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Now and then in the affairs of nations there comes a moment when the basic assumptions underlying its foreign policy are put to the test of proof. For India such a moment was China's first nuclear explosion on October 16, 1964. The moment was all the more agonizing for the fact that in the two years preceding, India had been re-thinking those assumptions. Already Mr. Nehru had said: "There is no nonalignment vis-a-vis China. There is no Panchshil vis-a-vis China."' However, nonalignment was retained between the two super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union. Thus, Lop Nor did more than pose the question whether the country should manufacture a bomb. It raised vital questions affecting the fundamentals of the long-cherished concept of nonalignment whenever the alternative to a bomb-i.e., a guarantee against a nuclear attack from China-arose for consideration. In a U.N. Day (October 25) broadcast on All India Radio in 1964, Dr. H. J. Bhabha, Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission stated: One must remember that it is not any object that is intrinsically good or bad, but the use that is made of it. A minimum supply of nuclear weapons coupled with an adequate delivery system confers on a State the capacity to destroy more or less totally the important cities and industrial centres in another State. There appears to be no means of totally intercepting such an attack, and if even a small fraction of it gets through, entire cities and regions may be totally devastated. The only defence against such an attack appears to be a capability and threat of retaliation.... Capability of retaliation appears to be the most powerful deterrence.2 Soon, thereafter, the inevitable clamor arose for an Indian bomb. The reaction of India's leaders to this situation makes interesting study. The Defence Minister, Y. B. Chavan, was asked whether India would seek a U.S. nuclear umbrella, presumably a reference to President Johnson's offer immediately after China's nuclear explosion "to respond to requests from the Asian nations to help in dealing with Communist China's aggression." Mr. Chavan replied "There is no question of asking for such a thing. In the present day world, if a country attacks another country with a nuclear bomb, it will also receive one."'3 This view, apparently, was also shared by the

An Anthropometric Survey of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces was undertaken by the Combat Research and Evaluation Center as directed by the Vice Chief of Supreme Commander's Staff. The objective of the anthropometric survey was to provide statistical data as a basis for decisions relating to planned revision of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces uniforms and tariffs.

The current interest in renovascular hypertension had stimulated a great deal of investigation concerning its diagnostic criteria. From all available reports1-7it is apparent that the methods for selection of patients for surgery do not always yield uniform results. Of the reasons responsible for the discrepancies obtained with the various tests, the most significant seems to be the lack of precise correlation of the findings with the degree of arterial lesions. Indeed the exact range of arterial narrowing leading to hemodynamic alterations associated with renal hypertension has still not been clearly defined. In view of the increasing clinical importance of renal-artery lesions as an etiologic factor in hypertension, such a study appeared of great interest. In a previous investigation8correlation between manometric and arteriographic findings with the degree of stenosis disclosed: (1) that reduction of the arterial lumen of about 60% of the diameter or 84% of the

End-to-end implantation of a graft is the most commonly used procedure for vein implants in the venous system. In contrast to the growing literature on this method of venous grafting,1no information is available on the end-to-side implants. Since in some clinical conditions it might be necessary to carry out a bypass procedure around veins involved by thrombosis or neoplastic invasions, its experimental investigation appeared desirable. The present study was therefore designed to evaluate the fate of such grafts and was carried out in two venous areas: the jugular and the inferior vena cava. Methods and Material Fifty-six adult mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 19 kg were used. The procedures were performed under intravenous anesthesia with pentobarbital (Nembutal) (12 mg/kg body weight). Fresh autogenous grafts were used in all experiments and secured from the right external jugular vien. A four-stay suture technique2was always used for the end-to-side