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Ruelliais a large, pantropical group of herbs and shrubs that has undergone a long series of changes in classification. Soon after Linnaeus's original description the genus was divided into numerous segregate genera by Nees von Esenbeck and by others. Later Bentham sunk 18 Neesian genera in his expanded concept of Ruellia, and this circumscription has come to be the accepted definition for the plants. Recently Bremekamp revived a number of old segregate groups and described several new ones. He believes Ruellia sensu latois an unwieldy and unnatural assemblage of taxa. Experimental hybridizations have established the existence of species‐complexes (ecospecies) and species‐groups (comparia) in Ruellia. The latter are genetically isolated from other species‐groups, and taxonomically they correspond to certain segregate genera. There is evidence that North American taxa are closely related to tropical species. Since numerous species can be artificially hybridized, application of the ecotype concept may provide a practical means of identifying natural species‐groups. Present evidence suggests that Ruellia, as generally understood, is not a natural, phyletic, unit.

High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra of pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine partially oriented in a lyotropic mesophase have been obtained and analyzed. The distance ratios calculated from the direct dipole-dipole couplings are compared with those reported for microwave and X-ray studies in the gaseous and solid state as well as those determined from NMR investigations of the above solutes in thermotropic nematic phases.The average orientation of the diazines in the oriented lyotropic phase is such that the applied magnetic field is parallel to the molecular plane. In contrast, the average orientation of benzene, furan, thiophene, p-dithiin, and tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane is such that the molecular ring is on the average perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. Sine benzene, furan, thiophene, and the diazines orient with the molecular plane parallel to the magnetic field in thermotropic nematic phases, contributions from different orienting factors appear to be operative in the lyotropic phase.

THE ASSOCIATION of certain endocrine abnormalities, particularly those of estrogen metabolism, with fairly severe liver disease is common and well known. Some of the clinical signs and symptoms of such association are, in the male, gynecomastia, softening of the testes, loss of axillary hair, impotence, and decreased libido, and, in the female, menstrual disturbances, breast changes and symptoms, and acne. Infertility may occur in both sexes.Some patients with these endocrine abnormalities have clinically evident liver disease; some give a history of having had jaundice in the past but show no other evidence of impaired liver function, and others exhibit no apparent cause in the history or findings for their endocrine or estrogen disturbance. We have become more aware in recent years of the existence of impaired liver function in persons who have been and are otherwise in apparently good health. It is well known that hepatitis with appreciable liver

A description is given of the flow of a three-layer system of immiscible fluids over an obstacle immersed in the lowest liquid. A tentative suggestion is offered that some features of the motion may be similar to the flow of air over the Sierra range near Bishop, California. Some arguments are advanced supporting this suggestion.

The patient in this case presented a difficult diagnostic hematological problem, with clinical and laboratory variations suggesting different disease processes existing at various times during the course of her illness. A single positive diagnosis could not be established until rather late in her course. The reason for reporting this case is to suggest that many reports in the literature of seemingly different disease processes may be in reality only observations of varying stages of the same basic disease. REPORT OF A CASE A 60-year-old white widow was referred for examination on Sept. 20, 1948, because of a tumor mass in the left upper portion of the abdomen. Her chief complaint was a feeling of fatigue, which had been present for several months but was not increasing appreciably. She had also noted a feeling of pressure or weight in the left side of the abdomen and left flank, and she was

The taxonomically complex eastern U. S. species R. caroliniensisproduces six functional or partially functional floral morphs. They are chasmogenes, reduced chasmogenes, morphologic protogynous chasmogenes, multistylous chasmogenes, cleistogenes, and semi‐cleistogenes. The plants are uniformly self‐compatible and generally produce normal fruits and seeds. The species has the morphological basis of a nearly balanced breeding system between allogamous and autogamous reproduction. Observations and comparisons on garden and greenhouse cultures suggest that R. caroliniensisis a seasonal cleistogamic species, and it is proposed that the different breeding systems are the chief causes of the difficult taxonomic problem in the species.

