyassociated with H. pylori. After eradication H. pylori showed further extension of gastricmetaplasia. It can be recommended that these patients can be further followed up to see thecourse of gastric metaplasia and what impact it has on ulcer recurrence and re-infection.doi: 10.3329/taj.v15i2.3908TAJ December 2002; Vol.15(2):59-63

Light emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy offers well described benefits compared with brightfield microscopy by Ziehl-Neelsen stained sputum, even which are smear negative. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of fluorescence microscopy, using novel light-emitting diode (LED) technology as an alternative to the brightfield microscopy. The objective of this study was the role of LED fluorescence microscopy in diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary tUberculosis. This is a prospective study consisted of 50 smear negative patients, who were clinically suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. All samples were stained by both ZN stain and Auramine stain and as a gold standard all were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen Media. On evaluation of all sputum samples were found negative by ZN method but by auramine stain 16%, 20%, 20% cases were found positive by conventional fluorescence microscopy (CFM), LED and culture respectively. LED fluorescence microscopy is more useful test to distinguish the smear negative cases. It also provide an effective guideline to make decisions regarding judicious use of antitubercular drug therapy. Keywords: Smear negative Sputum; LED; CFM; Culture; Pulmonary Tuberculosis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpath.v26i1.9126 BJPATH 2011; 26(1): 3-6

Background: The academic activities of the 1st and 2nd year MBBS students are running according to the new curriculum (Curriculum 2002). Curriculum is a series of planned activities to which the learner may be exposed in order to achieve the learning goals. But due to ongoing modifications of society, disease demography, medical science, concepts of teaching and availability of newer technique; curriculum may need to be changed. Assessment is the process of testing a student's ability. A good assessment should be valid, reliable, practicable and objective. Without assessment the purpose of effective teaching will not fulfill. To change curricula, examination system or assessment system also needs to be changed. Though evaluation of students is an integral part of all educational processes, a suitable evaluation procedure is said to be lacking. So opinions of teachers as well as students are immensely important to develop an ideal evaluation procedure. Methodology: This cross-sectional prospective study was done in Dhaka Medical college over a period of 1 months.2nd year MBBS students( 100) and teachers of Physiology, Anatomy and Biochemistry (22) gave their opinion in this study in a mixed pattern of questionnaire ( both open-ended and closed) . Results: Majority of students( 84%) but minority of teachers opined that there was need of card completion examination as in course assessment system .Other teachers and students suggested for alternate examination instead of card completion examination like only MCQ (18%), both MCQ and SAQ (82%). Choice of venue of the examination were - tutorial class (58%), lecture class (21%), practical and tutorial class (21%). Discussion: Though present MBBS curriculum is a problem oriented scientific curriculum with modern concepts like MCQ, OSPE, SAQ and SOE; the teachers are facing a lot of problems in implementing the curriculum due to lack of orientation and shortage of manpower. Conclusion: In spite of criticisms Curriculum 2002 is a positive change in an academic field. In order to improve and update the curriculum; its planning should be constantly reviewed. Â DOI = 10.3329/jom.v8i2.1404 J MEDICINE 2007; 8 : 39-43

Fecundity and egg viability of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) females were significantly (P

An efficient method was developed for regeneration of Asparagus racemosus Wild, from axillary explants. MS media supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinin (BAP) alone or in combination of different concentrations of auxin (NAA or IBA) was tested for their efficiency in multiple shoot induction. High frequency of multiple shoot regeneration was achieved on MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.1mg/l) and NAA (0.05 mg/l). When shoots were well developed they were dissected and subcultured on the same medium to promote more multiple shoots. Eighteen to twenty shoots were obtained on this medium. The shoots were rooted best on half MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l IBA. Among the five levels of pH tested, 5.7 was the best for multiple shoot proliferation. The result presented here proved to be suitable for the rapid propagation system of A. racemosus. Key words: Asparagus racemosus; Medicinal plant; Rapid proliferation; Multiple shoots; Auxins and Cytokinins DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i3.6534Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(3), 255-260, 2010

Cerium doped barium titanate is prepared by conventional ceramic method. The dielectric studies of Ba1-x Cex TiO3 have been accomplished at room temperature over a frequency range 75 KHz to 30 MHz for x = 0.1 to 0.4 with pure BaTiO3. The measurements of the real and imaginary part of dielectric constants show strong frequency dependence. The relaxation phenomena that take place cane be attributable to the damping of dipole oscillator due to the application of external field. In the present experiment relaxation occurs at the frequency of about - 1MHZ. doi: 10.3329/jbas.v32i1.2445 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 1, 79-85, 2008