Observations were made on the morphology, seed fertility, pollen viability and meiotic configurations of 22 different interspecific hybrids of 12 North American taxa representative of 3 sections of Ruellia.The hybrids were classified as (1) fully vigorous and fertile; (2) vigorous but with reduced fertility; (3) reduced vigor and fertility; (4) weak and sterile. Hybrids showed meiotic irregularities in microsporogenesis: univalents, chains, precocious separation of bivalents, nondisjunction, and micronuclei were commonly observed. Interspecific pollinations within sect. Dipteracanthusresulted in fertile or partially sterile F1hybrids. Intersectional crosses produced partially or completely sterile hybrids or failed. Assuming that crossability is correlated with degree of evolutionary relationship, the parental species are interpreted in genecological terms to be grouped in polytypic ecospecies. Hybridization experiments doubtless would be of value in clarifying relationships in tropical and subtropical species of Ruellia.

-High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solute molecules in ordered media has in the past been largely confined to the use of thermotropic liquid crystals as the solvent. A valuable alternate approach involving the use of a lyotropic mesophase was first reported by Lawson and Flautt, but has since been largely neglected. The present paper describes results of studies carried out for several diazines, furan, thiophene, p-dithiin, sodium methylphosphonate, methanol and acetonitrile. Comparisons are presented of results obtained here and in work based on the use of thermotropic media. These studies clearly demonstrate the utility of the lyotropic phase for obtaining reliable structural information. The orientations of the various solutes studied over a range of temperatures depend not only on molecular shape, but specific solute-solvent interactions.

Relationships of the putative Ruelliaspecies, R. caroliniensis, R. ciliosa, R. heteromorpha,and R. succulentawere analyzed by population sampling, investigation of chromosome numbers, garden transplants, and hybridization experiments. Character data from 25 local, Florida populations and from transplants were evaluated. Some interfertility of these “taxa” was demonstrated, as was some interfertility with other species occurring in the eastern United States. Chromosome numbers are n= 17 and 2n= 34. The effect of different breeding systems on population structure is discussed. Total evidence suggests that the 4 “taxa” in question be considered ecological races of a single species widespread in the eastern United States, namely R. caroliniensis.

Long, RobertW. (Ohio Wesleyan U., Delaware.) Natural and artificial hybrids of Helianthus Maximiliani × H. grosseserratus.Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(10): 687–692. Illus. 1959.—An investigation of the occurrence of natural hybridization in two perennial sunflowers, Helianthus Maximilianiand H. grosseserratus, was begun in 1950. Subsequently, artificial F1, F2, and first and second backcross generations were produced. Fertility and vigor were high in all these plants, but F1plants appeared to excel the others in these characteristics. Observations in the experimental garden were supplemented by examination of chromosomes in pollen mother cells, comparisons of herbarium collections, and study of wild populations. Evidence pointed to close genetic relationship of the species and to the occurrence of natural hybridization in areas of distributional overlap. In 1957 and 1958, field work in these areas resulted in the scoring of 18 natural populations, 3 of which consisted of both parental species plus putative F1hybrids. Two explanations are offered to account for the seeming absence of introgression. The results support the conclusion that natural hybridization leads to the establishment of F1hybrids and that introgression does not occur to any significant extent. Although both species display a high degree of interfertility, they are distinct morphologically. For this reason, it is advisable to maintain them as separate species.

Long, RobertW. (Ohio Wesleyan U., Delaware.) Biosystematics of two perennial species of Helianthus (Compositae). I. Crossing relationships and transplant studies.Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(9) : 729–735. Illus. 1960.–The objective of this investigation has been to clarify the genetic relationships of H. giganteusand H. grosseserratususing hybridization experiments, transplant studies, and related biosystematic techniques. The species are morphologically related and are common in the southern Great Lakes region. They are homoploid with n= 17. Two groups of ecological races were identified within each species and generally they are all cross‐fertile. Helianthus giganteusand H. grosseserratusshould be termed ecotypes; apparently they are elements of a large diploid complex (ecospecies) composed of at least 4 taxonomic species.