A 2-year field study was carried out to find out the effect of three macro nutrients NPK on the severity of Alternaria leaf blight and yield of mustard. Nitrogen @ 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160, phosphorus @ 15, 30, and 45, and potassium @ 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha were applied. Among the nutrients, 120-30- 60 kg NPK/ha was considered as recommended dose on the basis of soil test. Fertilizer dose 120-30-90 kg/ha appeared to be the best combination of N, P, and K in reducing the disease incidence and to increase seed yield of mustard. Higher dose of K (90 kg/ha) decreased the incidence of Alternaria leaf blight but higher dose of nitrogen (140 and 160 kg N/ha) increased the disease incidence. The highest seed yield of 1718 kg/ha was obtained with 120-30-90 kg of NPK/ha which was statistically similar to the doses of 120-30-60 and 120-45- 60 kg of NPK/ha. Higher seed yield and lower disease severity was also observed under these three treatments as compared to other treatments. Keywords: Mustard; Alternaria leaf blight; nutrient management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9269 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 407-413

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different combinations of NAA, IBA, and BAP on in vitro organogenesis of Anthurium andreanum cv. "Nitta" at the DEBTEC (Development of Biotechnology & Environmental Conservation Centre) Laboratory, Dhaka. Organogenesis from leaf mid rib to shoot initiation required 9.00 days and the best survivality was 80.00% percent at 30 DAI (Day after initiation) with the combination of 1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP in MS media. Among the 20 hormone supplements, MS media containing 1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP showed the highest shoot formation (68.30%), number of shoots/explant (3.37) and the longest shoot (4.65 cm) at 60 DAI. MS media without any hormone (control) showed the poorest performance in regeneration of shoots. On the other hand, MS media containing 1 mg/L IBA + 1 mg/L BAP showed the best performance in rooting of shoots (83.85%), highest number of roots (4.29/plantlet), root elongation (5.50 cm) were recorded at 60 DAI. Keywords: In vitro regeneration; Anthurium andreanum. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5884Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(2) : 217-226, June 2010

A patient at her 38+ wks of pregnancy as a ultrasonographically diagnosed case of conjoined twin admitted in our department with ruptured membrane. Two live female babies joined at the chest were delivered by caesarean section. The parents refused a separation operation and the mother and the babies were discharged from hospital at 6th post natal day. A review of the literature suggests that early diagnosis by a combination of ultrasound and MRI is essential for management as it provides prognosis for viability and process of surgical separation and also the opportunity for early counseling of parents and termination if indicated. Key world: Conjoined twins; thoracopagus; prenatal diagnosis; separation procedure DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v10i4.9504 BJMS 2011; 10 (4): 289-292

Background: In Bangladesh, although OPCAB surgery are done, the number of centers are limited and as a result, studies on this subject are also few. Consequently, there are no exclusive data regarding the best anaesthetic technique in the context of superior haemodynamic stability. This study has been undertaken with a view to find out whether a combined HTEA with GA (TIVA) is safe and more efficient in providing overall cardiovascular stability. The common challenges for the cardiac anaesthesiologist during off pump coronary artery surgery (OPCAB) to maintain optimal cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, CVP and arrhythmias during the different stressful surgical events and multiple cardiac manipulations, providing adequate myocardial protection, are sometimes difficult. This study has been undertaken with a view to find out whether a combined HTEA with TIVA is safe and more efficient in providing overall cardiovascular stability. Method: Sixty patients aged between 40-70 years, without having any coagulopathy disorder , any emergency surgery or left main disease scheduled for CABG on beating heart were enrolled in prospective, randomized observational comparative study. Patients were divided in two groups. In group A patients received TIVA alone and in group B patients received high thoracic epidural anaesthesia with TIVA. The parameters including heart rate , SPO2 , CVP , arterial blood pressure , rate pressure product , arrhythmia in ECG, were recorded before induction, during induction , intubation and during different events of the surgery ( skin incision, sternotomy, pericardiotomy, coronary artery anastomosis with graft , sternum closure and wound closure) was recorded. Result: Significant per-operative mean heart rate changes were observed all the events except at wound closure and during anastomosis with D1/D2 and the mean difference of mean of mean arterial pressure at intubations, skin incision, sternotomy, pericardiotomy, during anastomosis of distal end of the graft with RCA, PDA, LCX and D1/D2 were observed statistically significant (p

A protocol was established for mass propagation of a valuable medicinal herb, Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk (Asteraceae) through in vitro culture. Apical and axillary buds of young sprouts from selected plants were used as explants. Best shoot induction was observed on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl -1 BAP + 0.1 mgl -1 NAA, in which 94% of the explants produced 18 shoots per culture. Repeated subcultures in the same medium, resulted rapid shoot multiplication with 26 shoots per culture. In vitro raised shoots rooted on half strength MS medium with 1.0 mgl -1 IBA +1.0 mgl -1 NAA. For acclimatization and transplantation, the plantlets in the rooting culture tubes were kept in normal room temperature for 7 days before transplanting in pots where plantlets were reared for three weeks. The survival rate of regenerated plantlets was 80%. Key words: Eclipta alba, Medicinal plant, Shoot proliferation, Micropropagation, Acclimatization DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i2.965 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(2), 215-222, 2008

An experiment was conducted at the Hill Agricultural Research Station, Khagrachari from November 2002 to May 2003 to find out the effect of sowing time (10, 20, 30 November and l0, 20, and 30 December) and spacing (50 x 30 cm and 50 x 45 cm) on lettuce seed production. Maximum lettuce seed yield (770 kg/ha) was found from 10 November sowing with 50 × 45 cm spacing followed by same sowing time with 50 x 30 cm and 20 November with both spacings. There was a trend to decrease seed yield with the advance of sowing time irrespective of spacing. Germination (%) and other quality also showed satisfactory result in the same treatment.

Background: Tuberculosis remains world's leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Fluorescence microscopy offers well-described benefits, comparing with brightfield microscopy, for the evaluation sputum smear samples for tuberculosis. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of fluorescence microscopy, using novel Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology as an alternative to the conventional fluorescence microscopy by Auramine stain as well as brightfield microscopy by Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) stain. Objectives: The objective of the study was to see the usefulness of LED fluorescent microscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: This is a prospective study consisted of 150 sputum samples from the patients of NIDCH, Mohakhali. All samples were stained by auramine and ZN stain at BSMMU and culture was done in Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) media as gold standard at NTRL, Mohakhali. Results: In this study total 66(44%) out of 150 sputum specimens were positive for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by culture. Sensitivity and specificity documented for the different modalities were 95.38% and 94.11%, respectively, for the LED assessment; 68.18% and 90.47%, respectively, for the CFM assessment; and 56.06% and 97.61%, respectively, for brightfield microscopy by ZN stain. The difference in their case detection rate was statistically significant (χ2=119.38, p

Context: Plant materials contain glycoproteins (phytolectins) that are toxic in nature may play a key role in the control of various normal and pathological processes in living organisms and have diverse biochemical and diagnostic applications. Objectives: Screening of three lectins SLL-1, SLL-2 and SLL-3 purified from Drumstick ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves for their antibacterial activities and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Materials and Methods: Three bioactive lectins were purified from Drumstick leaves by conventional chromatographic methods. The lectins were tested for their antibacterial activities against three pathogenic bacteria- Escherichia coli (gram-negative) Shigella dysenteriae (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) using the standard disc-diffusion method. Mortality of the brine shrimp naupli was assessed by hality bioassay. Results: All the lectins showed antibacterial activity against E. coli , Sh. dysenteriae and St. aureus . They also showed cytotoxic effect in brine shrimp ( Artemia salina L.) lethality bioassay. The LC 50 values of SLL-1, SLL-2 and SLL-3 were found to be 15.8, 17.78 and 14.12 μg/ml respectively. The experimental results revealed that SLL-3 is more cytotoxic than other lectins. The lectin SLL-3 showed lowest activity whereas SLL-1 showed highest activity against the three bacteria. Conclusion: Results suggest that the extracts from M. oleifera leaf can be a source of natural antimicrobials with potential applications in pharmaceutical industry to control coliform bacteria. Key words: Drumstick; Moringa oleifera ; lectins; antibacterial activity; brine shrimp; bioassay DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7112 J. bio-sci. 17: 89-94, 2009