THIS REPORT consists of a brief analysis of 25 cases of hiatus hernia. Individual case reports are given to illustrate various complications, associated conditions and difficulties in differential diagnosis. Thirteen of these cases are from our services at the University of Nebraska College of Medicine, and 12 are from our private practice. All the latter have been seen during the past two years. DEFINITION The term hiatus hernia as used in this report refers to the type of esophageal hiatus hernia seen in adults as a result of a sliding herniation of the stomach into the thoracic cavity. No attempt has been made to differentiate between paraesophageal hiatus hernia, in which the lower part of the esophagus remains in its normal position and a portion of the cardiac end of the stomach herniates through the hiatus alongside the esophagus, and esophagogastric hernia, in which the lower end or abdominal part

The importance of serial estrogen determinations in high-risk pregnancies is well established. Motivational and methodologic factors contribute to making 24 hour urine measurements somewhat impractical. The present study presents data from 219 high-risk pregnancies with the use of a simplified technique involving estrogen/creatinine ratios in single voided urine samples. We collected 1,292 specimens from the individuals in the study. Slope and direction of curves during pregnancy approximated known values for 24 hour collections. The normal hormonal patterns obtained correctly forecast favorable obstetric outcome. Average values from the thirtieth week of gestation to delivery significantly correlated with infant birth weight. Other maternal parameters correlating with infant birth weight seemed separate and unrelated to this hormonal factor. Hormonal patterns in pregnancies ending prematurely were considerably different from those with small-for-dates infants. Possible implications are discussed.

1. The clinical course of 65 cases of Stage II endometrial carcinoma is described.2. The value of combined radium with external therapy over irradiation alone in prolonging survival is demonstrated.3. With the exception of the patient with clinically occult ovarian metastases there have been no survivors beyond the fifth year.4. In this series 46 per cent could have been considered candidates for pelvic exenteration following radiotherapy.5. That this is feasible is demonstrated by the cases cited in which pelvic exenteration was performed after primary radiotherapy. Both patients have survived 3 years free of disease.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the applicability of repetitive nonsimultaneous and nonsystematic mensuration of the roentgen shadows of malignant neoplasms in the lung to the betterment of our understanding of the growth and behavior of malignant neoplasms in man and a better definition of the limitations of the roentgenographic detection of pulmonary tumors. MATERIAL Consecutive patients attended at the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital between 1940 and 1961 and having 2 or more thoracic roentgenograms showing intrathoracic primary or metastatic cancers were included in the study. When multiple thoracic roentgenograms were taken on the same day, only the best study was considered. Roentgenograms taken by some technique other than the standard 72 in. target-film distance, posterioranterior projection, were excluded. Cases meeting the initial conditions included 21 patients having 22 primary pulmonary cancers and 176 patients with cancers metastatic to lung. All roentgenograms were reviewed, and all of

In acetonitrile, iron(II) forms stable 1:1 complexes with chloride, bromide, and iodide and both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with thiocyanate. Stepwise formation constants for the complexes were determined spectrophotometrically by a mole-ratio method. The log Kvalues are: FeCl+, 5.8; FeBr+, 5.5; FeI+,4.3; Fe(SCN)+, 5.5; and Fe(SCN)2, 3.7.

One monozygotic twin is afflicted with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. A review of the literature has revealed an apparently inconsistent pattern of transmission, conflicting views as to the primary site of involvement, a wide spectrum of variably associated congenital anomalies, and a postulated link with other identified neurologic disorders. We support the proposal that arthrogryposis is a sign present in several syndromes, probably of differing etiologies. Classification under this purely descriptive term should be avoided.

An x-ray fluorescence method has been developed for the determination of trace (0.02 to 100 ppm) yttrium in urine. The method consists in wet ashing the urine with nitric acid, coprecipitating the yttrium with calcium oxalate, collecting the precipitate on microfilter disks, and then determining the yttrium by x-ray fluorescence. The precision is adequate for clinical analysis. This method was necessitated because calcium, phosphate, and other metals in the urine interfere with spectrophotometric methods.

Left-to-right shunts were constructed in 8 mongrel dogs by anastomosis of left subclavian artery to left pulmonary artery. When solutions of krypton85were injected into the root of the aorta proximal to a functioning shunt, the krypton gas could be detected in the airway by a Geiger-Müller tube in less than 5 seconds. When similar injections were made in the absence of a shunt, the appearance time was usually 10 seconds or more. Thus, by monitoring expired gas it is possible to detect the presence of a shunt resulting in early appearance of Kr85in pulmonary arterial blood following injection into the left side of heart or the aorta.

Partially purified endogenous pyrogen from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, when injected in rats, will cause neutrophil release from bone marrow. It is suggested that the production of this protein by endotoxin-damaged (activated) leukocytes is responsible for the accelerated release of marrow neutrophils during periods of infection or inflammation.