Eight maize varieties viz. four composites (Mohor, Barnali, Khoibhutta, and BARI Maize-6) and four hybrids (BARI Hybrid Maize-1, BARI Hybrid Maize- 3, BARI Hybrid Maize Top 1 & Pacific 984), were tested for their response to zinc fertilization (0 and 3 kg Zn/ha) at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jessore (AEZ-11, High Ganges River Floodplain) during 2002- 2005. The varieties were not equally responsive to Zn addition. Except BARI Hybrid Maize-3, all other hybrids showed higher response to Zn compared to composite varieties. Among the hybrids, the Pacific 984 had the highest response followed by BARI Hybrid Maize-1 and BARI Hybrid Maize Top 1, the later two showed identical response. Comparing the composite varieties, their response can be ranked as Barnali ≈ Mohor > Khoibhutta > BARI Maize-6. The result suggests that BARI Hybrid Maize-3 and BARI Maize-6 were the most Zn inresponsive (Zn efficient) varieties. Further it appeared that Pacific 984 gave the highest seed yield, 10.46 t/ha due to Zn application. So, the farmers can grow this variety with an application of Zn @ 3 kg/ha in the deficient soil. The results also indicate that the farmers can cultivate BARI Hybrid Maize-3 in the moderately zinc deficient soils with a minimum dose (1 to 2 kg/ha) of Zn fertilization. Keywords: Maize varieties; zinc fertilization. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9272 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 437-447

Haemodynamic stability is an integral and essential goal of any anaesthetic management plan. Laryngoscopy and intubation can cause striking changes in haemodynamics. Increase in blood pressure and heart rate occurs most commonly from reflex sympathetic and vagal discharge in response to laryngotracheal stimulation, which in turn leads to increased plasma norepinephrine concentration. This study was designed to compare efficacy of esmolol and lignocaine for attenuating haemodynamics response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Esmolol with that of Lignocaine to attenuate the detrimental rise in heart rate and blood pressure during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. One hundred and twenty adult patients randomized into group-L and group-E, were received lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg and Esmolol 1.5 mg/kg I.V. respectively. Heart rate and blood pressure in each minutes for the 10 minutes after intubation was recorded. Time span around intubation up to 4 minutes has been looked specifically to isolate the effect of the study drugs at the time of intubation. For statistical analysis Student's 't' test was used for comparing means of quantitative data and chi-square test was used for qualitative data. Difference was considered statistically significant if p0.05). The mean values of heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, and rate-pressure product at 2, 3 and 4 minutes after intubation were significantly lower in group-E than group-L (p

Not available. Key words: Pleurocarpous mosses, Hypnobryales, Plagiotheciaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.527 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 79-82, 2007 (June)

This was a prospective study conducted in a cohort of live normal full term singleton newborns delivered in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital with the objective to explore their early neonatal health as well as the role of low birth weight on it. A total 770 live normal newborns were Included in this study. For data collection APGAR Score Estimating Checklist and one protested structured questionnaire were used. Simple descriptive as well as analytical techniques including Chi-square t test were done. The results of this study suggested that low weight (LBW) babies were more prone to develop early neonatal morbidity and mortality than normal birth weight (NBW) babies. LBW infants needed more resuscitation and responded less to resuscitative effort than the infants of NBW. Birth asphyxia was the commonest cause of early neonatal morbidity and mortality. doi: 10.3329/taj.v21i1.3216 TAJ 2008; 21(1): 35-39

Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography and serum CA125 assay for a clinical diagnosis of malignant nature of adnexal masses. Materials and methods: This prospective study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, during the period of January 2001 to December 2002. The study included 86 patients scheduled for laparotomy for an adnexal mass. Among them, 56 patients were pre- menopausal and 30 were postmenopausal. Adnexal masses had been diagnosed by bimanual pelvic examination and by both transabdominal and transvaginal sonography before planning surgery. Results: Considering separately the women with benign or malignant masses, the sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal sonography for the diagnosis of malignant ovarian condition in premenopausal women were 80% and 96.08% and in postmenopausal women these were 60% and 80%, positive and negative predictive values in premenopausal women were 66.67% and 98.00%, whereas in postmenopausal women those were 60% and 80%. Therefore the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of transvaginal sonography in premenopausal women were higher than in postmenopausal women. The diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography in premenopausal women was 94.64% and in postmenopausal women was 73.33%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the diagnostic accuracy of serum CA125 for the diagnosis of malignant ovarian condition in postmenopausal women were higher than premenopausal women. But the negative predictive value in premenopausal women was higher 94.87% than in postmenopausal women 88.90%. Conclusion: Transvaginal sonography used alone is the best method for differentiating between benign and malignant adnexal masses with a good diagnostic accuracy in premenopausal women in addition to clinical symptoms and pelvic examination. The good diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography in premenopausal women may suggest that the addition of further test is not warranted. On the contrary in postmenopausal women, lower diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography may require help of further test to improve it. Keyword: Adnexal mass; Transvaginal sonography; Serum CA125. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 56-62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8529

Not available. Keywords : Hydrocotyle verticillata ; n ew record; Bangladesh. DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i1.5398 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(1): 105-108, 2010 (June)

The present study was conducted during 1995 to April 1996 at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to investigate the effect of drought stress at various levels with a view to studying the physiological characters of sunflower associated with yield under drought condition. Two varieties ( Kironi and Hysan-55) and five drought cycles were i) Daily watering, ii) 1 day without water, iii) 2 days without water, iv) 3 days without water, and v) 4 days without water imposed in the study. As a whole, drought treatment reduced the yield and yield contributing characters of sunflower. In most cases, the rate of reduction was higher in plants that received 4 days drought cycle followed by 3 days. The minimum reduction was observed in plants that received 1 and 2 days drought cycle. The growth parameters (CGR, RGR, NAR, and LAI) were reduced under drought treatments. Similar trend was followed in case of CSI values and RWC of the leaves. The rate of reduction for most of characters was higher in Hysan-55 than that of Kironi. Thus, the variety Kironi was found better than Hysan-55 in respect of physiological adaptation associated with yield under drought condition. Keywords: Drought; physiology; sunflower DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i1.5872Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(1) : 113-124, March 2010

Effluents samples collected from post discharge of equalization tanks of local composite textile mills of Saver were treated with aquatic macrophytes, algae and their combination. They were found to be effective for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH. Sixty nine per cent of COD was reduced with the combination treatment of Nostoc , E ichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes . With the combination treatment of Nostoc and E. crassipes reduced 65 per cent COD in glass containers. pH was reduced from 11.2 to 8.6. Between earthen and glass containers, glass container was found to be more effective. Key words: Industrial effluents; COD; pH; Aquatic macrophytes; Algae DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v34i1.5487 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol.34, No.1, 9-14, 2010

A 59 years old gentleman with hypertension, type-2 DM, dyslipidemia and atheroschlerotic stenosing coronary artery disease had the rare blood group Oh ((Bombay phenotype). After prophylactic conservation of two units of predeposit autologous blood, myocardial revascularization was successfully accomplished with off pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). Postoperative recovery was uneventful.Key words: Bombay phenotype; OPCAB DOI: 10.3329/uhj.v6i2.7258University Heart Journal Vol. 6, No. 2, July 2010 pp.110-113

Soybean (Glycine max L., Variety PB-1) is an important oilseed crop though not extensively cultivated in Bangladesh. Five different plant extracts i.e., ‘Bara Bishkatali’ leaf extract, sesame seed oil, castor seed oil, a mixture of sesame oil and ‘neem’ seed oil and tobacco leaf extract were sprayed prior to pest infestation. The major insect pests encountered were the leaf roller (Sylepta derogata), pentatomid bug (Nezara viridula and Piezodorus hybneri), noctuid semilooper (Trichoplusia ni) and blue butterfly (Euchrysops cnejas). Among the applied treatments, tobacco leaf extract showed the best result followed by Bara Bishkatali leaf extract, sesame seed oil and a mixture of sesame oil and neem seed oil and castor oil. Some unidentified beneficial eurytomid, braconid, ichneumonid and encyrtid insect parasites and coccinellid predators played an important role in suppressing the pest population during the study period. The maximum yield was 36.7 maunds per acre in the BCSIR Laboratories Campus, Rajshahi but the yield was only 3 maunds per acre in the Oilseeds Cultivation Centre Patgram, Lalmonirhat. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(1-2), 73-76, 2006

A protocol was developed for in vitro clonal propagation of Rauvolfia serpentina through direct regeneration from shoot tip explants. Multiple shoots (eight shoots per explant) induction were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA within 10-15 days. The elongated shoots rooted well in half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/l NAA. The in vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized in glass house and successfully transplanted to field condition with 80 % survival. The results indicated that large scale commercial micropropagation of Rauvolfia serpentina is technically feasible. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(1), 37-44, 2007

Large scale Spirulina culture is possible in Bangladesh inspite of unpredictable climatic condition. Effect of different culture media on the growth of a local strain of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) was studied. Bangladesh medium (Bd1) was found to be more favourable for the growth of the alga. All together three culture media were included in this study. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(3-4), 227-234, 2006

To compare the level of knowledge about menopause in terms of its cause, problems and care seeking pattern among the rural women after a health education intervention program. It was a cross sectional intervention type study. In the study, the outcome of intervention was obtained by comparing pre intervention and post intervention of same study population to test if there is any difference in knowledge level. The total intervention program was evaluated ranking their answers and found that before the intervention the only 27.8% respondents had some knowledge regarding menopause related problems and 72.2% had no such perception. After intervention it was observed that 49.27% respondents improved their knowledge, statistically it was found significant. The study was conducted to assess and compare the improvement of knowledge of rural women regarding menopause through educational interventions program. From the study findings, it revealed the significant achievement among the respondents regarding the knowledge on menopause, health care seeking behaviour through an educational intervention program imparted to them. The aim of intervention program is that there should be some degree of changes about knowledge, attitude and behaviour. From the intervention program knowledge of the rural women upgraded. Though this study may not necessarily reflect the actual picture. Through the study the intervention program was found very effective which might be replicate in the country through a national program. Key word: Knowledge on menopausal problems, Health care seeking pattern. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v38i1.3580 Bangladesh Medical Journal 38(1) 2009 9-14

The genetic diversity was assessed in 42 Brassica rapa genotypes for identifying parental genotypes having distant relationship for hybridization. All the genotypes were analyzed through principal component analysis, principal coordinate analysis canonical variate analysis and non-hierarchical clustering which compute Mahalanobis’s D 2 statistics. The genotypes under study were grouped into six clusters. The cluster V contained the maximum numbers of genotypes (15) and cluster III had the minimum number of genotypes (3). The highest intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster V that represented maximum variability within the cluster and Cluster VI had the lowest intra-cluster distance. The maximum inter cluster distance was noticed between the clusters II and III and the lowest between clusters II and VI. Cluster with large distances were considered more diverged than those with small distances. Yield and yield contributing characters such as days to 1st flowering, number of siliquae on main racemes, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per siliqua, 1000 seeds weight and seed yield per plant contributed more towards genetic divergence considering diversity pattern. Considering cluster distance, inter-genotypic distance, cluster mean and other agronomic performances genotypes BC-200502, BC-200505, BC-200506, BC-200510, BC-200512, BC-200515, BC-200519, BC-200521, BC-200529, BC-200530, BC-200531B, BC-200531Y, BC-200536, BC-200537, BC-200542, BC-200543, BARI Sarisha 12, and BARI Sarisha 14 may be selected from different clusters for hybridization program. Key words: Genetic divergence; Brassica rapa; cluster analysis; D 2 -statistics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v23i1.9315 BJPBG 2010; 23(1): 31-37

Three species, namely, Erythrodontium julaceum, Pterigynandrum decolor and Entodon flavescens under family Entodontaceae are described with illustrations and a short note on each. Key words: Pleurocarpous mosses, Hypnobryales, Entodontaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.584 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 131-137, 2006 (December)

An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) experimental farm, Gazipur and at farmer's field in Chuadanga during Rabi season 2001-02 (November - March) to Kharif-II season 2002 (June - November) to determine the effect of different doses of N fertilizer on growth and yield of wheat and transplant Aman rice and to compare the N use efficiency in bed planting and conventional method in rice-wheat cropping system. Bed planting with 0, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg N ha -1 and conventional (flat) method with 0 and 100 kg N ha -1 were tested. The yields increase of wheat in bed planting with 80, 100 and 120 kg N ha -1 over 100 kg N ha -1 in conventional method were 10-21, 20-29 and 23-38%, respectively. For transplant Aman rice, bed planting with 80, 100 and 120 kg N ha -1 and conventional method with 100 kg N ha -1 produced statistically identical grain yield. Bed planting increased the grain number panicle -1 and reduced sterility of both wheat and transplant Aman rice. Nitrogen use efficiency such as partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency were higher in bed planting than conventional method and it saved about 20% N without losing yield of wheat and transplant Aman rice. Key words: Nitrogen use efficiency, rice, wheat and bed planting. DOI: 10.3329/jard.v7i1.4420 J Agric Rural Dev 7 (1&2), 41-49, June 2009